Stem cells | different types of stem cells | class 11

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NOTES
STEM CELLS
Overview of Stem Cells
- Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body.
- Under the right conditions, stem cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells.
- These daughter cells can become either new stem cells or specialized cells through differentiation.
- Specialized cells can include blood cells, nerve cells, liver cells, heart muscle cells, or bone cells.
- No other cell in the body has the natural ability to generate new cell types like stem cells.
Definition of a Stem Cell
- A stem cell is defined as a cell with the unique ability to develop into specialized cell types in the body.
Advantages of Using Stem Cells
- Stem cells provide new cells as they grow.
- They replace specialized cells that are damaged or lost.
- Stem cells can divide repeatedly to produce new cells.
- As they divide, stem cells can change into different types of cells that make up the body.
Benefits of Stem Cell Therapy
- Treatment of spinal cord injuries.
- Management of type 1 diabetes.
- Potential therapy for Parkinson's disease.
- Application in treating Alzheimer's disease.
- Benefits for heart disease treatment.
- Stroke recovery assistance.
- Treatment for burns and cancer.
- Managing osteoarthritis.
Types of Stem Cells
 Adult Stem Cells
- These cells supply new cells as an organism grows.
- They replace cells that get damaged.
- Adult stem cells are multipotent, meaning they can change into some specific cells in the body but not any cell.
 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
- ESCs provide new cells for a growing embryo.
- They are pluripotent, meaning they can naturally produce every type of cell in the body.
 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
- Scientists create these stem cells in the laboratory.
- iPSCs can develop into any cell type
Side box
Why Are They Called "Stem Cells"?
Stem cells are named because they have the ability to either:
- Divide to produce more copies of themselves (self-renewal).
- Differentiate into more specialized types of cells, forming the "stem" or foundation from which various cell types develop.
Side box information
-IPSCs were first described by
Shinya Yamanaka and his
colleagues at Kyoto University in
2006.
-They were jointly awarded
the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work
SHORT QUESTIONS
What is the general definition of a stem cell?
What are the advantages of using stem cells?
What are the key benefits of stem cell therapy?
What are adult stem cells?
What are embryonic stem cells (ESCs)?
What are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?
Why are they called "stem cells"?
Who first described induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and when?
MCQs
What is the unique ability of a stem cell?
a) To produce only nerve cells
b) To self-destruct when damaged
c) To develop into specialized cell types in the body
d) To absorb nutrients from other cells
Answer: c
What can stem cells divide to form?
a) Only new stem cells
b) New stem cells or specialized cells
c) Bone cells only
d) Nerve cells only
Answer: b
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of stem cell therapy?
a) Treating Alzheimer's disease
b) Managing osteoarthritis
c) Preventing all forms of cancer
d) Treating spinal cord injuries
Answer: c
Which type of stem cells are pluripotent and can develop into every type of cell in the body?
a) Adult stem cells
b) Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
c) Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
d) Red blood cells
Answer: b
Which scientist(s) first described induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?
a) James Thomson
b) Shinya Yamanaka and colleagues
c) Albert Einstein
d) Rosalind Franklin
Answer: b
Where are adult stem cells primarily found?
a) In the embryo
b) In the liver
c) In developed tissues and organs
d) Only in the brain
Answer: c
What does the term "multipotent" refer to in stem cells?
a) The ability to produce only nerve cells
b) The ability to produce multiple but limited cell types
c) The ability to divide only once
d) The ability to form every cell in the body
Answer: b
What is the function of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?
a) To develop into only bone cells
b) To develop into any cell type
c) To prevent diseases
d) To grow only nerve cells
Answer: b

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