Stories, Shadows and Dust

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Stories, Shadows and Dust
Experiences of the SADF Soldier in the Southern African Bush War
------------------------------------
This is part of my 2012 dissertation for an MSc in African Studies from the University of Edinburgh, Centre for African Studies.
It is on the general experiences of five former SADF soldiers who were involved in the Southern African Bush War (aka The South African Border War).
Please read the accompanying dissertation work here: www.scribd.com/doc/104693228/S...
For more info on this topic see:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Af...
I welcome any comments, questions or criticisms.
Please email me at: [e-mail] or comment below.
This item will always be a work in progress as there are always aspects which can be improved upon and new information to include.

[@StormB67]

10 min into this movie the guy is explaining an event that took place 08 October 1987.. He has it partially right. The bombs did not land on the Ratel they landed just behind, there was a huge crater behind the Ratel and it was 2 x 500 lbs brake bombs, I saw them falling and I was less than 20 meters away, I dived into the vehicle tracks to save myself.. I aided Frikkie de Jager the guy who died on route to hospital.. I gave him blood. The rest of that day is all blurry because of the shock of what had happened. But may Frikkie R.I.P.

[@StormB67]

28 years today.. Salute to all my Brothers..

[@NitroDubzzz]

you fought a fight of valor

[@danial469]

even though i am palestinian and do not support white south africa i fo respect you guys as brave soldiers. unlike israeli pussies

[@mwanykange]

@@StormB67 THERE ARE THOSE WHO LIVES IN DENIAL THAT THERE WERE NO CASUALTIES IN THE PART OF SOUTH AFRICAN SOLDIERS. IRRESPECTIVE OF THE CASUALITIES NUMBER, WHEN EVER YOU LOST YOUR COMRADE IS HURT.

[@StormB67]

@@lance8080 you have much to learn in life.. Your mindset when you posted this remark says to me you are a young asshole with much to learn

[@marcosambrosino]

South-africans and Rhodesians, the bravest men/nations the Earth has ever met! A salute from Brasil!!

[@trevordavid1372]

Brazil is next racists Apartheid Regime that must fall. WAKE UP Black Brazil.. YOUR Black American brothers have not forgotten about you. You must start the LONG MARCH our brothers. Dont let the white racist NAZI regime intimidate you forever. Its time to RISE UP!! We are THINKING of you!!

[@vleis2543]

+Black Gladiator So what are you still doing in North America boy, you know you wont last very long in Africa cause you will be murdered by your fellow black African for 20 cents

[@hellojapan5778]

Black Gladiator less hate dude. You are what you hate

[@shaungrobler3633]

They where brave

[@good2goskee]

@@trevordavid1372 Brazil is so multiracial there is NO white, black, or Indians. They are mixed together like no other place on earth. Go read some history about the Ottomans, Burburs, Mongols and PRESENT day Sudan who were far more egregious colonizing slave masters vs Western white culture. So, fuck yourself Liberal piece of shit who thinks white = Nazi, colonizer, slave master!

[@ryanclark2191]

My dad was a medic during the war. Its scary the things everyone went through. Thank you to everyone.

[@willievanstraaten1960]

I wish more South Africans would watch this. Very few of us have an understanding of what thees young boys went through. I did my army duty for a year in 1971 with 5 months border duty and that was that. Seemingly things escalated from 1976 and all those who were there, caught the ruff end of the bush war. The video was an eye-opener. I am watching more and more of this. Thanks to the producers and the participants for informing me.

[@robert-trading-as-Bob69]

The Border War kicked off proper after 1974 when the Portuguese abandoned Angola and Mozambique to self rule. Now SWAPO had a friendly support system and a direct launching pad into South West. You were there just before the shịt hit the fan. I was there just after... klaared-in in 1989. My first camp in 1991 was to call up troeps for a medal parade. Nobody wanted to come! I had to phone around like crazy, and eventually asked one ou why he wasn't interested... Turns out they were the first intake to do TWO years service, and some of them were told just before or after their 40 days party. No wonder they were pissed off.

[@user-qm8kj7uc9t]

1982 veteran. I realise that SA people had no idea what we went through. Pity.

[@andreweriksen]

Brings back so many memories, an era of pride and sadness!!

[@cedricliggins7528]

Pride🏳️‍🌈?

