Strange Life Forms That Appeared Alive Found Inside 2 Billion Year Old Rocks

[@HeroinYoda]

Crazy how this discovery sent us from "Mars may have had life at some point" to "Mars probably still has life". I'm excited for the future.

[@SMGJohn]

Would be weird if Mars did not have some kind of ancient life still sprawling under the rocks, life is a lot more common then people think, a lot more resilient and seems to occur quite easily as long as the building blocks and there.

[@kenbattor6350]

@@SMGJohn Especially since they now say there is a lot of subsurface water on Mars.

[@user-xm5cn1rs5c]

I am happy to see that 1,329,999 other people love Anton as I do. 😊

[@istealpopularnamesforlikes3340]

Anton and Sabine are the absolute best science channel on KZbin

[@stefaniasmanio5857]

❤❤❤❤yessss!!!❤❤❤❤❤

[@danielnavarro8569]

Agree!

[@Sandwich13455]

He's a smart fella😮

[@philipstanley5611]

Subscribers gather here!!!

[@KentoLeoDragon]

This is one video that definitely needs a follow up Anton! Fascinating stuff.

[@Charles-ij1ow]

It's the new Covid

[@FLPhotoCatcher]

If they find life on Mars, it probably was blasted from earth by asteroids or comets.

[@mrmg12]

If they find life in Earth, it's probably because it came from ancient Mars

[@ExtantFrodo2]

@@mrmg12 if they find intelligent life on Earth it will be a first.

[@Miraak1868]

@@mrmg12 or from Biden.

[@rayflinn9580]

The best channel for science updates. Great presenter. I am a permanent fan. Trust him for the true facts.

[@Giantcrabz]

the wonderfulest

[@chriswashere420]

Yeah. Every time I come across one of those click baitey videos like "Has the Big Bang been proven wrong?!", I just think until I hear it from Anton, I aint buyin' it!

[@authorindisguise5173]

I watch only 1 in 5 or 10 of his videos probably, but I always keep him in my notifications. Best science channel to keep in your feed.

[@George-rk7ts]

Earlier this week, you shared supernova news with us Now you've topped that with paleobiology. Another wonderful video, Anton.

[@mikebal7777]

Anton is a biologist at heart :)

[@Helm-ct7gg]

Almost like he’s not an expert on any topic and posts videos on unverified claims and papers that are always hyperbolic and generally 100% false.

[@George-rk7ts]

@@Helm-ct7gg Which specific video are you referring to?

[@mikebal7777]

@@Helm-ct7gg or, if you do some research, you would realize that he started out as a biologist. If you have so much expertise, start your own channel.

[@AmonTheWitch]

so couldn't this technically mean that bacteria may be dormant beneath the surface of mars? Mars does have clay after all (oh this was mentioned in the video afterwards)

[@Skaatje]

They should redirect a meteor to Mars. Something big enough to make a 500 meters deep big hole and 'loosen' the soil to free them.

[@Justwantahover]

Did you start writing your comment before you saw all the video? He said exactly what you said. 😅

[@greenthumb8266]

I catch myself doing that too, premonition in real time.

[@AmonTheWitch]

@@Justwantahover that's why i edited it 😭

[@floridaman4073]

Bet all my money on basic life, being still on mars. We wonder if we are alone in the universe, we likely not alone on our solar system.

[@Auroral_Anomaly]

Life finds a way.

[@veramae4098]

Oh, shut up. Get another quote.

[@timothytrudelle9245]

​@veramae4098 life is fundamental to reality. It's been there since the begining.

[@Auroral_Anomaly]

@@veramae4098 If you don’t like it, why reply, I haven’t done anything to you, you sound hurt.

[@mistert800]

@@veramae4098 Life, uh, finds a way

[@Henchman314]

I came here for this quote. I was not disappointed 😊

[@the80hdgaming]

I wonder what they would find if yhey drilled into some parts of the Canadian Shield? Some of that rock is extremely old as well...

[@whatdamath]

Let's hope they do!

[@shanerooney7288]

* *Drills into rock* * * *Maple syrup comes out* *

[@neverlistentome]

A 3.5 billion year old Tim Hortons waits to be discovered...

