Stunning color photos depict scenes of everyday life in the Russian Protectorate of Mongolia, 1913

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Mongolia at the start of the 20th century was agrarian, and its people were highly stratified socially and economically. There were two classes of vassals: the khamjlaga, who under Manchu law were serfs for life of the local nobility and civil administrators; and the shavi, the vassals of the monastery estates.
Trade in essentials like tea, rice, and tobacco was in the hands of Chinese companies, which willingly extended credit at high interest rates.
The currency consisted of units of livestock, as well as tea bricks, small silver ingots, and some foreign coins. When the officials and nobility got into debt, they would increase their taxes in kind on the population.
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[@GreatPolishWingedHussars]

0:40 The photo of the woman in the box is just terrible, horrible, awful, dreadful, frightful and terrifying! Hard to bear! .....Who wonders how the Russian troops came to Mongolia? I'm using the term Mongolia here, not Outer Mongolia, although the use of the term Outer Mongolia is common in connection with the history of Mongolia from the 17th century to 1911. I do this because I think the term Outer Mongolia is misleading in connection with the History of the Mongolian State. Because for me it is illogical that Outer Mongolia suddenly became Mongolia in the 20th century. For me it has always been Mongolia. The religious leader of Buddhism in Mongolia, Agvaan Vanchüg, took advantage of the collapse of the Chinese Qing dynasty and declared Mongolia (Outer Mongolia)independent in 1911. However this is what historians call the Mongol Revolution of 1911! A disintegrating economy, growing debt, and increasing tax demands, social/political unrest, plans to colonize Mongolia with ethnic Han and the collapse of the Chinese Qing dynasty caused the rebellion. The Qing dynasty was practically on the verge of collapse, but the occupation of Mongolia still worked. In fact, it is not a one-off phenomenon that colonial troops and officials continued to do their job even though the central government collapsed. This was also the case, for example, in World War II when France was defeated by the Germans in Europe in 1940 and the French colonial structures were nevertheless preserved and the French colonial empire despite the actual collapse of the central government in the mother country. Research into this colonial phoneme is actually worthy of a doctoral thesis. But back to Mongolia! The Russian Empire then decided to support the Mongolian rebels and send troops to Mongolia. Hence the Cossacks in the photo of the video! On December 1, 1911 the Provisional Government of Mongolia issued a general proclamation announcing the end of Qing rule and the establishment of a theocracy. At the end of the month, on December 29, Agvaan Vanchüg was formally installed as Bodg Khaan ("Great Khan", or "Emperor") of the new Mongolian state. The Mongolian revolution was for the most part an orderly transference of power. The relatively peaceful character of this revolution was due to the presence of Russian troops, who protected the withdrawing Chinese officials and troops from the Mongolian revolutionaries. Yes, first the Russian troops supported the Mongols and then these troops prevented excess of violence against the defeated Chinese. But despite that Chinese historians especially have often explained the events of 1911 as the product of "Russian provocations and manipulations". This conclusion however contradicts with archival materials from Russia and Mongolia. The movement for independence in Mongolia was to a large extent the reaction to the miserable economic situation and the Qing policies aimed at assimilating the Mongols by Han Chinese. The revolution with political and social forces also reflected a growing sense of nationalism on the part of the Mongolians, and their desire to form a independent nation state. The Russian imperial government wanted Mongolia as a buffer state dependent on Russia against Chinese and Japanese expansionist desires against Russian Siberia. So there were Russian Cossack cavalry soldiers in Mongolia who proudly let themselves be photographed.