The Anatomy of Pain

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The Anatomy of Pain
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In this video, Justin from the Institute of Human Anatomy discusses the anatomy pain, and shows the various structured associated with its transmission and processing
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Video Timeline
00:00 - 00:41 Intro
00:42 - 01:56 What's the Purpose of Pain?
01:57 - 04:44 When Does Something Become Painful?
04:45 - 06:26 Sensing Pain
06:27 - 08:12 Where Does Pain Go?
08:13 - 10:17 Tour of the Brain
10:18 - 13:18 The Experience of Pain
13:19 - 15:13 My Brain Is Hollow?
15:14 - 17:26 Homegrown Painkillers?
17:27 - 19:13 Pain Is Only In My Head?
19:14 - 20:44 A Smarter Approach
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References
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.jpain.org/article/S1082-3...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
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Audio Credit: www.bensounds.com
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#Pain #Brain #IOHA

[@mebeBrianna]

I can’t believe this education is just offered for free on KZbin. Thank you so much! I work in a neurology lab and I do a lot of work with neurodegenerative diseases but I don’t often stop to think about the amount of pain patients with these diseases must be in. I work with mice doing gene therapy and I’ve had to dissect and freeze different brain structures and nerves from them. This was so great to watch!

[@pheephee1712]

This is very educational especially when ppl like you leave comments -

[@Adam-Michaud]

Mdidndjddi 😂

[@rishi6587]

Not all heroes wear capes

[@bsunitha118]

Are U researcher

[@jmc8076]

@@bsunitha118 Sounds like a lab tech part of research. Prob a PhD student.

[@thebeardedmaverick]

As someone with a severe chronic pain issue and somatosensory defect, this was incredibly interesting. Being able to see visually what is going on was pretty cool.

[@LeonardRoberts]

Chronic pain sufferer also and retired nurse, still very informative.

[@painwarriorprincess5120]

Agreed! I saw a movie once where the main character didn't feel pain. While that can present some problems, I really wished I could turn on that disorder for a few hours or so per day.

[@smcic]

@@painwarriorprincess5120 girl with the dragon tattoo?

[@painwarriorprincess5120]

@@smcic I think it was called Painless, oddly enough.😉

[@WinterInTheForest]

Been living with severe pain 24-7 for the last 20+ years since suffering a work related accident shortly after highschool. As a result I was unable to find gainful employment. Never married or had kids. Any hope of a normal life is gone. My condition will be permanent, at least until I die. But I won't give up. It's not going to destroy me.

[@VRGEMUSIC85]

anyone else concerned about the fact he is not just holding a brain in his hands, but the literal casing of a persons consciousness. think of how many memories that were stored there, their first kiss to their last breath. science is truly amazing.

[@edwardbustamante5951]

I dont lost any

[@OreganoParsley]

@@edwardbustamante5951 you clearly lost some brain cells.

[@tanker00v25]

No, not concerned at all

[@Monkey80llx]

@@tanker00v25😂

[@Monkey80llx]

I’m more concerned that the people who made the kid’s game ‘operation’ thought it was ok to show the guy as wide awake! 😂

[@dikaakbar4226]

"Those who don't know what pain is, will never understand the true peace!" - probably Pain himself

[@refentse3623]

"Know pain, feel pain, comprehend pain because the world's greatest lessons are learned through PAIN." - Pain

[@abdurrahmankhan8680]

@dika Did you just assume the gender of pain?

[@Pavanthetechboy]

@@abdurrahmankhan8680 it's a naruto reference. Don't be karen

[@mr_kos287]

"All... Mighty... Push!"

[@danieltalavera9847]

World shall know pain

[@rhondaweaver4486]

I'm an RN of 26 years. I'm learning so much! I hope any medical student or professional will take advantage of your amazing videos! Wish I had something like this back in my college days! Thank you guys!

[@KiwikimNZ]

I’m an RN 25 years! These guys are great aren’t they. We never stop learning as nurses do we. This stuff fascinates me :)

[@lisacondonnason8068]

As a paramedic student I am take advantage of this alot !!!

