The AMOC Might Be WAY More Unstable Than We Thought...Here's Why

[@ScienceTalkwithJimMassa]

I'm an oceanographer. My research was done in the arctic ocean studying sea ice and heat budgets. The concern about AMOC slowing is what it means for the southern ocean. The conveyor belt (as it is colloquially known as) is more than a heat distribution mechanism for the planet. It also distributes nutrients. As AMOC sinks, the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) forms. This flows southward and eventually starts to upwell in a region called the Antarctic divergence. This upwelling brings in nutrients that in essence fuels the southern ocean's food web. This is why it is so productive and you have all the krill, baleen whales, orcas, etc, etc. A slowdown in AMOC will result in a slowdown of nutrients upwelling adversely impacting this ecosystem. HOWEVER, recent research have revealed what the potential mechanisms for a complete collapse of AMOC would look like. It is not just the melting of Greenland's ice. This melting does indeed slow down deep water formation. But to completely stop deep water formation, a sudden large volume injection of freshwater needs to happen and happen quickly. Melting of Greenland's ice does not achieve this. As the ice melts, there is mixing, the fresh water gets entrained, but regional currents move this water westward (causing sea level rise along the eastern seaboard of North America). What these new researches found was when a huge amount of ICE breaks off from Greenland, then carried south by currents where they then melt at once, it is this shock to the system that can stop deep water formation. As Greenland's ice melts, the likelihood of huge chunks of ice breaking off continues to decrease. Therefore, this mechanism is unlikely to occur. To determine and measure this mechanism, the researchers used isotopes of Thorium to make these assessments. A second mechanism is a sudden flush of freshwater into the North Atlantic. About 13k years ago, there was a lake in North America called Lake Agassiz. It formed due to the ice sheets melting back. Then around 12k years ago or so, there was a sudden influx of this freshwater into the North Atlantic and it is thought to have contributed to the Younger Dryas era where ocean circulation was disrupted and planet wide temperatures cooled considerably. (This is the 12k years ago period referenced in this video). There is a possibility for a similar situation happening today. In the arctic ocean, there is the Beaufort Gyre. It is an anticyclonic (clockwise) gyre which means there is a concentration of water in the middle (with subsequent downwelling). Due to increased riverine inputs, increased precipitation, loss of sea ice, there is a buildup of freshwater in this gyre. A new oscillatory system, the Arctic Dipole (of which I was a part of in discovering and describing this system) controls whether or not sea ice continues to flow within the arctic ocean or is pushed out through the Fram strait. Right now, this freshwater buildup is contained. If conditions change and become just right, this freshwater in the arctic ocean can be rapidly introduced into the North Atlantic. This would be the necessary shock to stop deep water formation. This is what people need to be keeping close tabs on. I do have my own channel here where I discuss many of such topics and have posted recent videos of this over the past several months.

[@0topon]

First i was relieved that a collapse is not possible and then you hit me with Beaufort Gyre

[@unadultratedtrini]

So I should infer that a collapse could be beneficial as it may trigger a global rapid cooling of the poles while a heating of equatorial regions. Though in the short to medium term this could dramatically disrupt food cultivation as it will eliminate monsoons until the system basically self resets after the rapid cooling period. The issue is with our current rate of additional heating, does this offset the collapse? Can offsetting the collapse and reset actually present more of an issue towards long term survival than that short period of rapid cooling and disruption to food cultivation resulting in the same collapse but at a point where the rapid cooling doesn't take effect due to the excess heating. (Facts to be observed, if AMOC collapses, poles will rapidly cool during their winter periods due to the massively reduced sunlight; the counter will happen at equatorial region as it will begin to rapidly warm and not be regulated with precipitation taking places that are naturally well suited for farming to become deserts (given enough time))

[@nolongerblocked6210]

You've gained a follower

[@ZebaKnight]

Thank you for adding this information. The intellectual and moral distance between humans who can discover/understand systems like these and the humans who are in charge of what happens to the Earth now is beyond infuriating. I am 80 years old, a veteran protester... _Where are the young and middle aged people who will pay the price for our collective ignorance and misdeeds?_

[@lukebogacik2793]

@@ScienceTalkwithJimMassa awesome, thank you !

[@futurecaredesign]

One of the things I'm personally doing is creating water harvesting earthworks in Greece! We are about two weeks away from planting out our food forest. When the swales are full, we can slow, spread and sink 50,000 liters / 13208 gallons of water, recharging the aquifer after giving a good drink to our fruit trees. I am also planting a whole bunch of support species such as acacias, vetiver and willow in order to create biomass that will further absorb carbon.

[@JBaxter-pi8oj]

I'm very curious as to what these water harvesting earthworks are! I'd love to hear more about this. I'll do some research myself but thank you for the guidance!

[@MalcolmYoung-h4k]

Shame it is too late, just like this episode. +10c equilibrium already locked in.

[@johnwang9914]

​@@JBaxter-pi8oj Most water harvesting strategies are to control and reduce the surface flow by topology and permeable materials. The idea is to let the water soak into the ground to rejoin the shallow underground acquifers rather than erode the surface and flow away. Swales are basically channels of rocks and pebbles into which the water would flow and it's speed reduced as well as directed into low lying areas where it should soak in, think of them as a French drain or ditch. In India, there's an ancient practice of piling up the soil in chevrons against the natural flow of the water on the surface so they slow down and have a chance of soaking in. If we used permeable pavements on our streets, sidewalk and driveways, a lot more water would soak into the ground to replenish the aquifers. Of course, these are just the shallow aquifers and hence more likely to absorb pollutants. Permeable surfaces are certainly important but offers little mitigation against the probable climate changes from a cessation or slowdown of the AMOC and an AMOC slowdown would likely result in more snow and frozen soil moisture accumulation in the northern hemisphere as less heat is brought north hence the benefits of shallow aquifers accumulation might actually become a moot point. Shallow acquifers aren't really sufficient to buffer the changes in precipitation and snowmelt, it's just something we could do something about. By all means, we should try to harvest water wherever we can but really it has little benefit with AMOC concerns.

[@PureMI-008]

Explain please​@@MalcolmYoung-h4k

[@JBaxter-pi8oj]

@@MalcolmYoung-h4k It doesn't mean we should stop trying to do something about it!

[@DragonFae16]

I know this is a US based show, but I really wish that when talking about the impacts of the things discussed in episodes you guys would include the Southern Hemisphere. I live in Australia and I don't think I've even seen anyone talking about an AMOC collapse discuss how it would impact those of us south of the tropics. You'd assume that something that something this big wouldn't just impact the Northern Hemisphere. And yet, even when talking about global impacts, no one actually talks about the whole globe. It's always 'this will happen in America' and 'this will happen in Europe'. I guess I do have to give Weathered points for briefly mentioning India and Southeast Asia, but could you guys please start widening your scope so it isn't so fixed on America.

[@idoitforchina]

Agreed. A global focus is necessary.

[@t.k.5088]

This is why global clımate discussions never go forward buddy. The major economies only care about their own economy, and to heck the rest of the planet.

[@-wotiu_77]

NOPE ...a repeat of the LIA .. the Nth Hemisphere will reach the lowest temperatures, recorded the Thames will freeze over 70/120mm .. Many will gravitate to the Equator countries .. or Sth of the Equator.. Move now N.Z. Australia..

[@deannealbrecht774]

Maybe you guys would start to green like the US and the Americas.

[@Lisa-x3n5x]

​@deannealbrecht774 most of our country is desert. The population lives on the edge.

[@stevecrowley9371]

Sorry, but our economics aren't going to change enough to allow a sufficient decrease in carbon build-up. The AMOC will not survive. Once the societal pain is enough to change the economics, Mother Nature will have already simply moved on to a very different reality. Ouch.

[@vaels5682]

People just can't get it through their head that sustainability is the only way forward. Or just value their own few years of happiness over the long term well being of everyone

[@MohinderSandhu-z9v]

Degrowth is the way

[@Stangy-dev]

I think we mostly just have too much momentum to change course. Besides, even if we cut carbon emissions down to normal levels, this is a natural cycle of nature and all we would be doing is delaying the inevitable. I think it would be wisest to prepare and to buy ourselves more time.

[@-wotiu_77]

​@@Stangy-dev , your not the only one saying that it's not natural

[@obbiebeal3060]

It not they do not believe, it is they fear being no longer funded or better yet being releaved of their JOB .

[@foxyboiiyt3332]

Here in Ireland we are at the same latitude as Japan, Victoria Island, Newfoundland etc... and we are far warmer/milder in Winter. Without the AMOC we are fcuked and freezing!

[@kmoses582]

Good thing this is fear porn

[@MaverickBlue42]

I dunno, I think Japan and Victoria island are probably warmer and milder than Ireland, they grow citrus fruits in BC, and grapes, they barely even experience winter compared to say New York. Due to the wonders of climate patterns, New York seems to get the sh** kicked out of it compared to where I live on the east coast of Canada, despite being a solid 12 hour drive north by car away...