[@helenaholton4404]

Thank you so much for this. My brother's best friend, Christo van Zyl, died 'somewhere' on the border in 1980. He was only nineteen. Your choice of music is excellent.

[@marcmclaughlin4989]

Bloed, sweet en trane, dankie vir julle dienste. Dis jammer om te sien hoe Suid-Africa nou is.

[@BatteryCommander]

This is one of the best short documentaries I've seen on the Border War. Thank you. And thank you to all the boys who became men in serving.

[@joeza8655]

Well done to all the lads who did their duty for their country - South Africa.

[@warrengee123456]

Thanks guys, we appeciate all you did for us! I was in the sadf in 1990 which was after all the trouble, but you gave us an a great safe life as kids. Sorry for all the brave soldiers that suffered for us. Bless you all!!!!

[@hictecnic]

There is a Memorial in Pretoria, dedicated to all the brave men of the SADF, who lost their lives in this war. When the ANC Government came to power in 1994, they removed all the names of the South African soldiers/sailors and airmen who perished, and replaced them with the names of the terrorists fighting for SWAPO, and other terrorist groups. A terrible disservice to the old guard of the South African Defence force, who fought and died so bravely.

[@hictecnic]

Ghoulza sadly, no matter what anyone tries to say or do to "fix" what the ANC has destroyed it will make little to no difference. South Africa is fully fucked. Just like the rest of the African continent.

[@tedmarais840]

You sound like an arrogant big mouth who hasn't fought one single battle in his life...always your kind who has a lot to say..goes for both sides though..

[@FELIPEFODAOBR12]

Nick Campbell fought and dyed protecting a internationaly despised regime of the apartheid. They deserve to be eraised from south african history

[@adamsnyman2995]

My father served and told me all the stories. I salute all veterans from that war for fighting for us. Thank you. It's sad how fucked our government is now. How I wish I was born in that time before it all went to shit.

[@bryanhurd9955]

Nick Campbell God knows the names..

[@CrazedNovaProduction]

Much respect to you guys, from an American.

[@su30mk30]

Thank you for your service, for your sacrifice, valour, strength, bravery.

[@BrianRoy60]

Thanks for the great work Garrett, we remember even though many of us were still teenage soldiers. Keep telling the stories!

[@thedon5162]

Avante - 5 SAI - great clip Respect to all who served

[@eisbeinGermany]

please, what a waist of lives, and all for the NP party and USa glory,

[@petererasmus4869]

Served under Sargent Strauss and Staf Bloem. Avante, brother.

[@brettphelan299]

Salute to all my fallen brothers we did what we had to do, Garrett thanks for your effort even though some statements don't tally up we all have our scars and carry it with us nothing no one can do to remove them and we each no in our hearts we did a bloody good job irrespective of comments against us, we were kids forced into a battle and irrespective of the HEROS who paid the ultimate price we were and will always be the best SALUTE MY BROTHERS

[@bryangreenway]

Thanks for this , only found it now. I was at battle of the Lomba with 61 Mech , Bravo Coy in ops Moduler. All very realistic and found the Intelligence background and interviews good. I salute all those who were there in ops Hooper and those that did not return or were permanently scarred either physically or mentally. 33 years later and it doesn't get easier.

[@utehchan]

my respect to the sacrifice made by those who served in the SADF. I'm from Malaysia. our country fought long and hard to eliminate the threat of communism too. my late grandfather served as a field police tracking these terrorist in the jungles of Malaysia. God bless South Africa and Malaysia.

[@Surv1ve_Thrive]

Do Malays consider what the British did to help fight the Communists in Malaysia as positive or negative now?

[@helmyabdullah1962]

@@Surv1ve_Thrive A good deed quickly forgotten in the euphoria of Malay nationalism which is vehemently anti British A Malaysian here

[@tmajec]

Thank goodness for the Africans who decided to fight against racism, subjugation and violence against them in their own lands. Maybe you can invite all the apartheid sympathizers to resettle Malaysia

[@Jemethaa]

Thank you Garrett. I think so many times we forget the past. Names are forgotten and the sacrefices attached to their names. The future generations need to know. Those boys were heroes!!!

