Temur Malik: A Khwarezmian who Defied the Mongols: 1219-1220

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

In this video, we take a look at a little known episode of the Mongol invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire: Temur Malik, a Khwarezmian who defied the Mongols. After, we look at Juvaini, our source for this chapter, and the significance of this story. Patreon: www.patreon.com/jackmeister Mongol Invasion of the Khwarezmain Empire: kzbin.info/www/bejne/pXPEq4pnarFgfJI Translation of Juvaini (Vol I of II) archive.org/stream/historyoftheworl011691mbp#page/n141/mode/2up. See pages 91-95 for Temur Malik, and Boyle's introduction for more on Juvaini himself. There are also online translations of the Shahnama I can link to if anyone wants a look at it.

[@MrLEGONinja888]

I'd certainly be interested in those online translations of the shahnama.

[@waqqas800]

Awesome video much praise to you sir. Only true history fans can appreciate your contribution.

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

Thank you for the kind words my friend. My greatest hope is to inspire more thoughtful historical discussion, especially for topics like this.

[@RandomGuy-df1oy]

Muhammed Shah considered Mongols as no difference then Qara Khitai, he was expecting them to just raid and return but he did not aware of the Chinese engineers. That was the main cause of the quick destruction of such a strong empire.

[@Mtrl-newer]

Yes,They even carried big cannons through desert.

[@KILLER.KNIGHT]

Not really.

[@jiahaowang736]

Another fantastic video! And loving the historiography viewpoints, thank you so much!

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

I'm glad you liked it! I hope to do more like this in the future.

[@ElBandito]

I didn't know about him. Thanks for sharing.

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

You'd likely only hear of him reading Barthold or in Juvaini himself, (or if you lived in modern Khujand, where they built a statue of him) since it didn't have any real consequences on the fate of Khwarezm. I've never seen this story discussed in any recent works, and only learned of it when I started researching the Khwarezmian war

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

@Abu Troll al cockroachistan I'm very glad you asked, my friend, as I just looked that up the other day. Juvaini, our most detailed source for this invasion, provides an entire chapter on their fate. The Khalaj and Ghuri forces who joined Mingburnu were commanded by two main figures, Saif ad-Din Aghraq Malik, and A'zam Malik. It was the argument over loot after Parwan between Arghaq Malik and Jalal al-Din's cousin, the Qangli chief Amin Malik (sometimes Yamin, Amin ad-Din Malik, Malik Khan in different sources), that resulted in Arghraq Malik and A'zam Malik abandoning the coalition with their forces. Juvaini has them travel near modern Jalalabad, and begin to return to Peshawar when infighting between (a drunken) Agrhaq Malik and a Khalaj emir, Nuh Jandar, resulted in the deaths of Agrhaq Malik, Nuh Jandar and A'zam Malik, the Ghuri forces fighting against the Khalaj in the chaos, and it seems a great number were slain. Next, a Mongol army under Tekechuk (who I believe was in command of the smaller Mongol force Jalal al-Din defeated shortly before Parwan) found them, and I'll quote Juvaini here: "In a word, those twenty or thirty thousand Khalaj, Turcoman and Ghuris, after separating from Sultan Jalal al-Din, were all scattered and slain within less than two to three months either by the hands of one another or by the armies of Chinggis Khan, and not a trace was left of them." -archive.org/details/historyoftheworl011648mbp/page/n115 should link directly to the relevant section. Basically, Juvaini has them destroyed, or completely scattered by Mongol forces, enough that this particular group provided no further resistance. In regards to the Hazara, I'd have to do more reading before I felt I knew enough to really say much on them. Personally, I've found it more likely the Mongol presence of the Neguderis/Qara'unas in Afghanistan from the 1260s onwards seems a more likely source than a minghaan from the time of Chinggis' own life. The Neguderis were there long enough, and in enough numbers, to actually have a major long term impact on the population to form a new ethnic group, the Hazaras, but I don't know what the specific thoughts on the matter are from specialists.

