Temperature: Continentality - Worldbuilder’s Log 33

We start mapping temperature by looking at continentality. Shout out ‪@rossbaygeo‬ for contributing their expertise.
How to create a photorealistic planet like the first image in the video (thanks JayChoken): drive.google.com/drive/folder...
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LINKS:
TEMPERATURE MAPPING GUIDE: docs.google.com/document/d/1W...
ARTIFEXIA WEBSITE: www.artifexian.com
WORLDBUILDING PASTA: worldbuildingpasta.blogspot.c...
THE WORLDSMITH (Spreadsheet): docs.google.com/spreadsheets/...
PATREON: / artifexian
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MUSIC:
Udo Grunewald
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TIMESTAMPS:
00:00 Intro
00:27 Housekeeping
02:03 What is Continentality?
03:28 Hyperoceanic
05:07 Oceanic
05:33 Subcontinental
09:16 Continental
11:04 Hypercontinental
12:03 Finishing Touches
12:54 Assigning Temperature Swings
13:50 Outro
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❤️ Thanks for watching everyone. It means a lot. ❤️

[@jasonlewis4438]

*[Blows Trumpet]* FINALLY!

[@Whiffle09]

The return of the king

[@SebRomu]

Small initial confusion on my part until I realised this was mapping the temperature range by zone. So there is no need for seasonal or flipped summer/winter maps. Looks great.

[@Xedlord]

How did bro get here a day early

[@autochton]

@@XedlordBy being a Patreon member: ;-)

[@memyselfishness]

That's awesome. Just started up on a new project and have been rewatching the series quite recently.

[@hetzer3316]

Artifexian has bless us again with temperature

[@dennisnick5559]

14 minutes, I am crying. cant wait for the next one!

[@Kolateak_]

There is truly no other channel I am excited to see a video from more

[@Whiffle09]

Thank you Ross

[@anarchosnowflakist786]

this series is just so good ! I love understanding how climates are modeled !

[@Auroral_Anomaly]

That rendering looks cool. Looks like earth but without a blue (oxygen rich) atmosphere!

[@Thins_Are_SUS]

-Minor correction- The deep blue color (210 degrees on the color wheel) of our atmosphere is primarily thanks to nitrogen (by itself roughly 220 degrees). If we had 100% Oxygen, our atmosphere would be cyan (170-190 degrees), and less transparent (actually more milky because of that). I looked once again, and it appears to be thinner.. EDIT!!: Only in it's solid form nitrogen can have an indigo blue color, otherwise pretty much completely transparent, way more so than oxygen. (And atmospheric scattering, which affects low-wavelength light more is the primary reason for the sky's color)

[@Auroral_Anomaly]

@@Thins_Are_SUS Nope, oxygen is 233 on the color wheel, indoors it appears cyan because indoor lighting is red-green heavy, and if the atmosphere was pure oxygen we would all die. Oxygen makes the atmosphere way bluer, WAY bluer. When you are a gas, reflection and scattering are the same thing.

[@Auroral_Anomaly]

@@Thins_Are_SUS If you’ve ever seen liquid oxygen, you’ll know that it is the same color as the sky when outside.

[@Thins_Are_SUS]

@@Auroral_Anomaly I've seen both liquid, and solid oxygen and nitrogen. Checked their hues too.. But I've got the intel on atmospheric color from somewhere else, where all planets got compared: It's a bit of a better way to calculate such stuff, I'll try to find it again.

[@Thins_Are_SUS]

Alright, I checked all stuff again, and it appears I didn't knew something important on the solid nitrogen, which confused me. Apparently nitrogen can have a beta-crystalic state, which is blue. Otherwise it's transparent. So in the case of a liquid or gas (and often solid too) it's not going to have a tinge like oxygen does.

[@TheRukisama]

Now I need to start working on my world again!

[@petersmythe6462]

Axial tilt: put the bands all closer to the equator the more of it you have. For planets with no axial tilt they should have pretty much one zone. Orbital eccentricity: make everything more continental, even the tropics. However, you should avoid creating continental areas right next to oceans with onshore winds as usual.

[@cielolee2815]

I'm teaching a class with parts of this series and the semester is just starting! Can't wait to share Artifexia/Cretak with more people

[@alexeyvlasenko6622]

I can't express in words how cool this is. When the climate design is done, I want to run a GCM of this world and see if the computer agrees.

[@6-4crusader55]

Artefexian and Biblaridion both post on the same day!? It’s a miracle!