[@jjaltern2077]

In the entire bush war that lasted 23 years we lost less than 3500 soldiers, a testament to the resilience, tenacity and professionalism of our steadfast defence force

[@everettmontague8561]

Hi Garrett, thanks so much for the upload! My father was in the armored division and that's pretty much all he would ever talk about it. He did on the odd occasion mention some of the good times he had with mates, like building a rocket and injuring himself on a trampoline... but goes very quiet soon after. The only way I can get information about what he went through is thanks to people like yourself and the brave others who told their stories. Big thumbs up and god bless!

[@bumble2able]

Much love from the U.K. ❤️🙌🏻 I wish the politicians would do more for you guys, may South Africa always be strong 🙌🏻

[@MrStevestr]

Great Video Garrett, brought back so many memories, thank you!!!! We should not forget, Well done !!

[@h1017412]

Great documentary, thank you. Best final quote.

[@kevingrimbeek2106]

Thanks Garrett, I was a "camper from 1970 - 1983 and yes, I certainly didn't have any desire to share unless I was with someone I knew and who was there with me! And then, we only shared the good times! Like arguing with a fellow trooper about the safety of a particular route, only to see him sink down to his thighs in mud after telling him to test "his route"!

[@sputnikginger]

Brings back memories of my time in 31 battalion Omega 1980 - 81 - thanks for posting this video

[@sarkisarki3233]

Haaaaaay. Saw my Staff Sargent, Kitching dispatching parabats out the Flossie. How good was that. Matt Thomas. 1 Parachute Battalion, 1974/5. Active reserve with 2 Battalion till 1983. Alive, happy and sleep well at night. Oh yeah, still good at 65.

[@arandomdude1291]

My father was also a parabat but he went from 1980 to 83

[@arandomdude1291]

But he was on camps for the remainder of the war

[@andreswanepoel4002]

I was b company 1968 1969 best time off my life when were at katima

[@wor53lg50]

Cool word, i take it that it means parachute battalion...

[@AlexNLee]

Thank you for uploading your video. I was in the area from 1986 to 1989. I think it is quite important to share the views from both sides of the front line... Nice footage, meanwhile.

[@gregshaw4280]

I get cold shivers watching this

[@markcarelse]

Garrett thanks for the some wonderful memories experienced but also some of the most nightmarish times of our young lives. The new regime may be able to hide and bullshit most people but they will never erase our memories of those events.

[@redword2007]

Mark Carelse Did you kill people who were trying to resist apartheid?

[@redword2007]

***** I will continue to express myself as I see fit. If what I say discomforts you block me, but I will not modify my views to avoid discomforting you.

[@irishboer7124]

redword2007 they resisted communism and thankfully killed some commie scum

[@happynsleepy]

redword2007 that's ironic coming from a communist.

[@redword2007]

happynsleepy What is?

[@OdCzapyZestaw]

Good job, thanks for whole work to record those testimonies.

[@zsiyw]

Thanks Garrett. Much appreciated.

[@SimplyRed66]

Great video👍Brings back memories. NS 83/85 (tuin coin) ops served in Ondangwa,ops in Cuito,Sadf took no shit. We cleaned up,maak skoon💀. Its a pitty the way S.A is today,and what it was? To all my fallen brothers...l salute them.👍

[@kevinball2023]

Great video , thanks for the upload . Cheers from a Rhodie

[@jaakanimal]

Amazing upload! Thank you very much for preserving!

[@mistervanwyk7405]

Ek mis dem daes. Boer en trots !!

[@jan-albertbarnard9458]

My Father was a medic in the bush war from 72 to 76. He never talked about it much. Only about the time a boerbok ate his favorite reading book

[@jonathanlu274]

Us vets only talk about the fun times we had with our brothers.. the other stuff us best left out.

[@assetled]

I'd imagine it'd be bitter sweet to be a white South African. I don't understand why you just gave up to be persecuted and murdered.

[@yootoob7056]

Don't feel too comfortable. What happened to South Africa is happening to the entire Caucasian world. It will arrive on your doorstep soon enough. Mine too.

[@Fxrichards]

Hey troll. You are still ashamed of using your real name?!! All you can try to stir up is racist hate... You think you are better than the KKK? You are just as brain dead.... You are their brother from another mother! Lol!! I see you can't even use the English language properly... Look at your poor language and tenses..... Shame! Who allowed you to use their computer... You are calling on the South African Air Force which currently have not even enough money to let their pilots do their required air hours or service their planes... Hahahaha! Because their president is stealing so much money that SA is bankrupt.... But I forgot you cannot read contemporary news... Go ask your sponsors what that word means... Everybody on the internet can see you are even more stupid and uneducated than we thought! a Stupid coward above everything.. Haha ha.... No doubt on some sort of benefits in a western country, that's why you have time to write such utter nonsense on the internet..... You talk like you represent "Black man" (try men next time - idiot..., Most of the black men (that is the real men, not a coward like you) I know despise the racists like you. Go get a life, troll....