[@RegisteredNursePrice]

13 years and I love these videos!! Especially the part where there is no exam to take afterwards or clinical instructors harping on you at the hospital during clinicals😂 I also love how well the cadavers look. We had an option to take a cadaver lab and unfortunately the cadavers weren’t dissected very well

[@vikingthedude]

I'm a javascript programmer of 2 years. Not relevant to any of this, but I find it fascinating anyway

[@Oamiano]

Im only a Real Nigga of 23 years, but this video was very informative💯💯👌🏾

[@TMccrury]

My wife is an amputee and has the "phantom pain" in her right leg that does not exist. It is pretty interesting. Thanks for another great video.

[@craigdavies8099]

Try acupuncture. It was the only thing that stopped my mates phantom pains. He lost a leg just below the knee, said it felt like a nail being driven into the heel. I also get acupuncture for certain aspects of my chronic pain, it's works amazing on on muscle spasms or cramps but does nothing for my busted back. I hope your wife can find some relief.

[@TMccrury]

@@craigdavies8099 Thank you.

[@thehutch7728]

I still have cramps in my phantom uterus seven years after my hysterectomy. The brain is a strange thing.

[@TMccrury]

@@thehutch7728 Mercy. Yes, the brain is strange, unique, and strangely unique.

[@theshuman100]

@@thehutch7728 brain mapping has not prepared me for phantom uteri

[@hazwanfuss]

The most amazing stuff about this channel is both of you guys talk about body anatomies with excitement and sheer joy. Happy to see people loving their job and sharing it out to the world. Have a nice day bros

[@carlosfelipearaujo2291]

as a med student I feel so glad to be able to have this kind of information as easy as it is here. You guys are great!

[@user-qu4em4cy6z]

جميل جدا اتمنا. لك التوفيق

[@nbrown5907]

If we could not feel pain we would all be dead more than likely, pain saves lives lol.

[@vimetherandom]

yes, we all hate it, but its a key to are survival

[@jr6905]

How though? I agree it could save lives, but You Can live without feeling pain.

[@drabnail777]

Yes thats obvious. but thats not the point. Its if we could not feel pain, does the pain even exist? Eg. "If a tree falls and theres no one there to hear it, does it make a sound?"

[@Nothing-qn3xd]

@@jr6905 well things like a heart attack would you be able to feel that?

[@geoff3549]

@@Nothing-qn3xd you don't actually 'feel' the heart attack as such, having sufferred a few I have beenresearching this, doctors tell it is 'deferred pain' you feel, tighness in the chest, shoulder, arms (not just the left), stomach etc. Your body actually tells you its about to happen through pain in different areas way before the event, don't ignore the signs, I have been lucky. It's scary to think that well that bit of reflux pain is actually your heart letting you know something is not right. Also, taking to other heart attack patients when I went for surgery, some told me they felt no pain at all, just 'tightness' so the 'pain' experienced from a hear attack is very different for us all, nothing like what you see in the movies

[@MirlitronOne]

"Who would have ever thought that neuroscience and neurology would be complicated?" Possibly the most "meta" statement ever in this series of excellent videos.

[@gildaolsen2888]

Neuroscience, Neurology, and Physiology address the body, not the spirit and his memory banks which include pain. The body is a working system, like that of any other animal. But the recalls of pain and the recovery time stems from the spirit. If you really want to learn how the body and the spirit relate, you might want read Dianetics, which addresses the spirit and the mind, in relation to the body. It is worth seeing another viewpoint. Just saying!

[@nuggystan9128]

@@gildaolsen2888 ... scientology?

[@fseymour39]

divertidamente sarcástico.

[@MyWifeUsesMyAccount]

Wife on husbands account here: When you started talking about “pain being in your head” and “pain is subjective” I felt that. I’ve given birth now 3 times in the last 4 years. My 1st birth was so painful (birth center so no medications). During my 2nd pregnancy I focused on reframing what sensations I associate with pain, and I would say my 2nd birth (home birth) was my most painless and quickest. It hurt and was uncomfortable, but not painful.

[@elladouglas5794]

The fact that this guy has easy access to human body parts is a little unnerving. (pun unintended)

[@elgranuter]

because he is a doctor and its for educational purpose

[@dawinning4208]

It is. But, i mean, It is for education, so, think that kinda explains It.