[@ATOM-vv3xu]

Wait what? Or is the biblaridion vid only available for patrons and spoiler zone access yet?

[@Aerostarm]

What video has bib posted lol?

[@6-4crusader55]

@@Aerostarm I meant that he posted on his discord. It’s spoiler season which means he’s releasing models for people to make art of

[@volcryndarkstar3283]

You got me excited, you sick son of a bitch.

[@GrayderFox]

Ah, can hear your enthusiasm for this...I'm enthused too! Been tinkering with my own bundle of continents, and it'll be REALLY fun to apply this to them. Really looking forward to seeing how to figure out climates! Thanks for the work, you two. :D

[@prnghats]

Perfect, just what I need after a long day~

[@dbensen]

The time-lapse sequences make me so happy

[@stuchly1]

Amazing video! Very informative! You're really helping me figure out all the things to keep in mind when making a world from scratch! ❤

[@CuriosityCore101]

This is so cool!

[@eostyrwinn5018]

Oh man I am so hyped for making isotherm maps

[@madelinejameswrites]

Go Ross! This is awesome!

[@rossbaygeo]

Thanks Madeline!

[@asus380]

This is so incredibly interesting!

[@kjellduteweert9262]

Well, I got most of my own map done. Up to climate with you.

[@ATOM-vv3xu]

Yay a new vid! I am still stuck at getting myself to convert the plates file. Hope to catch up at some time

[@timinator1015]

Dang, how can I make my world look like that render in the first part of the video? I’m still trying to drift the continents around… But I’m eventually going to get to that point as well. I’m almost done drifting the continents finally!

[@wednes3day]

Check out the video on mapping things in blender, from there you probably want to work with a couple of spheres. The first one is your surface sphere. On that one use the land vs. water map to mask shaders. On the land side use the visualised (green to brown to grey) elevation map as your base colour, and black and white height map as height map (I believe it was called parallax occlusion? Otherwise convert it into a normal map). For the sea part fiddle around with colour subsurface scattering and glossiness until you get a result that you like. Second (optional) sphere is for atmosphere. Idk if you'd do that with subsurface scattering only or if there would be volumetric transparency options. Last sphere is clouds which uhh find a texture online? Edit: might want to fiddle around a bit more with humidity maps and height maps to get something more representative of the vegetation or lack thereof in the lowlands. Also the clouds and atmosphere you can fake with distortions in an image editing program. For the clouds overlay them and distort them to give the impression of a curving earth. Then make a copy, layer it below and transform it to create shadows. The atmosphere you can just put a circle gradient over the sphere and pick a transition and opacity that works for you

[@YoManWassup1995]

2:40 someone should tell him that in the southern hemisphere seasons are the opposite of northern, but near the equator you dont have such things as "summer" or "winter" because the temperatures varies very little or not at all.

[@Dragrath1]

Yeah specifically its more or less due to the differences between winter and summer and the presence or absence of the moderating effects of water. The sanity check means the two should roughly match up.

[@Zack-fu4lo]

Damn, I missed this when it was first uploaded

[@Little-Hill-Comics]

This is so cool

[@mistyminnie5922]

this is so cool

[@aharris206]

2:40 lol, there is no summer or winter near the equator :P

[@irmaosmatos4026]

even more that Manaus is in the southern hemisphere, so it would be the opposite, if there was a summer or winter.

[@aharris206]

@@irmaosmatos4026 yea, but this is looking at variation between extremes over the year as opposed to temperature at any one point in the year

[@bluestickman2684]

Well my chem homework can wait for a bit. Just gotta work in reverse for my world since the tilt flipped the equator and poles

[@danthiel8623]

Yippee thanks @rossbaygeo Artifexia is better for it.

[@Jpteryx]

Great showcase of this tutorial! Why did you erase Hypercontinental from the whole southern continent, though?

[@jamesgriffith5582]

Indeed, unless you're assuming that the likely polar icecap would have some form of moderating effect. -Were it not for that though I'd have thought a polar megacontinet like that would have massive internal temperature swings. One thing I would note though is it is very hard to get a gauge on just how big that lower continent is, due to the polar distortion on the Mercator projection, and that the spinning globe map on the website doesn't give you an option to look down from the south pole. -A quick screenshot of the south pole on the website would be very useful in that regard.

[@rossbaygeo]

Hi @Jpteryx. While Picard, the continent in the southern hemisphere, is quite a large landmass (88,410,997 km²), the interior of the continent around the south pole is not far enough from the ocean for this method to facilitate a Hypercontinental zone.