[@danieljosiasdekock6485]

Julius... Politics is a very very dirty game... That's all I can say... But I am very proud to be a white South African,and I am sooo proud of our old SADF. They...were the BEST!

[@danielhiggins3176]

We wanted Change and believed we could make it happen. For me we greatly understood all the forces at work. A lot did have the sense of the great danger ahead of us, what with the sanctions and international pressure. Being Dropped by Reagan at the last moment the usual, and the key to the Castle being handed over to the communist. A perfect storm of sorts, SA for me has always felt like a look to the future of this current construct. Just me 2 c for the evening. ✌️🇿🇦🔥 Bring on the 3rd test.

[@johanvanwinkel8590]

we where all just kids doing what we were told to do against commies. and we kicked arse as kids with training. the best soldiers ever in bush war. new south africa toooooo soft and too many strikes. useless

[@dodgersfan7096]

@@lance8080 but your name mate? Pretty white sounding.

[@marcmclaughlin4989]

@@dodgersfan7096 show some respect

[@Ian-mj4pt]

All this brings back memories we all had to play our part. From cadets in high school to call up when you were if i remember 16 and finished with school. I was 17 in 87 went to 6 SAI

[@dogball01234]

Love your work and thank you for doing this. If you ever get a chance, try digging up some accounts from the Rhodesian Bush War - there aren't enough.

[@Omegasupreme1078]

Excellent work!

[@danielbtwd]

I served with 4sai during Hooper as a ratel gunner. Then also operation displace. That section photo near the end with the guys outside the ratel was Alpha companies platoon 2 Charlie section taken during Hooper. We did some intense shit. Still haunted by those times. Thanks for the video, many south Africans have no idea what happened out there. Good documentary out now called born to war about this period.

[@rookvdskyf]

Thanks for the upload. Insightful.

[@smeggerssmeghead3100]

great song at the end

[@lluvik2450]

where wouold one find the radio chatter you played in the beginning?

[@martinbremer7828]

I served in that unit. Where can I get more information on your project? Thanks!

[@ewanmurphy8403]

My father served in Angola and Mozambique he has only talked about it once to me

[@robert-trading-as-Bob69]

My older boet was there driving convoys of supplies to our blokes deep in Angola. Ops Modular and Super... he was a camper then, driving a Kwevoël truck loaded with 155mm ammo for the G 5s and G 6s. They saw an aircraft flash by in front of them, but they thought it was a Mirage fighter. Turns out it was a Mig. They herringboned off the sand track into the bundu, and my short-arsed brother dived out of the Kwe's cab, all of 6 foot or more above ground. Luckily the Mig had no bombs, but did strafe the bush. Inspecting the cargo after the incident, my brother found a smashed wooden ammo crate with a now u/s 155mm shell inside. He brought me the round that penetrated the cargo. I wonder what happened to that memento?

[@lolamurray5294]

It is so sad some gave it all and the graveyard say it all,in my hometown i saw graves of falling soldiers,i do not know them they were young and the weeds,broken gravestone are everywhere,this broke me,

[@pierrelombaard9961]

If your country calls, you answer. If they called me up today regardeless off politics, i'll go. This is what a man does for the call of his country and blood. You do or die.Real MEN never die. They make sure those that cant defend themselves sleep safe at night. Salut to all fallen soldiers. Respect and thank you to all Band of Brothers

[@anthonyjay429]

We should of taken Angola, "Ouam Willie's se Pat." I recognised that.

[@hictecnic]

My Uncle was a south African army medic during this conflict.

[@flyingfishmusicX]

thank you

[@Melky_Z_dek]

Great Upload. And a Nice Clip at The End

[@ianolds8522]

Yeah, they talk about being eighteen. I was a Rhodesian-born kid, who started school early and later matriculated in Windhoek (SWA at the time) aged seventeen. I was then sucked into this mess. Dunno how, but I was sent to the Army Gym in Heidelberg for infantry officer training. It was hell, but somehow I survived. Thereafter is another story ---. I wish I'd known then what I know now, fifty years later.