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

To make things worse for Jalal al-Din, his force have halved just as Chagatai, Ogedai and Tolui returned to Chinggis with their armies, meaning he was no facing a united Mongol force with only half his army. I'll have to look into the exact details, but from memory I recall mentions that for fighting in mountains Chinggis Khan ordered forces into Badakhshan and mountains around Herat. His route from the upper Amu Darya/ Taliqan through to Bamiyan and onto Ghazna took him through the Hindu Kush, but I don't know how much campaigning he did there, or it was just passing through in race to catch Mingburnu. I recall a mention of fighting rebels in mountains when the Taoist priest Chang'chun met Chinggis after Mingburnu's defeat, but I don't remember if that refers to the fighting near Herat. The point is that the amount of campaigning Chinggis did in or through mountains is rather limited, and how much it was actually conquest compared to the fighting in Khurasan, is debatable. I'd suspect in much of those areas, Khwarezmian control was rather limited, and thus in a campaign to destroy Khwarezm, such fighting would not be worth the efforts. Later campaigns though there were greater Mongol efforts to assert control in these areas. When Chormaqun Noyan brought Mongol armies in force to the former Khwarezmian realm in the 1230s, he sent a detachment into Afghanistan to pacify the region. But how much they succeeded is debatable: it is easy on a modern map to colour the entire area as under Mongol control, but what would the reality in those regions actually be? Further, if you already controlled the valuable economic centres and cities, like Ghazna, Herat and Kabul (which in general, the Mongols had little trouble conquering) then what is the use for the conqueror to extend much effort into the mountains. We must also note, that for fighting in those areas the Mongols would always rely heavily on locals who already submitted, using them as front line troops and guides, and who surely counted for much of the Mongol success in such regions. India is a very interesting matter, and there is always lots of debate over Mongol interactions with the subcontinent. After Jalal al-Din fled into India after his defeat on the Indus, Chinggis Khan sent a few detachments after him, one under Chagatai. At least one of these forces made it as far as Lahore, I believe (but I may be confusing that with a later expedition). Juvaini asserts that the heat forced the Mongols to withdraw, but there are other suggestions as well. It has been noted that the Delhi Sultan in this time, Iltutmish, did his best to be neutral in the Mongol-Khwarezm war, even working to support Punjabi princes against Jalal-al-Din, to appease the Mongols and to rid himself of the rather unreliable Khwarezmians. Further, in 1221 when Chinggis was on the borders of India, he had to deal with the huge amount of territory his empire had just incorporated within the space of two years, as well as the continuing war in China. I doubt there was any serious considerations to starting any sort of large scale operations in a foreign land like India, where the Mongols had no prior knowledge of, would have had to deal with a large new population even farther from their homeland than before, while leaving the Jin Dynasty unconquered. The rapid collapse of Khwarezm had been unexpected, but there was nothing to say India would be nearly as easy. Coupled with the heat and humidity, especially for those unaccustomed to it, I imagine it was an easy decision for Chinggis to not proceed further. Had Chinggis invaded in 1221, it is hard to say what would happen: he was at the height of his ability as a general, the Delhi Sultanate had only been founded in 1206 and was not especially strong, so Chinggis could certainly have found local allies and regional factionalism to take advantage of as he always did. Later incursions into India were under different circumstances though: the Mongols had an established empire, greater confidence in their forces and a belief in their domination of the world, and the Delhi Sultanate had periods of political instability and Sultans who were less willing to appease the Mongols like Iltutmish, leading to larger invasions, especially in the late 1290s. However, while the heat and humidity was difficult on them, they timed their incursions for the cooler parts of the year and took cities like Multan and Lahore on occasion, though didn't seem to ever hold them for long. What proved the greater deterrent though, was the military ability of the Delhi Sultanate, particularly under Alauddin Khalji (r.1296-1316), whose reign coincided with the largest Mongol efforts (from the Chagatai Khanate) against Delhi. While the Mongols were past their military prime perhaps, by then they were more accustomed to the heat (though it still proved a factor), the resources and preparedness of the Delhi Sultans is reminiscent of the ability of the Mamluk Sultanate against the Ilkhanate. There were close engagements, but still the Chagatai armies were decisively defeated strategically despite tactical victories at times, a threat which ultimately subsided when the Chagatai Khanate fell into anarchy over the 1300s. The army of the Delhi Sultanate was strong enough to prevent any Mongol conquests there by the time the Mongols really began to threaten the subcontinent. Now was that loss of tactical ability due to weakening their bows and horses (horses raised in certain climates don't fare as well in radically different ones: horses used to colder climate don't handle heat and humidity as well, as vice versa)? I'm sure that was a factor to a degree, but not the major influence on the course of events. Like you noted, the dynasties of India had their own composite bows and horses, though I don't know enough about bow construction in India to really compare them. Heat and humidity were also applicable to their war in southern China though. While they won there, it was a slow, laborious process, one which different solutions and strategies had to be learned, such as the use of naval warfare on the rivers of the south.