[@BSWVI]

VICTORIA Island is way way way up in the north. Vancouver Island is on Canada's West Coast - City of Victoria is on Vancouver Island. SOURCE - I live in Victoria the city, and I looked on Google maps

[@elizabethchiron6313]

Good thing you’ve got lots of sheep to shear! Sweaters for all! And yes- you are Fcukd. We all are unfortunately.

[@andrewgraves4026]

I get zones 8a to 10b in Ireland and 8 to 9 in Victoria. Pretty comparable I’d say…

[@pirobot668beta]

An article in Scientific American magazine (1970's?) explored the science behind the 'radiosonde' buoys used to map ocean currents. This mapping program was to determine transitions in temperature, salinity and other factors. The authors stated that such transitions were natural 'hiding places' for submarines....sound waves bounce or are refracted by said transitions. Regular mapping of the currents was necessary, as they changed over the seasons. Almost as a footnote, the author noted a weakening in the 'transporter current' that kept central Europe from freezing. 'They' saw the trends over 50 years ago, hid it under Defense.

[@tyson31415]

It's called a Thermocline.

[@I_author_articles]

don't forget that the party that told you this also claims men can get pregnant. i really wish the average human was more intelligent than this... you are so easily manipulated, even back in the 1970's. wow. 🤣🤣🤣🤣

[@FCKSHT813]

this happens no matter what its how the earth cools it self down. technically we are still in a ice age. watch the beauford gyre once it is let loose its on

[@joannmay-anthony1076]

I heard about these trends in the 70s, it really wasn't being hidden, you just had to know where to look. But I, like others, didn't expect the speed at which this is all happening. I am 72 and didn't think i would see this much change that's already happening in my lifetime. Boy was I wrong.

[@closedthedor8400]

What she said : Near Future ice age What i hear : "Achivment unlocked : Nothing build can last forever" (Minecraft story mode)

[@RondaOptional]

Think they should just start teaching us how some of us might survive after these tipping points because I do not believe our world governments will "allow" the massive changes that are needed to prevent them.

[@MrBishop077]

... Look at what happened to the Georgia guide stones. ..

[@bobvbryan1266]

You are the person who has said the best thing.

[@threadbearr8866]

Get to know your neighbors. Strengthen the ties in your local community.

[@nixon2tube]

Billions dying is a "feature" not a bug to our evil overlords.

[@leafbranch1872]

I doubt the physiological/biochemical processes of large land animals can withstand the conditions that are coming.

[@jeffnolan7392]

Here... she keeps leaving this out: "The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a system of ocean currents that circulate water in the Atlantic Ocean, carrying warm water north and cold water south." *it makes farming and food production possible on the North American continent and Eurasia.

[@samueldrazkowski2908]

Thank you, I haven't heard that acronym before, knew about the current and it's affects and possible changes global warming was having, but couldn't figure that out

[@penitenttangent7346]

Millennials and Gen Z making up new labels on “problems”

[@gqqggq7127]

@@penitenttangent7346 skill issue

[@catpoke9557]

@@penitenttangent7346 Boomers seeing a word or phrase they haven't before:

[@jajajaja2606]

Also it makes farming and food production possible in South Asia, South America and Africa by stabilising the monsoon rains. I don't think people understand how much we would be fucked by not having those currents

[@bettergames6259]

It is unbelievable to me how you can make such a quality video, well researched, animations, interviews etc. etc. Mention AMOC about 150 times, without ONCE saying what it stands for. This was the most frustrating watch ever. For all normal people that watch it and surely don't want to hear constantly AMOC AMOC AMOC without context: It stands for: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. You're welcome.

[@craiggillett5985]

Yes!! I had to Google to find out what it stood for. Nothing in the notes either!

[@heathergray8291]

I suppose not everyone has seen repeated articles on this over the past several years.

[@t.k3025]

Agree, people watch these things to learn and understand. Stop with the acronyms and abbreviations.

[@pyontasansan]

I FULLHEARTEDLY AGREE! It drove me nuts also!!!

[@I_author_articles]

you're^ nobody is going to listen to you if you sound uneducated. let me tell you so you can hear. men can't get pregnant. if you voted for kamala you don't understand science, nor are you for it. men can't get pregnant and american democrats have abandoned science.

[@prettypic444]

Funnily enough, they actually showed that terrible “day after tomorrow” movie about the AMOC break down in my middle school science class. It’s a shame that they chose to make a ridiculous disaster movie where the ice literally chases the protagonists down 5th avenue on a real theory

[@wylde39]

I had a teacher who refused to teach us anything at all about it or other climate related stuff.

[@ThatOpalGuy]

they really should have just show documentaries.

[@ThatOpalGuy]

@@wylde39 not surprised.

[@That.Lady.withtheYarn]

Yeah the movie was sped up for movie time. But how off was it really?

[@desputnikcommander]

Just a movie. Reality is so much harder to grasp, and propaganda worldwide disabled us to get to a society with decisions based on facts.... Not that I know these facts. I am just sure the more somebody says that he does, the less I trust that person

[@hilltigger]

Back in 2015/2016, I was part of an Internnational Arctic Circle Traverse team. We setup the largest Firn Compaction network in history - 13 sites across the entire Greenland icesheet. We were trying to help NASA determine why we were experiencing a significantly accelorated melt beyond what the current models had predicted. We setup data stations, did firn compaction readings, setup Thermister strings 65 feet into the ice sheet, multiple ice core samples at each site, did vacuum measurements, setup radar to track the ice melting through the ice layers, chemical anaylsis of each core back 30 years (10 cm chunks), checked surface reflectivity, and monitored each site's movement using hyper-sensitive GPS tracking. We confirmed there were giant shelves of monophorus ice that were stopping the snow from being absorbed into the sheet and forcing the new melt water to exit off the the icesheet on the surface instead of it's normal absorbtion cycle. We did the same chemical measurements on our ice cores (going back 30 years).

[@OkieJammer2736]

Wow. Thank you for this interesting info. QUESTION. In your opinion, WHAT ARE THE LONG-TERM RAMIFICATIONS OF YOUR FINDINGS?

[@evanpenny348]

So?

[@10ring60-bp5ml]

ive seen this amazing work, bravo to you all. be well thank you all

[@hilltigger]

@@OkieJammer2736 This is a long-winded answer because the effects are complex and ripple across the globe in multiple ways. Firstly, the arctic ice sheet won't be able to repair the ice lenses that have formed for decades to come. That damage has already been done, to be frank. Time and carbon polution-reduced atmosphere is the only healer. Locally, the ice sheet is "super lubricated" underneath causing faster movement combined with significant 7x normal run-off. The core damage is already done. We are already seeing some of the effects in increased and stronger weather events due to increased and more frequent carbon overloadiing of our oceans and in turn, clouds absorbing more warm air over the oceans. The most critical effect of the ocean's warming is the effect and ripple effect of it's effect on plankton, the ripple effect on the ocean's food source for much of what the ocean's creatures eat and also it's affet on land animals. Ocean's water levels in the southern hemisphere will increase due to the moon's gravitational force on our ocean. We expect the shifting jet streams to cause instability in weather causing incereased and exagerated droughts. The human effect - Currently, we have a problem of human ego (We can't possibly be affecting the entire planet. This is a normal cycle that can't be stopped.), Greed (Oil and Gas and iit's industries spreading misinformation to distract from it's affect. It's the cows, volcano's, etc that are the poluton. Not us. Don't look here). Ignorance (It's not warmer here. It's colder. The ocean looks the same to me.). What we choose to do as a species will either allow us to recover from what we have already done, or feel earth's inadvertant wrath, to be blunt. The two major absorbtions of carbon polution are trees and the ocean. It's not enough to simply use more effecient forms of energy that are available. How quickly we respond to this crisis will exponentially affect the future generations of everything, either positively or negatively. The ice lenses will eventually be buried deep enough into the Arctic icesheets and lose their effect on the water loss. However, that process can't even start to happen until we reach a balance point of the oceans' and trees' ability to absorb the excess carbon.

[@MaryDougherty-ge3mh]

​@@hilltiggerWow, very well said. I understood, clearly what you were saying. Thank you.

[@boydgauvin3377]

I thought that AMOC stood for the Atlantic Mid-Ocean Current. I was incorrect. It actually stands for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation .

[@malinolsson5921]

@@boydgauvin3377 that is correct however meridional : something that is situated on or along a meridian, those go from one pole to the other. Current is movement of water in a body of water, you pretty much had the meaning of the name covered.🙃

[@MetalPcAngel]

Humans: We can't slow down the warming, woe. Earth: time for a force reboot on this temperature spike.

[@amandastewart7889]

Yep. Because that's what Earth does with tipping points. She's the great equalizer and cares not about individual species, just the equilibrium of the planet. So, knock yourselves out, humankind.