[@ianolds8522]

@@jackmacfakie1387 Many things, like what we were expected to fight for was all changed in 1994. Also, as General Smedley Butler, the most decorated US soldier noted, "War is a racket". He wrote a book by that name. The people in the military are mere pawns in the hands of the corrupt PTB

[@staaldak]

Hi, I don't know if you ever got a reply about the Afrikaans song you were looking for in your post to this video. Anyways, in case you haven't it is a song called 'Die Kaplyn' by Bok van Blerk and is featured in his CD Afrikaanerhart. Anyways, I myself am Rhodesian, My father and all of my uncles fought in the RLI except for one who served with the Rhodesian Air Force. If you would like to start a correspondence please feel free! Take care and enjoy the song.

[@MrLabratz]

The memories...

[@skinwalker_]

Great stuff thanks..

[@utehchan]

awesome. great to hear that :)

[@weswally1]

my dad and uncles fought in angola in the 70's

[@Not-TheOne]

So veel te danke, so baie te danke, danke manne. Sonder julle so ons nie vandag gewees het nie. Julle ouens het die hoogste respek van my. Nou net begin met Hoofstuk 2...vinnig ook. En ek bedoel nie `n wit groep nie. Ek haar verse links of regs groepe. Dis `n teken van stupidheid as jy ver links of regs vir my. Ons Afrikaners met begin saamstaan, ophou splinters oor alles, kerke, poliktiek, rugby...(Ons weet die Bulle is die beste :P ) Saam staan, nie om gewere op te stel en skiet nie, maar as `n nasie om ons self te kan begin beskerm en beskerm wat belangrik is for ons, want NIEMAND anders gaan vir ons opstaan nie, want stadig maar seker gaan dinge afgebreek word totdat ons afrikaners net `n stowwerige gedagte is. Onthou net altyd, moenie vergeet nie, "eendrag maak mag"

[@BasedDepartment.]

These group of guys are legends. All my uncles and my father served! They bettered the galiant Rhodesians and yanks. I love the SADF

[@jo-annminnaar1111]

Same here. Dad were a TDK Ambags man. My pa praat ook nie van die grens nie. Asof dit nooit bestaan het nie en hy het 10 jaar gedien.

[@Thamas825]

I was in the sadf in 88 we were the best in Africa

[@jamtree9746]

I agree.

[@wildcatsstorm]

Thanks. We would have followed you.

[@nekongovitankanga]

Partially correct, the 47 battalion wasn't wiped out, were dispersed and re-grouped after, they were FAPLA and most of the fighting was done by FAPLA and not Cubans as some get fooled. However, Cubans and URSS helped. Swapo also did its part.

[@svsoulpurpose1991]

The guy talking about Soweto ‘the journalist” did camps in Ondangwa and was reved in 91 😂 😂 we pulled out in the 89 !

[@deano630]

Well done, so many younger South Africans don't really understand what our fathers and uncles went through. I for one am really proud of the 'old guard' that laid down their everything. Regardless of the cause or reasoning of the war they fought for their country and will always be my hero's. Thank you

[@jo-annminnaar1111]

This is the best comment i have ever herd.

[@JeffreyThomas-th2ps]

One thing I remember was the poor dudes who were consciousness objectors running around the hospital where we were getting ready medically to go to the border I had the pleasure of a polish lady dentist she says to me wonderful enamel but you need 3 fillings at the back she kept shouting OPEN WIDER man my jaw was sore for at least a week good nemories😅😅😅

[@killvaughn3885]

Ek wens ek kon meer dokumentêre sien oor die grens oorlog. Dit is n moerse deel van ons geskiedenis waarvan niemand weet nie...

[@adamlawrence3415]

Ja dit is Baie hartseer omdat ons het dit nie geleer in skool nie

[@jabusimelane847]

respect

[@barend63]

Great

[@nilcarb9689]

I a so sorry about this.

[@MrJEFourie]

Salute!!!!!! :"-(

[@ericworst]

If you'd like and introduction to the guys from 61 Mech Btt Group let me know and I'll put you in touch with the Regt Ass.