[@rossbaygeo]

Hi @@jamesgriffith5582, Picard will have quite large temperature swings of at least 42°C, which is several degrees more than Antarctica on Earth. The range for the average monthly temperatures in the interior of the Antarctic Plateau near Vostok Station is 36°C, though the highest monthly average is about -31°C in the summer and the lowest is -67°C in the winter, which is comparable to what we will see in the polar mountain range on Picard.

[@timeneses]

Im finally caught up!

[@justanotherchannel6233]

good morning artifexian

[@TheTrekkie12]

TEMPERATURES!! ONE STEP CLOSER TO CLIMATE ZONES BABEYYYYYY

[@jaecohen7983]

It didn't push notifications for me on this video for some reason.. :/ I'm glad that I checked today!

[@jeronimomendez1007]

Now we are geting to the good stuf

[@petersmythe6462]

For an Earth-sized planet, 4.5 million square kilometers is a bit over 1% the planetary surface. Basically if the continent is comparable to Australia or above, you're good.

[@vancesumrall1829]

that first image made me want to make a google maps style thing for my planet (i am getting ahead of myself 100%)

[@comradecid]

i always love this shit

[@jonathanthomas8736]

Awesome! I'm at 1450 mya in my 20th attempt or so. Gonna take it to about 1250 Mya and see where that gets us for this sort of thing.

[@daniel_rossy_explica]

I spent my January doing other things, and now I have to study for some finals I have to sit for and prepare my year of work (I'm a teacher). I can't say when I will continue to work on the world I have, but as I said earlier, I'm stuck in the continental drift part.

[@heathercampbell6059]

Why only the Western coast? You never explained why you erase the Western and not the Eastern.

[@boghag]

Prevailing wind pattern, probably.

[@susandarber9942]

If your planet is not prograde so retrograde, you would actually erase the eastern side. In a bucket, the rotational motion of the planet creates a Coriolis effect that has a direction (east --> west in prograde, west --> east in retrograde) the Coriolis effect influences the wind pattern so weather too.

[@watermelon668]

super cool video! It's just left me wondering, why is the naming system on an oceanic-continental scale?

[@rossbaygeo]

Continentality (or Oceanity) Indexes measure the average monthly temperature range of a location between summer and winter months (sometimes the maximum variance, sometimes the difference between two specific months). There is a correlation between the distance away from the ocean (or another large body of water) and a larger difference between the lowest and highest average monthly temperature. So the more continental a place is, the greater the average monthly temperature range relative to other places at the same latitude.

[@Dragrath1]

It comes down to water vapor which is the dominant gas mediating the temperature zones. Specifically water vapor is transparent to visible light but is opaque to infrared light that radiates off of the Earths surface meaning sunlight enters but can't easily escape without getting reabsorbed and randomly reemitted. This is in essence the greenhouse effect and all greenhouse gases do this to some extent but water vapor is so much stronger of a greenhouse gas that it dominates where it is present in the air. Importantly however in an earthlike climate water vapor is kept from going out of control because due to the climate being around the triple point of water it is able to precipitate out as rain or snow. This is very geographically specific because as you should know water vapor rains out such that the amount of water vapor which remains in the air depends on the relative rate of replenishment and removal of water vapor. Near the ocean and large bodies of water these effects are largely in balance moderate each other out as evaporation of seawater enriches the air with water vapor which can get carried inland by wind circulation. In continental interiors however much less water is in the air which means that more water vapor is evaporating and getting carried away by air circulation than gets brought in and or precipitates out of the region without being replenished thus you get a dry environment where there is no water to moderate the heating during the day or to hold in that heat at night. Its why deserts while they can get searing hot during the day can simultaneously get frigid at night as there is little if any insulating blanket to prevent that heat from escaping off into space.

[@profwaldone]

i keep looking at this hoping i can pull out a substance designer graph out of this. but even simplified this is just so damm complex. is it possible? yes, can I do it? not in a way that can run on a computer with any reasonable timeframe.

[@PrimordialRoseberryBush]

Quick questions about alien biology that I just wanted to try for a spec evo, pneumatic muscles, pressurized gas based muscles, possible? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this?

[@idle_speculation]

Starfish use water for a similar purpose, so it’s not out of the question

[@ajdogz5088]

Just looking for some quick clarification, if thats ok. When he said sea ice counts as land, did he only mean when it came to shaving the subcontinental zone off of coasts, or does it also count as land when determining if the continent extends beyond the polar circle?