[@waynetodd3620]

I see the carbon fraud continues CO2 is not the problem and never was - ITS PLANT FOOD people!! This fraud is a way for Governments to tax and control the populous it is making some people very rich. This very program stated that 28,000 years ago IT was warmer then now! didn't see a lot of cars back then!!! The world has been colder way longer then it's been warm enjoy it while it lasts because Ice ages are very long and not any fun. The climate is affected by so many things like the Milankovitch cycles ...which includes the shape of Earth's orbit (its eccentricity), the angle that Earth's axis is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane (its obliquity), and the direction that Earth's spin axis is pointed (its precession). People have no problem understanding the four seasons but some how don't think the sun has much impact on our climate...REALLY. Fossil fuels are not the problem it's BAD science that is the problem, poor temp gather data, and global weather models that have never worked. WAKE up people the Carbon Fraud needs to end!!!

[@bobsacamano7653]

exactly the earth has its response mechanisms

[@wdhyrhrj4414]

Humans: disappear

[@fanOfMinecraft-UAs_channel]

Everyone: it's so hot here Oh, finally the temperature is dropping Everyone:freezes to death

[@edbouhl3100]

Thank you for this series. I am closely watching weather developments because I don’t want to be caught off guard by ‘unprecedented’ patterns and events. I’m trying to harden my home against the extreme events that might occur in my area during my lifetime (which is unlikely to last beyond 2060). I concentrate on this because it’s the only tangible thing I can influence. I don’t expect emissions to decrease until the number of emitters decrease, both consumers and producers. How that’s going to play out is still an unknown - probably a combination of the chaos caused by extreme weather direct damage and climate refugee indirect impacts. There is no evidence to date that individuals and countries are willing to voluntarily reduce their levels of consumption (aka ‘standard of living’) - and considerable evidence to the contrary. Most disappointingly, it appears that democracies are particularly hostile to needed changes.

[@distinctga5811]

Democratic Republic

[@vornamenachname1572]

👍

[@stucclikechucc]

i mean the changes you just labeled as needed is the control of who can and when they can propagate. no human ever will purposefully decrease the standard of living they have. so ther fore like you say the only thing that can fix it is the reduction of consumers and producers ie killing off humans or controlling the replacement of those humans when they do pass away. at the end of the day thats a dystopian society no one wants. well i shouldnt say no one as there are many people out there who wish to control society. i do have one question tho if you have a dot graph how much data do you need to come up with a conclusion? cause the dot graph we have for our weather history has just started and seeing people jump to conclusions about patterns that cant even be seen as the amount of data we have is not near enough is insane to me.

[@PadeMoro]

Democracies are particularly hostile to needed changes compared to what? The authoritarian nations around the world are not in a hurry to lower consumption, emissions and increase recycling for the common good either.

[@stucclikechucc]

@@PadeMoro yep cause those other countries can give a fuck about how the west views the future of the planet they live in the now they dont have the luxury of worrying about the future THEY WORRYING ABOUT TODAY. must be easy for these lefties to tell people who barely make it day to day to live a worse life so they can feel good about themselves.

[@ryanjohnson8960]

Kind of cool to think that the Earth has a restart switch it seems to prevent extremes in either direction though

[@Turnil321]

The earth was a ball of ice at one point and was 1 jungle at a anothere. So i do not think so.

[@shaneelliott9045]

Or... it's extremely unstable and small changes in atmospheric composition and temperature can wipe out most of the life on earth

[@fanOfMinecraft-UAs_channel]

It has, but it could happen very fast, making a very sudden shift and everything has a high chance to die

[@KJ-vc3sw]

These segments are golden. I cannot thank you enough for your excellent work.

[@LuckyPierre789]

There was a PBS Nova special from over a decade ago titled 'Earth From Space' that used data from multiple satellites and connected it all to show how inter-connected all of the ocean currents with air etc. really are. It was fascinating and I wish we could get an updated follow up! Thanks for all y'all do! :)

[@tedblu14]

Good video, Really don't like the chart at 12:09 . It is 2025 and we are still increasing our CO2 emissions year on year, yet that chart shows a dramatic slowdown, starting at 2020. Lets be real, we are never going to drop emissions and definitely not within the next 4 years. That chart needs to start at 2030 to be at all realistic.

[@TheDoomWizard]

We won't do anything in 2030 either but experience civilizational collapse

[@globalwarming382]

Dont worry about the chart bcuz we wont ever reach net zero. Billionaires own the world and they dont give a shit about anything or anyone but being the first a hole to be a Trillionaires.

[@roughroadstudio]

In addition the only reason we had a dramatic slowdown was because of COVID and businesses converting to work from home wherever they could. The dramatic reduction in traffic was why we had dramatic reduction in pollution.

[@bigjd2k]

Humans won’t generally accept the facts because it would mean them being much more frugal - no flying, no SUVs, nothing luxury, no global goods, although it would be better for everyone.

[@pythin2040]

@@StefanoCap13 I can't be sure if you're being serious or joking, but an interesting fact is that the fossil records don't show a mass extinction event or a large shift in the climate when the magnetic field last switched. And it's weakening because it's on its way to flipping, so magnetic north would be where today's magnetic south is. As it's one of the things we humans haven't obviously messed up on this planet I'm fine with it being a novelty so far.

[@TutorWindow]

Reducing emissions is only part of the solution. I'd like to see a show on reforestation of land and sea. By planting and nurturing kelp beds, sea grasses, and mangrove estuaries, we can remove carbon at the same time. A similar thing happens on land. But we know that it takes about 25 years for a newly planted forest to sequester more carbon than it emits. So we concentrate on prairie grasses, regenerative agricultural practices, and selective logging and replanting.

[@Dianasaurthemelonlord7777]

There’s a channel here on KZbin that does demonstrations of Rewilding Projects across the globe. They are 100% crowdfunded too, do check them you Theyre called Mossy Earth

[@kayakMike1000]

What are you trying to solve? It's not clear to me that there is an actual problem with the climate at the moment. We were probably closer to the truth in the 70s when we feared the next ice age. Don't get me wrong, humans got some problems with environmentalism, like monocropping, glyphosphate, land use, etc etc ... CO2 is not likely a problem. Tippinging points likely cause a correction back to the normal state of the earth, which seriously more icy cold than anything. Besides, look at CO2 atmosphere concentrations. Everytime they get high.... An ice age comes and they drop. It's almost as if the CO2 concentration _causes_ the ice age to occur.

[@JBaxter-pi8oj]

@@kayakMike1000 It's interesting that you think CO2 isn't a problem. That sounds like the misinformation/ disinformation the oil/ gas industry is putting out. There is very clear evidence that CO2 is a problem. However, you are correct in that it isn't the only problem. From my understanding of this the programme is interested in is finding out (a) if there is a collapse imminent and (b) what the outcomes of that collapse could be. So it is limited to that particular issue.

[@JBaxter-pi8oj]

Reforestation is an excellent idea as it allows nature to take the lead in healing itself. I believe the Japanese experienced the results of deforesting an island that was previously rich in organic matter and the effects of deforestation were that the land could no longer produce "food". Interestingly, it also impacted the ocean in the vicinity. And that included marine life. I recommend the work of Dr. Suzanne Simard, Julia Beresford-Kroeger and Peter Wohlleben for further information.

[@Peregringlk]

But can we keep up with the rate of emissions? I mean, if I'm not wrong, the Amazon forest removes from the atmosphere about 2 gigatons of CO2 each year, but we emit like 38, which are 19 amazonias each year. I know that I'm not accounting for biomass etc but my point is that the amount of CO2 we are emitting is no joke. Your approach feels "too slow" proportionally speaking. And if we account for biomass, according to chatgpt the amazon stores like 900 gigatons of CO2 at most, which equals to 25 of emissions at the current year. In other words, we would need to create four full replicas of the amazonia each century to keep up with the rate of emissions.

[@keithcaldwell207]

The sad part is the fossil fuel industries consider the destruction of the planet a cost of doing business.....

[@kmoses582]

I guess you don't use them

[@willdeit6057]

So you don't have electric, plastic or even any modern day stuff in your abode like a house/home (computer) what so ever. Until we can generate clean energy we need to use dirty energy because you like me depend on it. So it's not the fossilized fuel industry that's pushing for energy it's us, shut it down tomorrow and we die as a civilization.

[@snorfallupagus6014]

So...when did you stop using electricity, flying in airplanes, driving a car, or riding on trains, etc.?

[@DJKav]

The sad part is that you think planet Earth is a fragile rock, that's going to be destroyed by man. It's been hit by many space rocks, and is still here.

[@0MisterLucky0]

Good clear coverage of an issue that seems to confuse a lot of people.

[@drewthompson7457]

Yes. There is a lot of misinformation and disinformation published by several governments. In Canada, last winter I paid 52% tax on clean natural gas, yet there has been no improvement.

[@erictjones]

Tell me what AMOC means? They fumbled that one.

[@BoobsMcGee3]

​@@erictjones The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a system of ocean currents

[@thenayancat8802]

@@erictjones Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, in very simple terms warm salty water from the gulf travels north on top of the ocean bringing temperate weather to Europe, then as it cools as it is more salty it sinks, and it then returns south, even travelling beyond the equator and eventually joining with other major global water circulation patterns

[@Bartholomeow141]

So.. how exactly do they know what the temp was in the 1400's?.. they "estimate" it... it's not like guessing, it IS guessing

[@mikebolin4311]

Thanks for covering this. I never the AMOC before your show. We never hear of this in mainstream news.