[@DC9V]

⁠@@shanerooney7288 Maple sirup can only be extracted at temperatures around 0°C, though. 😬

[@seanhewitt603]

I'm from the northwest territories, and it's beautiful land. Great Slave Lake was the swimming pool I grew up with. There was an ancient hole about twenty five feet or so in diameter, don't know how deep tho...😃

[@user-kr9cb3np8p]

ANTON I believe you are a wonderful person and I truly appreciate(love)the variety of knowledge you share with us on a daily basis... Thank you for being a wonderful person...

[@tonydagostino6158]

As a marine micropaleontologist I don't find this at all surprising. Age of the sediment probably is not as important as depth of burial and the temperature/pressure regime the bacteria were in. I'll guess we'll find them most similar to other extremophiles. Smectite is a highly layered, highly expandable type of clay mineral. In this case expandable means it's very prone to fitting water molecules and other similar-sized polar molecules and cations into it's interlayer structure. A great place to stash water, nutrients and waste products in you're a bacteria.

[@greenthumb8266]

Yes but are bacteria sentient?

[@tonydagostino6158]

@@greenthumb8266 Who said anything about sentience? That'd make them unique bacteria, that's for sure

[@greenthumb8266]

@@tonydagostino6158 but you just described them as stashing water, nutrients …… aren’t these qualities of awareness?

[@tonydagostino6158]

@@greenthumb8266 No, living organisms do that all the time, taking advantage of their environment doesn't make the sentient

[@greenthumb8266]

@@tonydagostino6158 whoa , we’re on two different pages here, I was positing an open ending thought, basically, starting a conversation about something not yet known. But you seem to have all the answers already. You have a materialist worldview, and the hubris that goes along with it. Have a good day.

[@Curry-tan-]

Earth likely has temperate locations underground with billion-year-old microbes. For these samples I'm skeptical, since microbes could migrate across clays over thousands and millions of years. To convince me the sample has to be very alien genetically and have a very convincing geological habitat boundary.

[@_Thoughtful_Aquarius_]

Yeah.... I'm also very skeptical about this. Seems impossible to me. Looking forward to updates from more research.

[@simontmn]

Yes, I can't see any reason to think these bacteria must have been evolving independently for billions of years.

[@gregsonwoods]

@@_Thoughtful_Aquarius_ I agree, I guess the truth will be in the genetic drift.

[@fredherzogfan]

2 million year old dna fragments found a couple years ago and now billions year old bacteria..life continues to astound us with its survival

[@David-we3sb]

or just maybe those rocks aren't that old? just a thought

[@REDINKmysteries]

psuedo science continues to astound

[@David-we3sb]

@@REDINKmysteries exactly. Clear evidence of life, yet they will never question their theories of dating rocks.

[@JamesKennedy-zs8go]

The process of dating the rocks is settled science. Read a bit please

[@DMIwriter]

@@JamesKennedy-zs8go Lot of things used to be settled science

[@ZBB0001]

"Bacteria billions and billions of years old!" Anton has the ghost of Sagan in him.

[@Cr8Tron]

And his voice always slightly reminds me of Sagan!

[@Rennrogue]

@@Cr8Tron I hear that too. It might be the cadence of the speech.

[@valinorean4816]

Where do those bacteria get their energy flow from? You can have life in a sealed jar indefinitely if it is exposed to sunlight, but what's preventing the swift entropic heat death in this case??

[@stickplayer2]

Well... if so, then 2 billion years of evolution has occurred on whatever life was there when the clay was formed. It's not that any individual bacterium in the sample is 2 billion years old. And 2 billion years is a lot of time for evolution to work, so this might not really resemble life from 2 billion years ago so much as their deep-time descendants.

[@Pyxis10]

​@@valinorean4816Extremophiles. Plenty of life doesn't use sunlight.

[@Nik-pv8bx]

Bravo Anton! After Covid experience... Show people that have forgotten what a scientist looks like.

[@prying_minds]

7:57 “ I mean once again this is a 2 billion year old bacteria still alive still kicking still producing stuff”. But presumably not the same as bacteria 2 billion years ago. While there were likely far less competitive pressures, there still must have been some genetic changes through the generations that spanned that timeframe, right? Unless they were dormant most of the time.

[@alicemeraviglia8863]

It is not clear yet. Expecting bacteria to be alive after 2BY is a lot, but so was 250,000 years just a few years ago. We'll have to wait and see what this case was. I assume these are just later generations of an original population.