[@KILLER.KNIGHT]

@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistoryThey wouldn’t have been able to sack Lahore in 1241 had Razia Sultana not been assassinated a year prior!

[@adamata798]

Man, you are making incredible job👍 can you please make a separate video on Naimans particularly.

[@adamata798]

@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory , I have been to Central Asia before, I found that Naimans are still majority there, among Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyzs, Tatars, Afghans and even some white Russians claim that they are Naimans.

[@salimibrohimi9813]

Thank you! I"m from Khujand - born, and raised hearing the tales of brave TemurMalik.

[@TheXanian]

Really good stuff here, I subscribed because of the pure history facts that you've presented and the awesome work that you've done. As a person with Southern Chinese background, I wonder if you would cover the history of the Mongol-Song wars that lasted from 1235 to 1279? I feel that this war is either not very well-known of or poorly understood by people both inside and outside of China. And I feel that a lot of people seem to have underestimated the military strength of the Southern Song dynasty, they were actually a quite formidable force, or else it wouldn't take the Mongols that long to subdue them.

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

Thank you! I am very glad you appreciate it. I like to think I'mm helping to spread better quality historical discussion online. I will 100% cover the Song-Mongol wars. My approach right now, generally, is to go through the conquests in the thirteenth century generally chronologically. Since it is such a huge area (literally all of Eurasia!) I feel that makes it easier to follow for more people, and the actual scale of the conflict, and connections between these theaters and reasons why they were undertaken, can be better presented. Further, I think it allows me to do better work, keeping the research topics more closely connected so I can 'squeeze' the mot relevant information together. My plan right now is to finish talking about the war against Khwarezm, the expedition of Jebe and Subutai, then on to the destruction of the Tangut Kingdom, death and succession to Chinggis Khan, and then the final conquest of the Jin Dynasty. From there of course, opens the conflict with the Song. I'm glad you noted the military strength of the Song as well. Until recently, I was one of those people who dismissed them as 'utter military incompetence,' but there' been some great research in this area show that, while lacking the strategic acumen of the top Mongol command, the Song were certainly no pushovers, and their defensive abilities deserve greater detail. Consider: to open another front with the Song, the Mongols went into Tibet and Yunnan to do so. Those are hardly locations easy for moving armies. If the Song were as weak as often depicted, such operations would not have been necessary. Even for Kublai Khan's first invasion of Japan, part of the impetus behind that was to stop their trade, and possible assistance to, the Southern Song. Clearly, they should not be underestimated, and I am eager to talk about this period.

[@TheXanian]

@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory Thanks for your reply. Hope you would mention the Southern Song generals such as Meng Gong, Yu Jie, Wang Jian, and Zhang Jue. They were important in defending the Southern Song from the Mongol invasions as well as in building up the defensive fortress system around Sichuan (particularly Meng Gong and Yu Jie). Hope you would also mention the fortress Fishing Town (or Diaoyu Cheng in Chinese) located in Chongqing that withstood the Mongol invasion led by Mongke in 1259 and ultimately caused the death of Mongke. Mongol sources claim that he died of dysentery, but Chinese sources claim that he was injured by a projectile launched from a Chinese trebuchet, which led to his death. And if you want some info on Song armors and weapons, then I might be able to help as well. Cheers.