[@mathieucaron4957]

In countries where education is important they talk about it, but most countries now prioritize the "economy" (using taxes to pay the rich).

[@DerIchBinDa]

Here in Germany that was basic school stuff in Geology classes. I am sorry that in your country the education is so bad and corporate media is not helping.

[@heathergray8291]

I've seen articles on MSNBC, CNN, ABC for US-connections. The Guardian, a British news site is a good place to read up on what's happening.

[@jerrys4841]

@@mathieucaron4957 Such a cynic, but it has some truth.

[@I_author_articles]

well, you are watching PBS, the station that claims men can get pregnant. so I, as an educator, will do my part, the rest is up to you... you never hear about anything of value from mainstream news. the fact that you still don't understand this is why you are part of the problem. seriously, how long will it take for you to figure out you are being naive? not about climate change, but about science? 🤣🤣🤣

[@JFire175]

I never would've thought that the AMOC was critical for monsoon seasons in China and India. I thought the AMOC was just a North Atlantic climate thing only.

[@leighanddansinclair1696]

Water has an incredible ability to absorb and transport heat. The AMOC carries gargantuan amounts of heat from the tropics to near the polar regions. Now, warm surface temperatures cause air to warm and expand (becoming low pressure regions). Cold surface temperatures cause air to cool and contract (becoming high pressure regions). Air tries to flow from high pressure regions to low pressure regions, which results in our winds and weather. When you change the AMOC, what you do is cause a major change the pattern of surface temperatures. Changing this pattern of temperatures changes the location and direction of winds, and therefore changes the location and strength of things like rainfall regions. These effects can occur far away (literally on the other side of the planet) from the north Atlantic.

[@vinny61389]

The oceans have impacts around the world, little if anything is isolated. That's why you hear about El Nino and La Nina near the equator having precipitation and temperature impacts thousands of miles away since it can change the air circulation patterns.

[@shanechostetler9997]

If it’s so high and never been this warm, tell that to the Mammoths that lived in what is now Northern Alaska and Canada that got frozen so quickly, their meat is still preserved today in some cases.

[@cknobloch7477]

@shanechostetler9997 , nobody wants to answer questions that do not fulfill their personal biases on a subject, they just want to be in a constant state of fear, and shame on you for not also being in perpetual duress.

[@audioartisan]

Survey complete! It's the least I could do, for the many years of sharing such wonderful Science facts & Adventures with all of us! Long Live PBS!

[@weatherlou]

lol it literally is the least you can do…

[@audioartisan]

@@weatherlou Exactly. I was hoping the post made PPL wanna do the survey for them. Especially as the LEAST they could do. Hopefully it works ;) (Hopefully you did too! It will help shape future episodes ...Thanks for commenting!)

[@אמונה-לנצח]

@@audioartisan Your post is what reminded me before I clicked off. I usually read the comments a lot, and not the description, so Thanks!

[@waynetodd3620]

I see the carbon fraud continues CO2 is not the problem and never was - ITS PLANT FOOD people!! This fraud is a way for Governments to tax and control the populous it is making some people very rich. This very program stated that 28,000 years ago IT was warmer then now! didn't see a lot of cars back then!!! The world has been colder way longer then it's been warm enjoy it while it lasts because Ice ages are very long and not any fun. The climate is affected by so many things like the Milankovitch cycles ...which includes the shape of Earth's orbit (its eccentricity), the angle that Earth's axis is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane (its obliquity), and the direction that Earth's spin axis is pointed (its precession). People have no problem understanding the four seasons but some how don't think the sun has much impact on our climate...REALLY. Fossil fuels are not the problem it's BAD science that is the problem, poor temp gather data, and global weather models that have never worked. WAKE up people the Carbon Fraud needs to end!!!

[@Petch85]

Right now I am most excited about geothermal power. I just find it to be a very elegant method of producing energy. Just drill a hole deep enough, lower some pipes, add cold water and get very hot steam, run it through a turbine, use the remaining heat to heat homes. Together with wind, solar and a few flywheels we should be able to cover most of our energy needs.

[@roughroadstudio]

We need wave action generation as well.

[@karenneill9109]

In our area (west coast of Canada), they use geothermal for heating and cooling. It’s too difficult to drill deeply enough to produce steam, but it’s real relatively easy to set up enough temperature differential to heat homes in the winter and cool them in the summer.

[@IdrisFashan]

I’m in Alberta, Canada and our government committed $50B to geothermal industrial development. We have a lot of oilfield drilling skill here, so it is a very exciting time for a lot of engineers and technicians here. Geothermal is a great fit for energy transition from on-shore oilfield work! Geothermal gets pretty complicated, as does anything 20 feet below ground or more: hydrology, rock formations, soil type, pressure/heat management, corrosion, etc.

[@EastBayFlipper]

Geothermal energy becomes truly practical with microwave rock vaporization drilling because then conventional fossil fuel power plants can be converted in situ by drilling supercritical boreholes for live steam extraction. This technology is very real and essential for the planet

[@karenneill9109]

@ interesting. So you basically switch what is turning the turbines. I hadn’t heard of that, but it makes a lot of sense.

[@Matty002]

one thing that drives me crazy about science is that we have to be conservative with predictions and cant claim any certainty in the laymen sense. so when my husband sends me new papers with their new conservative estimates, i always say: its worse than the data suggest, and we have much less time to fix this than we think we have. i usually love saying i told you so but not like this :[

[@grinner68]

As a scientist studying AMOC (and in agreement with those scientists who did not want to be interviewed - I’m pretty sure I know who they are), I found this report to be highly biased. Yes, some climate models indicate a 50% slowdown, but just as many indicate no significant change. And higher-resolution models which get the physics of the Southern Ocean and eddies correct don’t suggest much of a slowdown. And AMOC is controlled as much by physical wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean and tropics that is not modeled well in many low-resolution climate models. Also, the idea of a “collapse” comes from model runs in the 1980s that were significantly biased because the salinity and temperature of the North Atlantic was not close to correct. I suspect many people referencing the paper as proof of a “collapse” have never actually read it. Look it up yourself and decide for yourself. Manabe and Stouffer (1988) Two Stable Equilibria of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model. Journal of Climate, Vol 1, pp 841-866.

[@leighanddansinclair1696]

But isn't the whole point that the patterns emerging in the temperature anomalies of the North Atlantic are reminiscent of the cooling patch that an AMOC slow-down would produce. This is *despite* the (modern) model predictions suggesting that no major AMOC slowdown should be happening at our current warming. We both know that models are not perfect and unrecognized model biases could mean that we've underestimated the sensitivity of the AMOC to perturbation. If this is true (and I agree - it's early days in trying to determine from short noisy observational datasets if this is indeed what is happening), then a major slowdown of the AMOC could have big consequences over the coming decades.

[@SammytheStampede]

I'm of an opinion (not asked for assuredly) that a great chastisement is about to be poured out upon mankind. This is but 1 facet of the catastrophe cycle. The sun, the earth's weakening magnetic field, the approaching WWIII, diabolic influence in global society, etc; are examples of equally important other facets influencing our future. Morality is the hidden sign, as it decreases danger increases. This is human history and no one notices.

[@miremsis1121]

Citing one 1988 paper as evidence is totally absurd in the context of a research that flourished in the last decades

[@Eyes0penNoFear]

I'm curious about your thoughts concerning potential effects from the Beaufort Gyre. If the Gyre collapses, it could dump a large amount of fresh water into the North Atlantic.

[@lowellarnett3172]

Thank you for your insight and the reference.

[@CitiesForTheFuture2030]

Scientists are looking at several indicators of an AMOC slowdown, eg salinity changes at various depths in the Atlantic. Some other indicators can be attributable to other climate change impacts, eg increasing sea-level rise & coastal erosion on the usa east coast, and the warming / drying of the Amazon rainforest etc. Whatever the current status of the AMOC, the only thing we can do to "fix it" is to reduce emissions. Eliminating human emissions is required for many other climate related solutions, so let's do that anyway.

[@paulmatley8818]

"the warming / drying of the Amazon rainforest etc." That'll be slash/burn/bulldoze at play, not global CO2/warming. The Amazon Rainforest is doomed. It WILL reach its own tipping point through direct destruction. The climate extremists are happy for that to happen as they can blame Climate Change and tell that us we were warned...

[@trombone113]

You, my friend, have swallowed their crap hook, line and sinker. 😅

[@MrPhillip2]

@@trombone113 Who is They, Scientists? It’s a lot easier to believe scientists than it is to believe politicians.

[@CRneu]

That's the thing that deniers refuse to acknowledge: There are no downsides to eliminating our emissions and pollution. It's a very obvious win all around for everything involved.

[@futuza]

​@@CRneuit doesn't make oil executives as much money, that's the downside

[@GardnerOutdoors]

Once science became overridden by politicians we became environmentally doomed.