[@zatsun2733]

Hidden deep in the ground UV radiation might be ridiculous so i think mutations are extremely rare, while they are one of the motor of evolution

[@londonspade5896]

@@zatsun2733 How do you explain life in caves / hydrothermal vents. Our planet itself releases radiation too

[@Lou.B]

I don't learn about work like this anywhere else EXCEPT on YOUR channel, Anton! THIS one is indeed, mind blowing!!! THANK YOU!

[@CaseyW491]

Love your content Anton! Every time. You're a wonderful science communicator and manage to find fascinating studies for every video.

[@greenthumb8266]

I can’t imagine the hours he must put in. To our good fortune.

[@gregj4857]

Definitely do a follow-up. Thanks for another great science lesson

[@oui2611]

anton is great. i believe ive been watching you occasionally since you maybe had 50k subs. its crazy to the amount of recognition youve gotten

[@msmith323]

The phraae 'crazy to the amount of recognition' doesn't make any sense

[@jimcurtis9052]

Wonderful as always Anton. Thank you. ✌️😁

[@ericpierce3660]

Anton bringing knowledge to the world again.

[@mscir]

Thanks for another great class.

[@Voltastik]

Thanks Anton, watching Anton is scientifically proven to improve your day ( even if it's not been great ) and it definitely improves your mind. You even inspired me to make my own YT channel 💛!

[@Chill_Mode_JD]

Please consult your physician before Anton as it may cause side effects like feelings of wonderfulness 💚!

[@nathanatramp]

Won't improve your day if you want evidence of aliens.

[@keithleracc]

The best part is that, despite being extraterrestrial life, these possible organisms could hold the secrets to early evolutionary life here on Earth.

[@mrcoffee70]

Wasn't this the way the movie the "Thing" started?

[@peppermintgal4302]

Lol I think the Thing was from space, it came down in a spaceship. There is a weird movie where bacteria deep inside the earth form weird monsters, though... I can't recall the name.

[@rgarlinyc]

Truly amazing - thanks for bringing this to our attention Anton, and I look forward to all your updates as things progress!

[@noterrormanagement]

Very exciting, please talk more about paleobiology and abiogenesis!

[@bgsmember3650]

This discovery isn't actually abiogenesis, but it does lend lots of credence to the possibilities of Panspermia.

[@David-we3sb]

abiogenesis is an unproven fantasy of atheists.

[@JJ33438]

anton you are the best scientist on the internet - so educational and you can explain the most complicated ideas in an understandable manner. You are wonderful! Wow this is a mind blower!

[@tonyrome5584]

Anton, this finding of living bacteria in deep igneous rocks may also explain why we geologists have found so much petroleum where we never expected to find it. If so then some oil may not technically be a fossil fuel, since its production might be an on going, living, process. Just maybe??!!

[@personzorz]

Except you only find petroleum deposits where impermiable layers specifically tent over and trap leakage from sedimenrary rock bearing ancient biomass

[@Phapchamp]

The problem being is the source that ends up getting turned into fossil fuel. Bacteria there is just a vehicle for the process.

[@Avendesora]

something being a "fossil fuel" doesn't mean it's not being created anymore. The process is just so slow that our consumption outpaces it many many many times over.

[@aygwm]

Careful where you go with this topic. Oil companies won’t like it

[@personzorz]

@@aygwm Are you kidding, oil companies would love if there was more to pump. but there isn't.

[@CITADEL5]

Anton, Thank you for directly getting to the point you want to make. Very refreshing. You have gained a subscriber.

[@testboga5991]

It should be easy to exclude contamination from genetic analysis once they release the data. Surprising they haven't done that yet.

[@neo-filthyfrank1347]

yes when have big scientific discoveries EVER turned out to be just hype?

[@Avendesora]

Super curious what you think the turnaround time "should" be for something like this, especially when the teams who did the discovering were busy... doing the discovering. Their mission was to get the samples in the first place and find the bacteria, sequencing and data analysis are next steps.

[@emmanuels7723]

​@@Avendesoranot like HT sequencing and assembly exist for a decade, especially for procaryotes. Even with low concentration samples. Pretty sure even as a service.

[@Avendesora]

@@emmanuels7723 Sequencing takes weeks, analyzing the resulting data and correlating it with everything you already know to determine if your hypothesis about their age is correct takes SLIGHTLY longer. I promise. They actually do more than just glance at the results and go "eureka!".

[@just_another_nerd]

🤯 Fascinating! Especially the implications for finding life on other celestial bodies🎉 So looking forward for the follow-up

[@Elias_Avraham]

Almost as ancient as my mother-in-law.