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

I thank you very much for the names of those generals, I had not heard their names before- an interesting thing about many works I've read which discuss the Mongol conquest of the Song is that they tend to focus more on the politics of the Mongol Empire of the time rather than specifics of the conquest, aside from the siege of Xiangyang or the very final years of the dynasty. When they do look at the military aspect, it is particularly campaigns personally led by Kublai, Mongke or famous generals like Bayan, and quite heavily minimize details of the Song in comparison, except for Jia Sidao or the very final years. I am thus happy to get details and specifics collected ahead of time, to help my research along when I get to discussing this area. One of my goals with this channel has always been to expand my own knowledge: I have a good grasp of the period of the whole but I fully admit there are many areas I need to study more. It's as much a learning experience for me as for anyone else. So if you can help with specifics on the Song army, I would very much appreciate it. If it is all possible, if you could message them to me via the Facebook page I made for this channel (also called the Jackmeister: Mongol History) as that is most convenient for me. Or I can make an email for this channel, if you prefer or don't use Facebook. I've been meaning to do so anyways, so it would not be a problem for me.

[@TheXanian]

@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory You could read the article that I posted on anthroscape for more information on the Song-Mongol conflict: www.tapatalk.com/groups/anthroscape/song-dynasty-vs-mongols-a-conflict-that-lasted-for-t87319.html

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

Many thanks for sharing, I am eager to get a chance to read it in full. I had a brief look over it for now, and I quite liked your points on the comparison against the Mamelukes, India and Vietnam. For a forthcoming project with another channel, I researched the Mongol invasions of India, and I'd say your points are largely correct on that matter. India was never a main target, being subject to raids of varying sizes until the 1290s-early 1300s, when much larger attacks occurred. There is debate over the purpose of these larger attacks, but it still seems unlikely conquest was the intention. What is little known is that the Mongols came very close to overcoming the Delhi Sultan Ala-adin Khalji, until withdrawing for not quite clear reasons (most likely being the injury which the Mongol commander, Qutlugh Khawja (the son of the Chagatai Khan Duwa) ultimately died of on the return journey. Yet, they are popularly portrayed as great victories of India over the Mongols (which ignores the fact that the rulers of Delhi were not Indians, but Turkic Muslims). and certainly does not compare to the experience the Song had. What were your sources for this article?

[@atic7910]

Great video as always

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

Thank you! I was quite pleased with this, so I am glad it is appreciated.

[@abiyasa9839]

Sir, can you explain Jalaluddin's journey from 1219 - 1231 ?

[@ozansimitciler5781]

in old turkic idi means owner, ulush means ulus, division, nation. idi ulush means owner of the ulus (division/nation). it could be title of the Jochi.

[@bosbanon3452]

I heard about him only from a chinese tv series about mongol , i searching about him in the internet but only find little then i find this video

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

I'm surprised that he showed up in a television series! What was the name of the show?

[@chn9398]

@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory Chinese-Mongolian series about the life of Genghis Khan. kzbin.info/www/bejne/qaKwmJaFiLOBd68 Starting from 23rd episodes Describes the mongol invasion khwarezmian empire and Jalal ad-Din and Temur Malik are mentioned. kzbin.info/www/bejne/baqWepWXmNeKqKc ..In the same series Turkish dubbing Battle of indus Genghis Khan and Jalal ad-Din..Sorry for the bad english.I used translation

[@bosbanon3452]

Timur mslik, i know him becuase of chinese 2004 series about genghis Khan

[@mappeMaa]

I managed to confuse Malik Khan and Temur Malik. Were they both present at battle of Parwan?

[@younglord7805]

Malik is a title given to a King, as Khwarezm was an empire it had many Maliks(kings). So once Mongol Empire took control of the regions they allow some to keep their titles as Maliks (kings) but never allowed to give them the titles such as Khan by itself. For example you can't call yourself the Bektemir Khan as that would unleash the wrath of the Mongols(particularly the Ghenghisids) So order to recognize authority allowed by Mongols, they might have allowed them to adopt the title of Malik along with Khan for the Mongols to see them as the petty kings etc. (Malik Khan) Same with the title Shah (Emperor) would not be allowed to a King (Malik, Emir etc) to claim emperorship. So they could carry two titles to emphises an authority given by the Shah. Such Malik Shah Bahodur. But never allow Shah Bahodur as that make you a Pretender to a throne and as a threat you would be seen as a hostile force.

[@younglord7805]

So Malik Khan is likely a given title to his son.