[@dethmaul]

This channel is so cool. Very assessible, easy to understand, and i feel like they make sure info is accurate.

[@Grow_YOW90]

I was looking at business insider, the lobster issue and how they're migrating North, and from the looks of this graph that's where they're headed...

[@methos1024]

@11:29 Want to keep warmin below 1,5 or 2°C ... he says :D from when is his recording? we hav already reached 1,6°C

[@zodiac5375]

Look at the graph in comparison with the last interglacial

[@levestane6383]

It is a shame that the consequences of burning fossil fuels were suppressed by those gaining money and power from the resource extraction. Had we been rational and used fossil energy with caution both humanity and the ecosphere would be in a much better place.

[@trombone113]

Nope. We would be in the same exact place we are today because man has had a negligible effect on any of it.

[@amandastewart7889]

Nope. We've all enjoyed and relied on fossil fuels. We are all responsible. Sorry.

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

Yeah...like an average lifespan of 50 and blaming bad weather on witches.

[@Julez60]

​@@trombone113the billionaire owner class thanks you for your service

[@c.a.7844]

11:00 - So... what were the consequences of the last AMOC collapse during the last interglacial??? The video explained what the blob indicates but didn't take a further step to explain the consequences of an AMOC collapse during an interglacial period beyond "it's a tipping point and stuff will happen". Will the AMOC collapse still have a cooling effect similar to previous glacial periods or will the effect be different now, given we are in an interglacial period?

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

You can't apply logic to a religion based on cognitive dissonance.

[@yodieyuh]

6:53 None of the interglacial periods last long, so either way it indicates it will cool again.

[@seaofenergy2765]

It literally said as one major outcome that it will affect monsoons, shifting them south, and in the process deprive regions containing 2billion odd people of the source of 90% of their water. Now imagine about 1/3rd of the planet no longer being able to produce enough food/water for itself and emigrating to other parts of the world that will struggle to accommodate them. Most with more than 1 braincell would understand how that might be a pretty serious issue. Do try and pay attention and then engage your brain.

[@seaofenergy2765]

​@@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaais that fossil fuel shilling/propaganda victim cognitive dissonance you are referring to? You know the kind you have been drip fed for decades in order to prevent meaningful societal action against the manmade climate crisis because it will affect elites power and wealth?

[@willdeit6057]

To answer your question, The Northern Hemisphere would enter an Ice Age as predicted in the early 60's (still waiting), not sure about the Southern part as the AMOC would still be working.

[@abstractedaway]

One of most important things we can do to mitigate this is recarbonize the soil. Terra Preta del Indio (the anthropogenic "black soil" of the Amazon) was cultivated for millenia, and enabled the jungle to support a wildlife and human population it normally wouldn't. It's not merely biochar and compost; it's soil microbes that actively sequester carbon, which takes it out of the atmosphere and restores soil fertility in one go. Doing this at a large scale would boost our chances, far more than only planting trees!

[@gammayin3245]

As an advocate of ecosystem sustenance for all of life, I recommend that current agricultural practices change so that soils can rebound with native mycorrhiza and fertility, and so that ecosystems can revert to fully supporting native plant and animal species. Practices include water harvesting, sustainable grazing practices, keeping the soil covered with plants, permaculture and creating 30-50 ft. wild zones (akin to British hedgerows) between fields and property boundaries, and wider wild zones (200 ft or more each side of a river, lake or stream) in all riparian areas. These practices allow farms and ranches to become important carbon sinks which help curb climate changes and halt the diminishment of species. Also, ag practices of pesticide, herbicide and fungicide uses that damage internal organs and biological systems need to be halted to clean up waters and produce foods that are non-damaging to health. Ag practices need to reflect the climate in which foods are grown such that extra water and other resources are not necessary to produce foods. This will restore ground water levels and natural stream and river flows. Also these techniques utilize fewer fossil fuels which all add to global climate changes. In areas of higher wildfire dangers, goats and sheep need to be herded over these terrains every spring and summer to lessen the fuels and thin forests to make them less prone to catastrophic wild crown fires. Reducing catastrophic crown fires also counterbalances climate change.

[@ALA87]

Your right about working toward better agricultural practices to help the soil absorb carbon more efficiently. Check out the Carbon Cowboys project, seems promising.

[@leafbranch1872]

How does all this create shareholder value.

[@leafbranch1872]

Ever increasing shareholder value that is.

[@barryr7216]

Wouldn’t this lead to an escalation in food prices for all. I guess we’ll have to all get community gardens again then. Fine by me 😅

[@fanOfMinecraft-UAs_channel]

We should restore swamps where we drained them for agriculture. They capture a lot of carbon into the ground, creating a fossil fuel from the atmosphere, basically reverse of what we're doing, so that would lead to a slowdown in carbon level rise

[@spineblaZe]

0:22 that graph contradicts both the Greenland and Vostok Ice Core graphs. Why?

[@seankimbrough8489]

Kaufman and McKay would know 😂

[@SirCranberries]

Looks like the graph from D.S. Kaufman and N.P. McKay, 2022

[@Maxtyur]

Could be a older graph from say 1940 or older maybe the graph is not up to speed I'm teacher

[@Styrophone1]

Don’t worry guys I have 2-3 house plants. We should be good

[@goggles8691]

Phew I was worried I'd have to step up and buy some. Thanks for doing that for us

[@richardmemberhead4773]

Me too! The house plants help a lot, especially if you smoke'em or put 'em in brownies.

[@r.b.l.5841]

The greatest threat to humanity is the unknown impacts on agriculture: farming relys on predictable weather, yet we are creating unpredictable weather. There will be consequences.

[@Eyes0penNoFear]

0:16 yes, in a big way

[@kuukeli]

great video

[@MonkeyChessify]

You mention a couple times that the cold blob "shouldn't exist" per models. I feel like Stefan's research and papers have shown that the cold is expected and its a current issue of the current models that they don't show it. In other words, it is expected and its exclusion is a known flaw of the models

[@Kokally]

I do wonder if it's a phenomenon similar to the La Niña currently in the Pacific that their infographics team is desperately trying to cut out of the thumbnail and at 0:08. I understand why they're doing that, but still it's very noticeable once you know we're cutting out half the Pacific because of a separate known 'cold blob'...

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

On one hand the climastrology cult says we'd be cooling into a glacial period if it weren't for our emissions. On the other hand we have the climastrology cult saying our emissions will cause a glacial period. Anyone that can think themselves out of a paper bag can see that climastrology is nonsense and is closer to religion than science - unfortunately our brainwashing centers we call an education system has taken away most people's ability to think themselves out of a paper bag.

[@Eyes0penNoFear]

​@@Kokallygrant money flows best when the music follows the tune

[@heww3960]

I can see she is preparing for it to become colder at least, already having winter cap indoors.

[@jbaggaz]

Have we tried turning it off and on again though?

[@steveky7829]

Another true Trump acolyte...

[@dukenukem4447]

I tried but... The lever was too cold for my hands. -_-

[@jbaggaz]

@@steveky7829 A) I'm English, not a moron. B) It was a joke.

[@marku606]

At around 3:15, it says models estimate a 45% weakening of the AMOC by the end of the 21 century with low CO2 emissions, and 55% weakening with high CO2 emissions. Not much of a difference. Yet at 12:35 the intimation is that lowering our CO2 emissions will prevent AMOC collapse ...

[@waynetodd3620]

I see the carbon fraud continues CO2 is not the problem and never was - ITS PLANT FOOD people!! This fraud is a way for Governments to tax and control the populous it is making some people very rich. This very program stated that 28,000 years ago IT was warmer then now! didn't see a lot of cars back then!!! The world has been colder way longer then it's been warm enjoy it while it lasts because Ice ages are very long and not any fun. The climate is affected by so many things like the Milankovitch cycles ...which includes the shape of Earth's orbit (its eccentricity), the angle that Earth's axis is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane (its obliquity), and the direction that Earth's spin axis is pointed (its precession). People have no problem understanding the four seasons but some how don't think the sun has much impact on our climate...REALLY. Fossil fuels are not the problem it's BAD science that is the problem, poor temp gather data, and global weather models that have never worked. WAKE up people the Carbon Fraud needs to end!!!

[@insideline158]

I don't think the take away is that "it's not that bad", it's more like "the way things are going, it's already too late to make a substantial change in the outcome". It's all just damage control now.

[@fanOfMinecraft-UAs_channel]

Well, it's better to be safer than to risk the earth climate going to sht, and making most species extinct

[@fanOfMinecraft-UAs_channel]

Well, it's better to be safer than to risk the earth climate going to sht, and making most species extinct

[@o.h.w-ok]

I’m so sorry. I love science and the earth but I’m too overwhelmed right now. I’ll check back later ⏰

[@ili_711]

No Problem, take your time

[@Ncaa67]

What I’ve been hearing for some time now is that the ice ages and other global weather with cycles over 5,000 plus year is real. The question as to how much humanity contributes is important but is the wrong focus, or the wrong MAIN focus. I’m thankful that the scientific community is studying climate change. However our main focus should be adaptation and departure. Adapting to climate changes is how life has survived. Since climate change is inevitable no matter the cause we should prepare and learn to adapt to it to thrive. Departing, expanding the human experience outside our planet and solar system is, I believe, a normal progression in humanities growth. It also improves humanities chances for survival. Terra, I would like to see what experts recommend we do as individuals and as a society in the event of oceans rising ,a new ice age, the polls flipping, a large meteor strike, and alike. I like the idea of preparation prior to adaptation.