[@leslieturcotte1008]

🤣😂🤣

[@DoreenBellDotan]

You are my go-to for all kinds of science factoids. I learn a lot from you, Anton.

[@KWyDimple]

So applying that process to the recently retrieved asteroid sample would be worthy of further anlysis. Considering they indicated clays were present in the samples.

[@alicemeraviglia8863]

If I was Mr. Suzuki I'd be going after that tonight!

[@nickrider5220]

The implications are enormous for planets and moons that once had hospitable conditions, great information Anton !

[@Skaatje]

So is the bacteria or the rock 2 billion years old? There seems to be a discrepency between the thumbnail and the title. 😅 I assume the bacteria are on a lot of new generations by now?

[@thearpox7873]

"The bacteria lay undisturbed for two billion years." There. Happy?

[@mrdeanvincent]

The bacterial _colony_ is 2 billion years old, encapsulated in 2 billion year old rock. An individual bacterium within the colony is not 2 billion years old.

[@udishomer5852]

These bacteria were separated from the rest of the world for hundreds of millions of years, yet somehow found a way to survive in these isolated environment. Think of it as an alien environment here on Earth.

[@bdegrand]

I hope somebody is seeing to it that none of these bacteria get loose... Who knows what these tough little dudes could do to our current life forms ... 😮

[@peppermintgal4302]

They're probably optimized for extreme conditions, meaning they won't thrive in our "normal" environment. Though yeah, there's no reason not to take precautions!

[@user-lb8bg6kj9m]

The Thing 🕷️

[@MephitisUK]

I for one will welcome our new 'old' bacterial overlords...

[@mortenrl1946]

My money is on our immune system for this one. These little guys have been sitting in some cozy clay forever without being bothered, while we've been exposed to almost everything imaginable on the planet.

[@rachmondhoward2125]

Mind blowing! It would be interesting to get more information about the genetics and morphology of these bacteria. Our oldest bacteria belongs to Archeobateria family so let's see if these bacteria are part of this group or completely different! Great presentation on another ground-breaking scientific discovery!

[@XenMaximalist]

I think Mars has ancient subterranean gigantic worms. That is the cause of the mysterious Marsquakes. 😊

[@ResinRat2]

Wonder what they eat?

[@oberonpanopticon]

@@ResinRat2I dunno, ask frank herbert

[@KeithRingo]

What about instead of giant ones it's billions of tiny ones

[@udishomer5852]

Dune anyone?

[@Rishi123456789]

Strange lifeforms found inside 2-billion-year-old rocks: We're 2 billion years old, beat that! Brahma: That's cute. I'm 155 trillion years old.

[@littlebirdie2]

Excellant report!! Thx! Good to hear that you’ll keep up with this researcher & inform us of any new developments by him. ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️

[@scottgardener]

This has got to be one of the most under-appreciated discoveries in our lifetime. If we could verify it, maybe with a few more carefully collected samples, t would, how shall I say it, rock our notions of biology. Tardigrades? Amateurs… These guys survived snowball Earths, the end Permian, and more. They slept through the impact event at the end of the Cretaceous. We young kids with our oxygen and multicellular life…

[@David-we3sb]

or maybe the rocks aren't that old? just a thought

[@linecraftman3907]

​@@David-we3sbor the got into rocks vis cracks

[@Mr._Random]

Anton is the best 👍

[@stephenwatts7734]

This is another amazing video. You must do a follow up on what the DNA shows.

[@baraskparas9559]

Since the bacteria were located in clay filled cracks in the rock the bacteria can be much more recent than the age of the rock itself. A new book published by Austin Macauley Publishers titled From Chemistry to Life on Earth outlines abiogenesis in great detail with a solution to the evolution of the genetic code and the ribosome as well as the cell in general using 290 references, 50 illustrations and several information tables with a proposed molecular natural selection formula with a worked example for ATP.

[@user-lb8bg6kj9m]

Maybe water 💦 trickling from the surface carried the bacteria down below 👇 and does so from time to time. So perhaps it's not as old as believed.

[@baraskparas9559]

@@user-lb8bg6kj9m Agreed. Need to do a genomic analysis if they are alive, especially after growing them in petri dishes.