[@bestofanime2931]

Timur Malik the brave Tajik

[@АдамАдамов-з5ф]

am from of khujand🇹🇯🇹🇯🇹🇯🇹🇯🇹🇯👍👍👍

[@DND480]

темур малик тюрк темур по узбеки железо а род огуз Википедия помош

[@АдамАдамов-з5ф]

@@DND480 огуз это турмены

[@DND480]

@@АдамАдамов-з5ф В Узбекистане огузов больше чем Туркмение 9 миллионов хоразмиецы говорят на огузким а туркмен 5 миллионов

[@АдамАдамов-з5ф]

@@DND480 а Темурмалик кем был??

[@DND480]

@@АдамАдамов-з5ф википедию открое узнаешь

[@AngryHistorian87]

Interesting!!!!

[@workingaccount2047]

Timur Malik is hero for all Turks. Turkey and Uzbekistan is making movie about Timur Malik and Jelaliddin

[@АдамАдамов-з5ф]

@@АнзорАкелов temur guftagi nom az tojik nest ² jalolidin kholobachash budagi

[@suhrobimomov4599]

That's wrong he was pers tajik in Khujand living tajiks people

[@ТемурбекМашарипов-н7ч]

@@suhrobimomov4599 There are main living uzbek and he as jaloliddin speaked in turk

[@suhrobimomov4599]

@@ТемурбекМашарипов-н7ч you can't proof Temur Malik is turk

[@suhrobimomov4599]

@@ТемурбекМашарипов-н7ч I affer you again watch this video what saying host and come back for discuss with me .

[@curiousmind8510]

It's Jaloliddin Manguberdi (given by the Eternal), not Mangburnu.

[@HotZetiGer]

So "economy" killed him

[@archmeasterjackimer6217]

Will you continue your channel to show the history of the later Mongols, like the reigns of ogedi khan and kublai khan

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

My hope is long term to go right up to the Manchu conquest of Mongolia in the 17th century, perhaps even the Dzungar-Qing wars later on, but I think I will only do these detailed chronological series until the end of Kublai's life. After that, I think I will be a bit more 'free form,' and jump around more. There is of course the fate of all the successor Khanates, the Timurids, and even earlier groups like the Xiongnu to look at, so no shortage of material there.

[@kinhsenpai3675]

Hello sir may you do a history of the ancestries of the mongols and the history of xinjiang

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

Hello! I will in the future for sure be looking at people like the Xiongnu and Xianbei in Mongolia, but I don't know when I will get to that. Xinjiang' history will be covered indirectly, (as seen I talk about people who live in that region, but haven't looked at that region specifically) but it might be cool to have a look at it from the perspective of Xinjiang as a whole. I'll add that to my list and see how it develops.

[@kinhsenpai3675]

@@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory thank you sir Appreciate it

[@kinhsenpai3675]

can you also do the history of the gokturks

[@TheJackmeisterMongolHistory]

In time, I'd love to be able to cover the Gokturks, especially since I don't know as much about them and it would be a great way for me to learn about them too. I will add them to my list! Thought I don't know when I'll be able to get to them.

[@kinhsenpai3675]

ok

[@barryirlandi4217]

'Are they, then, not aware that they are being tested year-in, year-out? [167] And yet, they do not repent and do not bethink themselves [of God]'; - 9:126

[@reg90xxx28]

Khorezm🥰😍👍

[@kinhsenpai3675]

Information of the gokturks for TheJackmeister: The gokturks was a turkic empire another word for it is a called the gokturk khaganate or turkic khaganate the empire was the ancestor of the mongols even tho they are turkic

[@RandomGuy-df1oy]

Göktürks were not the ancestors of Mongols. Mongolic people used to live to the more East. There wasn't even "Mongol" term exist at that time but Tatar existed in the Orkhon inscripts.

[@yasir3719]

Wrong info arand, dont have time to write long read standard literature

[@younglord7805]

@@RandomGuy-df1oy This is true, Ghenghis Khan himself was half Tatar, half Mogul tribe (distinct Mongol tribe from Khitans) But Mongols and Turkic tribes are blood bound thousand times and indistguishable, only by language (but far back in Xiabei times probably spoke very similarly under one roof then split into Turkic as well as Mongol) These two people are twin brothers from a very long distant history

[@elvice3262]

No It seems that the Mongols or their ancestors were not yet on the "Mongol plateau" before the year 1000 and that they would have nothing to do with the first Turks who lived there.