[@TheSADF87]

Thanks Garrett, good work,the world needs to know!!!l especially South Africa, lest they forget

[@user-zu1wx9cb8w]

Hello from Russia! Hello from russian whites (anti-communist forces)! At regret from 1917 Russia is under an occupation of red internationalists - servats of a trans-national financial clans. Cristian Russia is a first victim of this trans-national forces. Rhodesia and SA was very independet cristian states, and it was a reason of that repressions of so-called "international progressiva society" with it's UN. Great respect and end eteral memory to all brave cristian warriors!!!

[@carolinus7566]

That's true St. Nicholas did more to try to help them than Germany or France. The latter two only would sell a few weapons bc they could but Nicky tried to get Wilhelm II to form a front w Russia against this action. Sadly Russia today is WEF run & it's church is WCC still the Soviet puppet now FSB riddled w syncretists. True church stands true. Anyone wanting their history do searches on archive and here for osc orthodox survival course. It's not Calvinism (bad theology)but the adherence to God's law which blessed the AmaBhulu - Afrikaansvolk.

[@hendrikvanderwalt5866]

South Africa old army... 👌👌👌👌👍👍👍👍👍

[@sd5241]

Damn mate, being 18 and looking like 30, carrying fn fal, riding centurion I jesus christ.

[@nilcarb9689]

Hey !! Gotcha 5's

[@bonehead110]

To this day my wife does not know and does not want to know.It is better that way.

[@jesuscid8589]

Muy bonito el video pero no dice nada,cuando entramos en diciembre de 1987 ya que la FAPLA habia tenido varias derrotas,entramos los cubanos y se les acabo la fiesta.

[@hhhc364]

i wish there was more. no one wants to talk about

[@markcarelse]

@Ike Haze ...You are a real little busy body......leave the dude alone or are you just TROLLING!!!!

[@brandaoz]

Alcora alliance..Portugal-South Africa and Rhodesia..qorked until 1974,after that no.

[@cwm1150]

great video. Shame that SA is in the state it's in today...................

[@redword2007]

cwm1150 You don't like democracy? You think apartheid was better?

[@redword2007]

poes peter Your mother must be very proud of you.

[@callum12magyar]

redword2007 Apartheid was better in some ways there was no crime no rape the country was rich and the cuban's arnt heroes they are terrorists that try'd to take our land so keep your Kaffer logic to your self

[@joeza8655]

+cwm1150 - these images show a typical SADF soldier's routine. Parallel to this was the country's laws and foreign policies which were determined by politicians. Often the soldiers didn't agree with the politicos, but there you have it - the role of a soldier is to 'do or die, not to ask why'.

[@cwm1150]

I was referring to the state of the commie leaning government and the overwhelming crime that is happening in SA.

[@christineehlers1132]

85-87 7SAI Angola 86-87

[@OUMANVET]

?Dennis Morton?- not really very convincing story???

[@coenraadkruger366]

Christo Bosman ek stem

[@costa1788]

I'm not gonna lie I'm only watching this for the accent

[@DokJakkals]

Why is that?

[@jo-annminnaar1111]

thank you to our troepies.And other. Why did it have to come to this. Best history except a equal to the 32 Buffelo soldiers. 32bn SADF. Its correct what one of the interviewed Ex SADF soldier said: its like politicians playing chess with 18yr old lives.

[@semlohrevil6010]

The second last guy...the reporter....why was be in Ondangwa....1991??? Was properly in a dream....was he there alone.....properly the tatoo ink thats made him deurmekaar.....infer complex they call it.....of praat ons maar net n lekker biekie kak.....

[@MrWilberforce59]

History was not on their side

[@hendrikvanderwalt5866]

Is daar nie n eet af gele nie????? Van woord........???????????????????? Waarvan PRAAT hy......... English man...... 🤔🤔🤔🤔🤔Is hy ENGELS........

[@Surv1ve_Thrive]

🇬🇧🇿🇦

[@davidroux7987]

Tweekaffersdwarrsdeurdiekopmeteenskootmorsdoodgeskietfontein.

[@Derektrancemeldrum]

So true what this guy @ 28:00 saying how South Africa might come under indirect Russian Rule, SA would have been another failed African state with endless cival war... In that respect Apartheid could not have ended any sooner than it did

[@LeonKotze70]

If it weren't for the SACP factions in the ANC, the connections with the USSR, apartheid would have ended many years before it did.