[@allwheeldrive]

Thank you, Anton. Discoveries like this are massively perspective-changing! And it sure seems we're seeing more and more like this. I hope this is a clear indicator to the scientific community that we REALLY don't know much at all and that being open for fundamental shifts in understanding should be the norm. We'll never know everything about the real drivers of existence, but we can at least be more humble about our place in the universe.

[@razercp9322]

I look forward to your every upload! ❤❤

[@mac11380]

Thats what she said....lol

[@razercp9322]

@@mac11380 what’s the pun

[@dalelerette206]

Anton's videos are always informative and accurate. There is no guile in him, which is very blessed. You are truly a wonderful person Anton. I hope someday you meet Brother Guy Consolmagno.

[@gianpaulgraziosi6171]

8:35 never gets old

[@psychiatry-is-eugenics]

8:34 that smile is almost as fake as mine .

[@JohnSaylock-ec4cd]

Best scientific channel.... No B,S. And to the point.

[@krishp1104]

please dont be contamination please dont be contamination please dont be contamination please dont be contamination

[@simonnash9541]

Anton ive been watching you for six years fantastic work mate, I have learnt so many new idea of science Simon Nash 78 y South Australia

[@thingsweshouldkno]

Put that thing back where it came from or so help me🤣

[@John-wm6fg]

My Daddy Always Screamed That at Me !!!

[@shmacamp]

Anton’s videos are my ASMR.

[@osmosisjones4912]

The natural biosphere could be seen as type civilization

[@neo-filthyfrank1347]

no it couldn't

[@evolutionarydeadend6812]

I mean, it could be. It probably shouldn't, but it could be. Lol

[@katherandefy]

Gosh wow. Looking forward to hearing more on this discovery.

[@nathanmiller3687]

Perhaps life doesn't "develop". Panspermia still seems like a very valid theory

[@neo-filthyfrank1347]

I think the formation of life was basically an absolute freak event much, much rarer than people think, thus explaining the fermi paradox. I don't think there's alien life anywhere close enough for us to observe.

[@personzorz]

Has to happen somewhere and I tend to think people wildly overestimate how hard it is is to get going

[@neo-filthyfrank1347]

@@personzorz People wildly underestimate how hard it is to get going

[@gabriellapierre3512]

Only wanted to say thanks Anton. It's been a while and still never have had a bad video. Your constant! Good. Thanks

[@SureshkumarShaih]

Hallelujah 🙌🏻!!!!! The daily jesus devotional has been a huge part of my transformation, God is good 🙌🏻🙌🏻. I was owing a loan of $49,000 to the bank for my son's brain surgery, Now I'm no longer in debt after I invested $11,000 and got my payout of $290,500 every month…God bless Mrs Susan Jane Christy ❤️

[@IbrahimFilipe]

Hello!! how do you make such monthly, I’m a born Christian and sometimes I feel so down of myself 😭 because of low finance but I still believe God

[@KingsleyFoska]

Thanks to my co-worker (Carson ) who suggested Ms Susan Jane Christy

[@AndreHsieh]

After I raised up to 525k trading with her I bought a new House and a car here in the states🇺🇸🇺🇸 also paid for my son's surgery….Glory to God, shalom.

[@DegeorgeGoswami]

She's a licensed broker here in the states🇺🇸 and finance advisor.

[@FarnellCannaday]

Can I also do it??? My life is facing lots of challenges lately

[@yousaidthusly461]

This is the equivalent of finding alien life! Bravo

[@Sci-Fi_Quizshow]

Smashing reporting discussion and explanation. Keept up the exccelent work on this amazing channel!

[@4g4m3n0n]

Reminds me of a line from Lovecraft... “That is not dead which can eternal lie, and with strange aeons even death may die.”

[@mercurywoodrose]

Read a great book once:Alexander Graham Cairns-Smith FRSE (24 November 1931 - 26 August 2016) was an organic chemist and molecular biologist at the University of Glasgow.[1] He studied at the University of Edinburgh, where he gained a Ph.D. in Chemistry (1957).[2] He was most famous for his controversial 1985 book Seven Clues to the Origin of Life.

[@murraymacd]

Hey Anton. Love your videos. In this one there’s a slight correction. You say the place the scientists went was bushveld in South Africa. That’s like saying they went to forest in Germany. It’s just a type of terrain. What you meant to say is the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC).

[@Jeffrey-ed8sz]

Anton passes great info to homebodies like me. ❤ Anton's channel.

[@mirfalltnix1736]

Thank you for the nice video Anton !