[@slevinkelevra5540]

there's a super volcano if I recall it has 2 eruption calderas from the 2 warming periods

[@troypedersen8167]

Don't worry people, we will be out of oil in 40 years. Then we can ride horses and burn wood to keep warm. Just like the good old days!

[@NATHANFREDERICK-rs7yb]

Pure speculation.

[@PigeonsSoapbox]

The initial graph is extremely scary. At this point, anyone denying this reality is either dishonest or stupid.

[@kmoses582]

A graph that shows the past 50 years of Earths 4.5 billion years is scary for the alarmist

[@PigeonsSoapbox]

@@kmoses582 It's exactly because the change has happened in only a few decades (and it's accelerating), that we should be alarmed. As you say, 50 years in geological timeframes is nothing, so that shows you how fast is everything happening.

[@kmoses582]

@@PigeonsSoapbox You probably think that comparing thermometer data with data from mud is about the same

[@TomZen-k6q]

This whole video is mainly pseudo scientific climate alarmism. THE SKY IS FALLING! THE SKY IS FALLING!

[@nolongerblocked6210]

​@@kmoses582 I kno it shouldn't be but it's still surprising seeing someone denying climate change, try reading more & quit listening to biased sources

[@johntracy72]

That cold spot near Iceland explains why they were significantly colder last winter. Reykjavik never got that cold when I lived there from 1986 to 1988.

[@whatabouttheearth]

The cold blob is weakening the Gulf Stream that brings warmer weather to Iceland, Ireland, UK, Scandinavia and western Europe and pushing it more westwards towards the east coast of North America. Because the cold blob is essentially spreading right over the Gulf Stream and cutting it in two. The decreased Gulf Stream causes cooling.

[@whatabouttheearth]

The cold blob is weakening the Gulf Stream that brings warmer weather to Iceland, Ireland, UK, Scandinavia and western Europe and pushing it more westwards towards the east coast of North America. Because the cold blob is essentially spreading right over the Gulf Stream and cutting it in two. The decreased Gulf Stream causes cooling.

[@SungsooKoh-z7j]

Cheap solar please 😊

[@XAndrew88]

This literally says over and over that the AMOC collapsed without humans...

[@quickmythril2398]

YES, exactly. :)

[@stainlesssteellemming3885]

Well, if you're gong to take that tack. The AMOC was probably non-existent once you get more than a few tens of millions of years in the past. Without an Atlantic Ocean, you have no AMOC. So, it's all good I guess?

[@quickmythril2398]

@@stainlesssteellemming3885 yes, it's all good. there are major cycles in the earth, sun, and galaxy. humans are a speck of dust compared to all that. to pretend like we could influence it, is like trying to steer the titanic by paddling with a plastic spoon.

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

Yes but if you turn off your brain and reach the cognitive level of a zombie you too can become a climate cultist.

[@FiremanBrian2010]

But we still have brainwashed idiots out here running around that man alone is responsible for global warming 🙄

[@JBaxter-pi8oj]

Thank you. A very interesting and well -presented series. Best wishes!

[@waynetodd3620]

I see the carbon fraud continues CO2 is not the problem and never was - ITS PLANT FOOD people!! This fraud is a way for Governments to tax and control the populous it is making some people very rich. This very program stated that 28,000 years ago IT was warmer then now! didn't see a lot of cars back then!!! The world has been colder way longer then it's been warm enjoy it while it lasts because Ice ages are very long and not any fun. The climate is affected by so many things like the Milankovitch cycles ...which includes the shape of Earth's orbit (its eccentricity), the angle that Earth's axis is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane (its obliquity), and the direction that Earth's spin axis is pointed (its precession). People have no problem understanding the four seasons but some how don't think the sun has much impact on our climate...REALLY. Fossil fuels are not the problem it's BAD science that is the problem, poor temp gather data, and global weather models that have never worked. WAKE up people the Carbon Fraud needs to end!!!

[@a.randomjack6661]

In 2012, 1,5°C was "decades away" OOPS!

[@ceciljones2695]

The New England and Mid Atlantic Coasts have been seeing signs of disruption in phytoplankton and this is directly related to the strengthening of the Labrador Current which has been bringer cooler than normal waters down the continental shelf. Ice melt from Greenland’s ice sheet is driving huge changes in the marine environment.

[@Upinthegarden]

I live right in the middle of the Labrador current. Ice bergs have been floating by for tens of thousands of years. Bergs were written about when the Vikings were in North America. What was the cause of the Greenland ice shelf melt then?

[@ceciljones2695]

@ I’m on 64 years old so I don’t know how it was 10,000 years ago but I’m positive that you are a world renowned expert in this, so you tell us sandpaper bc I’m not rough enough.

[@ceciljones2695]

@ it is obvious, if it was melting I would believe that the temperatures were above freezing. 😉

[@richarddavies7419]

​@@Upinthegarden Bergs come from glaciers/ice sheets reaching the coast, so more snow/less melting in the past would have made thicker ice sheets/more bergs. No melting then.

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

So 2 mile thick ice sheets melting between 15-12k years ago releasing enough melt water to raise global sea levels by 400' didn't cause the AMOC to stop but the current melting in ice sheets with indistinguishable sea level rise is causing it to stop. That is much like the melting permafrost consisting of preserved plant matter being a net carbon emitter rather than a net carbon sink despite the conditions being present that caused the plant matter to be deposited there in the first place providing the source of the carbon emissions now. Climastrology is cognitive dissonance, all the way down.

[@granitfog]

My conclusion: we are doomed, not to extinction but to drasticly reduced quality of life due to extemes of climate, first heating that will displace large populations due to flood and fire and cause increased costs in goods and loose of insurability. (Later by the AMOC collapse perhaps) More imigration and reduced food and land resources leading to stresses on democratic institutions and less international cooperation. All favoring greater autocratic governments and more war. Humans will adapt but at a cost to civilization and population. Perhaps this is the "great population reset" needed for the next (22nd) century. This is based on 1) the fact that climate change first discussed in the late 1980's when atmospheric CO2 in 1990 was 354 ppm. This is now over 420 and rising every year by 1 - 2 ppm. In 1990, CO2 emissions totaled 19.5 GT. This is now over 36 GT. (Pre industrial atmospheric CO2 was 280, and emissions in 1940s was less than 5 GT) 2) during the covid year when basicly the entire world economic activity was drasticly reduced, the Amospheric CO2 continued to rise but at a slightly lower rate. CO2 emissions did fall by 1.9 GT between 2019 and 2020. But atmospheric CO2 continued to rise. 3) Humanity will not tolerate economic slow down of the covid years as a perminant condition. 4) even if we have Zero increase in emissions, because the half life of CO2 is measured in over a century,which means that for at least a generation or two, Climate change will continue. 5) feed back loop-processes progressing toward their feed back point: loss of arctic ice, wild fires (contributing to greenhouse gasses and soot spread by wind to fall on glaciers facilitating melt), and permafrost melting.

[@timleiferblunderbuss]

This is the MOST intelligent analysis of all the comments made. I agree wholeheartedly with this summary of ideas!

[@quickmythril2398]

but who is "we"? people in cold areas will enjoy a much less severe environment. more people die from cold than heat. look into the data.

[@granitfog]

@@quickmythril2398 "We" refers to civiliized humanity as whole. As I said, suvival of the species is likely, just not at the levels of civilization we currently enjoy. regarding "more people die of..." current causes of death will be less relevant in a climate change future due to 1) increasing heat which whch will displace current cold, 2) delitarious effect on farming with displacement of rain fall areas, drought, flooding and fire, 3) and my biggest concern is diseasse due to either migration of tropical disease into current areas too cold to support them, or from melting permafront releasing a pathogen for which current immune systems are not prepared (especially fungus or virus).

[@quickmythril2398]

@@granitfog what??? "current causes of death will be less relevant in a climate change future due to increasing heat which whch will displace current cold" ... uhh if there are deaths due to cold, and the cold is displaced, that means less deaths from cold. how is that not relevant?

[@timothyrussell4445]

Population is set to fall dramatically anyway because of much lower birth rates.

[@cub1009]

If the AMOC collapses it is going to cool the planet? But that isn't good. As it seems only certain regions will experience shifts to a much colder climate. While other areas become hotter and dryer? Am I understand that correctly? Net zero emissions isn't going to happen. Fossil fuels are too heavily relied on. Even green energy is powered by fossil fuels for energy, manufacturing and delivering. We need a substitute for oil and we need it fast. One that is organic and has limited emissions.