[@74272]

Is the hypercontinental zone effected by the equatorward ocean?

[@tuckerroe9283]

at 13:35 i think that the temp calculator on the spread sheet is broken. I can't duplicate the planet tab and get the avg temp to still work the original seems to but i would like multiple planet to get an avg temp is there a work around for this?

[@petersmythe6462]

Meanwhile the continentality map of Kerbin with its zero axial tilt: *everything is blue*

[@khilorn]

Out of curiosity mr irishman, why does Ireland seem so out of place on continentality on the earth map?

[@rossbaygeo]

Hi @khilorn, Ireland has a narrow range of average monthly temperature because it is an island on a west coast with onshore winds. The water is also quite warm due to the North Atlantic Current, which helps keep the winters milder than one would otherwise expect; though areas at a similar latitude surrounded by ocean like the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego also have an equivalent degree of continentality.

[@no-one5387]

sustenance

[@susandarber9942]

Question: are you doing 1 video/month currently?

[@ijahnnakehlam5919]

It takes a while to make these. He is very dedicated and wants to make sure he gives us good content, plus, he works with a lot of experts in specific fields, so it will take time.

[@Whiffle09]

Answer look at his posting history

[@stefanodadamo6809]

3:15 continentality = thermal amplitude, in sum

[@Mercure250]

I understand that seasons don't really matter, but you mentioned the influence of ice sheets. Don't these change from season to season? How does that work?

[@rossbaygeo]

Hi @Mercure250. Continentality Indexes illustrates the relationship between temperature range and distance from a large body of water, like an ocean. Water warms and cools more slowly than land and the circulation of heat in the ocean both help moderate temperatures in coastal areas. When permanent or semi-permanent ice pack covers a large body of water near a coast, the moderation effect is cancelled out.

[@Mercure250]

@@rossbaygeo So, even if the ice is there for, say, 3-4 months in the year, it still has that effect?

[@rossbaygeo]

@@Mercure250 for this guide, continentality creates a 'cold spot' that impacts the relative temperature over continents during the winter. So if your ice sheet is only present during the winter, then that's perfectly fine.

[@Mercure250]

@@rossbaygeo Ok thanks for the info (and sorry for the late replies)

[@Lilas.Duveteux]

So, basically, in this world, medittereanean and oceanic climates would cover quite the bit of surface area.

[@rossbaygeo]

Hi @Lilas.Duveteux, the Continentality zones do not correspond to specific Koppen Climate Classifications. We would expect to see both Oceanic (Cfb) and Mediterranean (Csa, Csb) climates in Oceanic zones (and warmer Subcontinental zones) due to the narrow temperature ranges required for those classifications.

[@Lilas.Duveteux]

@@rossbaygeo I did notice that. It was just because many of these zones also correspond to where Artefexian placed his highest year-round precipitation.

[@rossbaygeo]

@@Lilas.Duveteux Yes, you're right! Coastal areas, especially on west coasts in the mid-latitudes, tend to receive annual precipitation from favourable winds moving over relatively warm bodies of water.

[@brokenfurrytrash9652]

so when he says if your world is very different from earth. would that also mean by tempature? my planet is 24 degrees C on avg. so would i have to use World pasta simulation. everything else about the planet is earth like.

[@nettlesandsnakes9138]

That is very hot, survivable but very hot.

[@brokenfurrytrash9652]

@@nettlesandsnakes9138 it is hot so I can have life at the poles and no big ice caps. But do I use this video for mapping the temperature or do I use world pastas simulation to get temperature?

[@pedroavellarcosta9389]

Manaus is NOT oceanic, is just tropical

[@skstryhn]

I dont get KZbin's recommendation stuff because I have watched Everything you have made in the last 2 years. And I still have to manually search for your channel to find out if you posted new stuff so annoying 😅

[@ROYAL-ob6kf]

bro please upload these more than once a month

[@ijahnnakehlam5919]

It takes a while to make these. He is very dedicated and wants to make sure he gives us good content, plus, he works with a lot of experts in specific fields, so it will take time.

[@mckinneym.2743]

​@ijahnnakehlam5919 Yup, rushing it will only put more pressure on him, and force the product to be rushed. Its hard, because the videos are really interesting but we have to be patient.

[@Forestman000]

This is starting to get very boring with the absurd level of detail, I hope he goes back to his old linguistics style content one day :/ Gg on being this determined to follow through on this project tho