[@tearsblacksphinx]

Hey, Anton, great topic. Thank you very much for this post. What software do you use to change your background for the podcast? I wanna try. I'm using this myself.

[@marknovak6498]

Volcanic rocks sustain life, meaning life can start and be ready to develop further when conditions allow for it. That is good news for finding extraterrestrial life.

[@Freddisred]

Hopefully we can develop some sort of plastic waste that survives those temperatures, rendering the planet a useless deathball for eons.

[@macgyvershe]

Immortal life forms More, please and thank you

[@princequestly2218]

This study sounds promising, and extremely interesting. Very cool!!! 😎

[@AxionSmurf]

10 billion bacteria per cm3 in the human gut gives you some perspective how weak the weaker probiotics are (e.g. 1 billion)

[@wholebodysneeze]

Hi Anton, new subscriber here. I really like your choice of topics and style of presentation. I am looking forward to skimming through your back catalog. Not sure if you've found it already, but I would recommend Michael Levin's work on bioelectricity. He's doing some mind-blowing stuff that I think you and your audience might get a kick out of.

[@DrJoy-cw7lt]

This fascinates me. So cool.

[@scoobysnax9787]

I have a friend who is a Professor in Microfossils. He also studied under Dr Suzuki. Fantastic news about his latest research. He is also a genius regarding the evolution of microfossils too.

[@michubern1444]

Thats just amazing. So much history we know nothing about :)

[@Clint_Moto34]

Exciting times! Thank you for covering ❤

[@nonpareilstoryteller5920]

Phantasmagorical !

[@seattlegrrlie]

Life is everywhere.

[@carmonk9243]

Oooooo keep us updated. This is cool shtuff. 😊

[@chesterhackenbush]

One of the most amazing videos ever. Real science.

[@samshuijzen]

Now I know why I felt guilty about my rockhounding past, I was destroying communities all along. Well, I kinda learnt my lesson but those rocks, millions of years old .. have started to crumble because I took them out of their habitat. I figured they'd be run over by bulldozers anyway, which may have been better than my cleaning them.

[@Julian_Wang-pai]

What an astonishing story! Very old rocks but how old are those organisms really? Consider the heat and pressure they must have experienced over a period of time up toward 2000 million years..!

[@PitchWheel]

As an Italian in always proud of seeing Italy in the background, one of the most beautiful places of the world, even from space!

[@ypey1]

Even from space, lol😂

[@shaneconnor86]

this is a groundbreaking discovery Anton, thanks

[@nitroxylictv]

This is freaking insane, probably one of the most important studies of the century!

[@mariuquidiello]

Amazing NATURE 🙏🏻🙏🏻💕💕💕

[@androocifer]

I just love your educational channel. I don't think I miss very many of your videos. This is truly amazing. Nature is so very amazing!

[@animusveritatis]

Pure gold everytime.

[@petracastro6021]

Very interesting, thank you!

[@ricoma6037]

Get well soon!

[@barbaralopez265]

very cool - I will share with Friends

[@timl.b.2095]

I don't know why you say he "didn't expect to find" and was "surprised" to find life there. That is exactly what he was looking for.

[@global_nomad.]

I hope Anton will still be presenting fascinating research in 2billion years......

[@michaelbiggs7129]

Fascinating discovery..i hope i see any follow up on this..

[@gordonwallin2368]

Thanks, Anton. Cheers from the Pacific West Coast of Canada.

[@gregsutton2400]

Thanks Anton, that is amazing. Its like if the creatures in the Burgess shale started moving.

[@steveg1961]

They don't have to have been isolated for two billion years. Even if the researchers are taking extreme care to prevent contamination by their research procedures of acquiring the samples in the first place, that doesn't imply that has never been any environmental contamination over two billion years.

[@robwood6759]

I would be very interested to see similar tests done on meteorite fragments, and perhaps even material returned from asteroids. Fascinating report.

[@patrickbrady6697]

When building a house basement you learn that for every few feet below the water line, the hydrostatic pressure against the wall increases 100 pounds per square foot per unit distance....that is the pressure increases ALOT. Changes in pressure in geological terms are caused by everything, up to the position of the moon . Water flows in and out of tiny spaces even at great deepths because of this pressure.Bacteria go along for the ride. Unlikely that these bacteria are as old as the researcher wishes. This is why physics and geology should be known by any biologist.

[@agentxyz]

thank you--you allow me to forward a lot of stuff to my sister, brother, etc.