[@Dianasaurthemelonlord7777]

The AMOC is a major current that transfers Heat from the Tropics to the Polar Regions, which helps keep the Global Climate stable. All the alternatives exist now, the Infrastructure just doesn’t exist yet so it’s not practical. We need State Intervention and we needed it decades ago

[@shakeyj4523]

You do realize that fossils fuels ARE organic right?

[@That.Lady.withtheYarn]

Well we certainly won’t get any help for this problem from the new guy.

[@Mr.MasterOfTheMonsters]

Without the current transfering heat, the bigger difference in temperature will cause even more common and catastrophic hurricanes. Or at least I think so, climate is complex.

[@gitduck]

​@@Mr.MasterOfTheMonsters I think, as a person from southern india , ground water depletion with fractured ocean current means , effectively no more sense of winter from now about 20 years after in any sensible capacity. No more sensible water sharing mechanism within the water scarcity states. No more sense of recollection about climate and it's complexity. Pure wack.

[@ClemonsKunkel]

I wrote a book on climate change but I called the book ( Man-made Climate Change, Super easy to Understand. It's not mother nature anymore it's us and I mean all of us. I really like this video is very good thanks

[@puravidadew7031]

Maybe you’re missing the fact about all the water melting off of Greenland and the north, which is causing this cold blob.

[@Syrkyth]

Yes, no one has thought of that before. Wow. You did it. Nobel prize for you . . .

[@TazPessle]

Yes. Greenland melting is exactly one of the causes of AMOC collapse. It disrupts the salinity/density/heat balances that allow the corculations to happen. This is known.

[@UnclePea]

As I understand it from friends who are actual researchers looking at Greenland melt water, the reason the blob isn't predicted in models is that melt water hasn't been fully incorporated into the models. It will be after it's better measured, we hope.

[@leftcoastline]

9:05

[@UnclePea]

@@leftcoastline Yes, the idea is understood. A quantitative detailed understanding is not yet very advanced, so putting the melt into models that use vastly intricate calculations and iterations can't be done very well yet.

[@spindryer7746]

The sudden rise in temperature is usually followed by an ice age,it's in the records.

[@macmcleod1188]

It's followed millions of years later. What's happening now had +never* happened before.

[@timothyrussell4445]

Yes, but +1.5 C in 150 years isn't

[@macmcleod1188]

@@timothyrussell4445 there is no evidence to support the fact that this increase in temperature due to massively increasing levels of carbon in the atmosphere is going to lead to a similarly fast decline in temperatures. What you doing is just wishful thinking. And even if true you're talking about a catastrophic drop in temperature which we don't want to happen either.

[@timothyrussell4445]

@@macmcleod1188 I was replying to spindryer - I agree with your point. No, modelling suggests the ice age will be very much localised to north west Europe; globally temperatures will continue to rise, especially in equatorial regions where heat will be trapped, the Southern Hemisphere will get warmer generally too. As for the catastrophic drop in temperatures in north west Europe, that will happen, and farming on the scale we require will not be possible in much of Europe; it'll be similar to Alaska

[@macmcleod1188]

@timothyrussell4445 yes and the rain bands are already starting to move. They're about 50 to 80mi north of where they used to be. In fact the seed catalogs finally adjusted their climate zones on the packages to reflect the new reality. And they're moving on to areas that are less productive. Plus we're getting more extreme weather which isn't good for plants either.

[@mehtamorphosis]

I appreciate that you are centering the health of the planet. Your visualizations are impactful. It helps us see how the planet is alive- breathing and circulating nutrients through its oceans and air over land. These circulations are vital for its health. It is our responsibility as human beings to take care of our planet and manage its healthy function-like we ought to do for our own body. I wish more people take care of their own bodies and do the same for the planet. ❤

[@hephaestion12]

This presenter is really very very good. She is so clear and so precise! ❤

[@marquendra]

I do believe it could collapse. With all the negative impacts humans are still creating due to not wanting to change our way of life or can’t afford to do, it will reach negative consequences before any massive positive changes are put into effect. From my observations, I feel that those at the top want to squeeze every second of the money driven aspects of life before they switch to caring about the impact it has on our world. They will likely find a way to monetize things after it’s all collapsed.

[@themanicfiddler1152]

Yeah of course they do, and this is only made worse by the fact that all the profits they make now will be worth NOTHING if we do reach a tipping point and it ends up causing an effective collapse of civilization. Because it's ultimately corporations and their fiscal revenues which run the world, not the politicians, they just pretend to.

[@keinenvlogs3232]

I just want some snowy winters again😢

[@Michael0663-qo4wx]

I know, it’s going to be raining again on Xmas instead of snow.

[@themanicfiddler1152]

Better normal rain than acid rain. Or fiery rain. Or earthquakes, monster storms and super-lightning. We still have it good, it's just depressing at the moment, not deadly. I mean hell, there's still the option to "opt out" before it gets really bad. In the future death may just come for you or any of your loved ones irregardless of what you do. So, my advice? Just quit yer whining, boy, and enjoy yourself some merry, rainy Christmas! 🎄🌧🌧

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

Some places in NY have already got more than 6 feet of snow this fall.

[@quand_meme]

Thanks to the warming, I can ride a bike in Poland all year round. Quite a ride yesterday. I won't have to build up my form in the spring from the very beginning. 😅

[@quand_meme]

Thanks to the warming, I can ride a bike in Poland all year round. Quite a ride yesterday. I won't have to build up my form in the spring from the very beginning. 😅

[@bigtexuntex7825]

In the United States, the current war on science is getting worse, and education is also worsening. We have politicized this issue to the point that half of the US population feels it a duty to ignore the issue, even if they believe it is real. So as long as politics drives the conversation, there will never be enough consensus to do something about it in the US. The war on science can't be ignored, or swept under the rug. The war on science will prevent any successful outcome. We have a situation where we can't even ask these questions because politics doesn't allow a consensus.

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

Lol science is in the dark ages and climastrology is a big part of it. Ironically the brainwashing centers you call education has prevented you from having enough critical thinking skills to see the cult of climastrology for what it is.

[@gravitonthongs1363]

@@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa science is the problem …sure 😂

[@nickolasturner]

Science doesn’t care for belief, it will happen regardless. Humans will need to be creative if we are to survive as a species if we can reach a point of disruption of the global climate in less then 200000 years of existence

[@rafaelcosta3238]

"We have a situation where we can't even ask these questions because politics doesn't allow a consensus." It is precisely the opposite, and the reason why I suspect the scientists that think the AMOC is not slowing down refused the interview. It is because we cannot question that this is actually happening. You either blindly believe in "man made climate change", or your crushed.

[@aumnicol9508]

I found the reporter, Maiya May clear and engaged in this topic. So much nicer than hearing AI voices!! The topic- well- it’s wonderful and painful to learn. Yet, humanity is just in the way from nature’s cycles. Our living planet is telling us so much! The impact on the whole planet is teaching us how Interconnected we humans are to all life, and if we could understand that not only at a scientific level, but spiritual level, perhaps we could make decisions based on the Highest Good for all!

[@Robo34]

so, on 8:41 we can see the chart, and the rise of temperature 150 thousand years ago was the same as now. ok. BUT, 150 thousand years ago, there was no technology. Sooooo, if these charts are correct, then that means that the global warmimg ISN'T our (humanities) fault.

[@0topon]

Just because in the past there were natural warming cycles, doesnt mean that the warming today is not manmade.

[@volodx]

Aliens

[@winterbomber2]

Yes it's true the earth has a natural warming and cooling system. But, humans can and are accelerating that cycle.

[@thomashenshallhydraxis]

I’ll believe it when I see it. But for forty years I’ve heard earth is right around the corner of collapse

[@JamesTulip]

@@thomashenshallhydraxis 40 years is an eye blink for geological processes. Even rapid ones like climate change. 40 years ago, we could tell something was going to happen. And now it's happening. Right now. Climate change isn't the future, it's the present.

[@J4Zonian]

@tho You’ve heard what exactly, from whom exactly?

[@willdeit6057]

@@J4Zonian From those scientist's who preach doom and gloom as stated by our Main Stream Media, (who don't tell us who.) and this right the way back to 1960.

[@J4Zonian]

@@willdeit6057 That is remarkably confused, disinformed, paranoid & delusional. Read about your beliefs at Skeptical Science.

[@NOJSIP]

Thank You for the knowledge. That was the best explanation I have seen on the importance of the AMOC.

[@annettecantu3126]

Makes sense bc I have a real scientific theory. 🕊 for now, based on these discussions, I think we will be experiencing more colder weather somewhere, meaning across wider land regions. And the current increase in heat temperatures does seem to correlate to the pattern of the previous one.

