Tetanus: 200 Highest Yield Topic Countdown- USMLE Step 1

In this video I discuss tetanus and the differences between endotoxins and exotoxins.
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Disclaimer #1: All of the highest yield facts described in this video are those that I perceive to be most important. This is subjective and based on my experiences teaching and studying for this examination. Please note that others may have differing opinions as to which sentences are the most relevant. Thank you for watching and please enjoy the video.
If you are interested in donating and becoming a Patreon supporter: / cognitionis

[@Salam_1965]

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[@abensteve132]

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[@DrRoviso]

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[@seunghyukdanielyang4634]

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[@DrRoviso]

Thank you so much!!

[@ezola4927]

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[@drgunjanchaudhary5689]

Please elaborate more about endotoxin and exotoxin 😊

[@DrRoviso]

Antigen presenting cells, such as a dendritic cell can present peptides via MHC to T-cells. This activates T cells and eventually leads to interactions with activated B-cells and class switching to develop an adaptive immune response. The key thing here is the word "peptides". Polysaccharides and lipids cannot be presented on MHC. Endotoxins are polysaccharides/lipids (such as LPS). Endotoxins are recognized by the innate immune system, specifically as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. These are recognized by toll-like receptors such as TLR4 and CD14. They are nonspecific and do not generate an adaptive response, rather they cause acute inflammatory cascade using IL-1, IL-6, ect. Exotoxins can stimulate adaptive immunity since they are peptides. The problem here is that they are fatal in low doses, so before you can stimulate an immune response, you will probably die from the toxicity. Thus, we can vaccinate using components of the exotoxin to stimulate the immune response without actually causing the lethal effects. When you stimulate the adaptive immune system using peptides (exotoxins), as discussed above, this is known as a thymus-dependent antigen. Polysaccharides/lipids only activate non-specific toll-like receptors and CD14, and thus do not involve T-cell activation directly, thus they are thymus independent antigens. Hopefully that clears things up a bit!

[@drgunjanchaudhary5689]

Cognitionis could you please suggest me video where I can visualise these information given by you . Like animation videos 😊