[@donaldhester6555]

If I am getting this correctly, you think that the AMOC is slowing due to global warming because of CO2 emissions, but once it slows or stops, the earth will begin the glacial cycle that is going to happen anyway and the earth will get dramatically cooler, affecting rainfall, which is going to come in areas previously not getting much creating more methane. If this is true, wouldn't this also prevent methane now rising fron areas where permafrost is thawing? Wouldn't cooler northern European temps also cause the Greenland ice sheet to reglaciate instead of melting? That sounds alot like a loop of warm and cool periods. One thing is obvious in this video, and that is the fact that we are nearing the end of a warming period that is a natural cycle and we still are several degrees temperature below the last warming cycle. I think the Milankavitch cycles are the most dominant factor while you never mentioned that at all, as if it doesn't exist.I suspect that the AMOC will cycle more rapidly if what your evidence provides is correct but will eventually reach a point where the Milankovitch cycles make it a permanent cooling until the next interglacial rather than expediting the next glacial period of the current ice age. Trust me, you do not want to see another deep freezing glacial period where the ice is many miles thick and most of earth is covered in ice, but history shows that it will happen. Humanity needs to plan for this with every modern technological advantage we can muster. I also do not trust any science that does not include the amount of CO2 produced by breathing animals such as 8 BILLION humans. I need to see and hear from scientists who account for all factors rather than just CO2 and wild predictions that exclude all other factors. For example, If CO2 that represents about .04% of the current atmosphere is such a driving factor, what caused the melting of the glaciers before mankind even existed? Where did such an enormous amount of CO2 come from to cause warming enough to cause the current interglacial warm period? The answer is there, but scientists affiliated with the IPCC are not interested in anything that could stop cash flow to them and their never ending studies on CO2. They really should get to the bottom of what created all warming and cooling periods.

[@cyber5515]

"I think the Milankovitch cycles are the most dominant factor". I agree. Plus, the ice core data shows that when the temperature drops, due to the Milankovitch cycles, the ocean dramatically absorbs much of the CO2 in the atmosphere. By destroying the entire fossil fuel industry, our ability to put some CO2 back to keep the planet warm is gone.

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

Don't try to apply any logic to their dogma or they will call you a denier - ironically a religious term.

[@willdeit6057]

As well as the Milankovitch cycles the Earth tilt also has an effect.

[@LinasMuliolisC21Homestar]

Saltwater farming in desert coastal areas. Rain retention/reclamation systems in deserts like they are working on in India and parts of Africa. These create green areas which will also work as carbon sinks, and also keep those areas cooler.

[@williamblue9996]

keep up the good reporting stay safe , well and brave

[@TheBlade996]

The 2004 film "The Day after Tomorrow" already dramatized this possibility twenty years ago.

[@PhilipEvang]

Great report - the key issue is getting people informed. But then what - how do we turn information into action?

[@CRneu]

I dont think we really can. Most people don't want to change their behavior and that's the only thing that will save us. We can't wait for corporations or governments to do anything. The time for that was 40 years ago. People need to go vegan, reduce their emissions, and stop buying stuff they dont need. The average US Citizen can cut their emissions by nearly 50% with nothing but behavioral changes. As a country we could cut our climate impact by a similar amount without asking politicians to do a thing. These things could happen immediately. Unfortunately we have the mentality that "China is worse" which just kicks the can down the road. We have conservatives who still refuse to even acknowledge the problem exists. We have therapists telling everyone to go ahead and buy another latte because you had a hard day. The can is constantly being kicked down the road by everyone because accepting that we all have some responsibility is too depressing or too hard. It's sad. We're all responsible everyday we don't do something about it.

[@crw-bm7mm]

It does not matter how many facts you give some people, they will still ignore what is staring them in the face. Just look at the recent U.S. election.

[@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa]

What fact is that, that your IQ is ~ 70?

[@crw-bm7mm]

@whaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa lol, you must be one of the uneducated.

[@RH-yn7yq]

Actually, DJTs IQ as measured in college was 92, sub-par. As his Wharton Professor said, "dumbest" student he ever had.

[@AlsFoodForest]

the doubt about amoc collapse will not survive the 2050's. the impotent political machine of the old world will not avoid this catastrophe of our own making. the old system is and must collapse so future generation can build with lessons learned. who can we blame? it is our own persistent ignorance that is the cause 🙂

[@clauspedersen9867]

In primary school in 1975, we were taught that what we deduced then, would be reflected in the climate in 50 years. Here we are today and just have to state that the teacher was right. That we would experience global warming and extreme weather conditions. Due to the melting ice in Greenland will bring the AMOC to a standstill, and here in Denmark would have a climate like in Alaska. Does this mean that everything we have deduced, after 1975, will be reflected in the climate over the next 50 years?? If that's the case, it's far too late for us to try to delay the process that the AMOC will collapse 2025-2057, right?

[@fiizkenfiizk7645]

Is this why fish in the baltic sea is dying out? Over 50% less in 2 years

[@drbuckley1]

"'Did you ever see such a winter as this?' asked one sufferer of another. 'Yes, last summer,' was the answer." James Quin

[@onlypranav]

It's debatable and correct me if I'm wrong, but the last time it was this warm was in the bronze age. We don't have to go as far back as 100kya.

[@wvhaugen]

Good explanation. My particular contribution is crop landrace research. Landraces adjust faster to volatile clumate, weather and soil conditions than pure varieties.

[@uditfonseka]

Canada has Polar Bears at the same latitude as Birmingham, England.

[@mattschlegel9824]

1. Stop polluting emissions. 2. Restore natural carbon sinks. 3. Increase Earth's albedo (reflectivity.) Easy peasy.

[@Blueberryredbull]

Tell that to china or india

[@J4Zonian]

@@Blueberryredbull You mean China & India that both have a higher percentage of renewables on their grid than the US? Whose current policies will lead to a lower degree of warming than the US’s? Or China that leads the world in almost every category of renewable energy & sustainability? Most of them by flabbergasting margins? That China & India?

[@Blueberryredbull]

@@J4Zonian 😂😂😂😂😂

[@yokotaashi]

5:39 really cool overlay to support the scientist's findings, I am thoroughly impressed. These extra coincident visual dimensions are really what make this information digestible.

[@mildredmickle4434]

Thank you for such an informative video, and thank you to the folks like bettergames6259 who in the comments explained what AMOC is-Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. It is frightening to think that human stupidity, greed, arrogance, and disrespect towards the air, water, and land that supports and feeds us will result in the demise of many. If you overpopulate Earth which upsets the ecological balance, then the Earth’s ecological balance will do things to rebalance the scales. I agree that the movie “The Day After Tomorrow” is problematic; however, it is a movie. Still the most compelling line in that film comes to mind when I think about ecological imbalance-to quote Ian Holm’s character in the movie, “The Day After Tomorrow”: “Save as many as you can.”

[@jonlittle5032]

Excellent video and a clear concise explanation on one of the critical aspects of the climate change debate. However. You do yourself and us a disservice at 7:30 when you say an AMOC collapse happens every 5k years or so during Ice Ages, we haven't had an AMOC for 12K: so, "maybe we're due." That figure, as you just pointed out, was based on 25 AMOC collapses in the last Ice Age. We have not been in an Ice Age for over ten thousand years, and we are not "due": one per 5K years is during Ice Ages, not Interglacials. This just feeds the narrative of the skeptics.

[@foshyurgason]

There are so many people that don't believe this or don't care. It would be nice to make a switch to a more green and sustainable future, but things will go very catastrophic before then.

[@Georgewin1er]

This video is so wonderfully made. I like the way you present the Earth with interspersed storms throughout the world which all fit together like a puzzle piece with and result from things like the Amoc, glacial melting. So cool

[@Alan-lv9rw]

If the ice sheet will reach New York City and Chicago, I’m glad I live in Dallas, Texas which is at the same latitude as Cairo, Egypt.

[@joannmay-anthony1076]

actuality, the ice sheet came down as far as the middle of wPA in E-W direction.

[@JamesTulip]

One of my concerns is that Paleoclimate records are all 'lagging' indicators - it takes time for any change in experiential climate (weather) to show up as a smoothed record in sediments etc. So all the rosy forecasts of 'by the end of the century' and 'in a few decades' could be fairly optimistic. The whole nature of 'tipping points' is that things change rapidly from one equilibrium to another.

[@northeast5076]

I used to think it was a joke until looking deeper

[@rick-yo]

Maiya, PBS, great job on this series! Please consider showing the full episodes of the Weathered TV show on KZbin! Look how popular these segments are already! A lot of people will watch them and you’ll get ad revenue. I know there’s an app and website, but prefer to stay on KZbin.

[@mcfaddenhall2896]

With climatologists "in the brink" usually means hundreds of years, but they're like mid-century, which is lightning fast for them. Scary.

[@mhub3576]

Love your and your team's very informative and timely content. Thank you.

[@masterlotiondmt]

No one is talking about how devastating global cooling would be... another ice age would be catastrophic

[@haven216]

Fortunately, transitions to glacial periods take tens of thousands of years

[@rosscarter24]

I find it odd that we are being shown how all these patterns have occured naturally many times before, but then being told that this time it's our fault and we can do something to change it.🤔

[@joannmay-anthony1076]

I am worried that melting permafrost emissions aren't being taken seriously enough.