[@elladouglas5794]

@@elgranuter Well I mean obviously but I was just saying, you know

[@loifloif]

im always curious as to how they decide which bodies will go to him for research, because wouldn't most bodies just get buried or cremated no matter what ? are the bodies like bodies of criminals or some shit ?

[@archonwarrior9146]

@@loifloif Just like an Organ donor you can sign a "contract" (or however you want to call that) that your body can be used for scientific research after your death.

[@eddierayvanlynch6133]

"Let's learn about pain. It'll be fun." Aw crap, he's a football coach.

[@grayson0916]

I’ll never forget the “if you ain’t hurting, you Ain’t working” lmao

[@ivpis]

@@grayson0916 YESS💀💀💀

[@andreaberryman5354]

🤣👏

[@teknosisglitch2432]

To any medical professionals out there, even tho the pain is "all in your head", never tell patients that. You can say it's processed all in the brain, but the other phrase eludes to dismissing the pain and that the patient is responsible for "getting over it", "pushing through it", etc. It's important to validate the pain since it is so subjective. My chorinic pain people know what I'm saying! 💖💖🤘🏻🖤🤘🏻💖💖

[@grayson0916]

It’s sad how impossible pharmaceutical companies and their predatory business practices have made life nearly impossible for chronic pain sufferers. I wish you all the best friend.

[@Dark.Star.Alchemy]

That part literally made me cry. I know he didn't mean "it's all in your imagination, get over it" but he meant scientifically and literally, it's in your brain. But I cried because I wish it could be so simple as just flipping a thought around and stopping the pain. (Spoonie here, chronic pain and more!)

[@gunzalez507]

It’s all in your head.

[@grayson0916]

@@gunzalez507 so edgy

[@PlaXer]

@@grayson0916 wdym? pharmaceutical companies literally made our lives so fucking better

[@jilligain3409]

I have Paget’s disease of the bone since my teens, a meningioma tumor removed off of T-7 back when I was 30, multiple surgeries & joint replacements, and one hell of a fibromyalgia case. And I can say, fibro, or the chronic never ending pain 24/7 is the absolute worst. I never get a break at all. And I’ve tried everything I can. Right now I’m seeing a chronic pain specialist. She has me on norco & flexeril. They work better than anything else I’ve tried, but tnx to the current opioid BS, I’m not allowed enough norco to actually get me up & functioning like I was hoping for. Anybody else dealing w/ similar issues? And pls, if any Dr’s or govt officials actually read comments, pls pls consider the actual patient and NOT drug addicts when prescribing treatments for their condition. Being denied proper medical care based on this whole opioid “crisis” is a load of crap

[@ronniemartin5088]

I agree. So tired of being treated like a junkie because of suffering from a crippling condition. Doctors don't care because now they're careers and freedom are both on the line should they actually do they're jobs. This is a rough time in the united states to be in pain and I wish I knew "when" or "if" things will ever get better.

[@downhomesunset]

@@ronniemartin5088 Canada too…..

[@cindyhaus8129]

I feel like you are telling my story. I have an just about every procedure for chronic pain. After my pain management Dr. told me there was nothing else they could do. And Norco is seriously a joke for chronic pain. I finally sought out and second opinion with a Neurosurgeon, my back was a mess. The Neurosurgeon put in a pain stimulator and I am a new person.

[@lynnebucher6537]

I agree, it's humiliating to be treated like a junkie when there are documented causes of pain. And inhumane to be denied pain therapy.

[@memyselfi2005]

I’ve had chronic pain for many years. This is the first I’m learning of the actual processes of the brain when these signals are firing off or triggered. Thank you.

[@loftyradish6972]

This was so interesting. I have fibromyalgia, which is a neurological chronic pain condition, I was recently diagnoses with non-allergic rhinitis and the ENT who diagnosed it was like "yeah, it is really common in people with fibromyalgia." I had never heard of it before and hopped onto my university library and there were so many peer reviewed journal articles about it, something like 70% of people with fibromyalgia report having chronic non-allergic rhinitis. Turns out my brain is convinced that there is something wrong with my sinuses when there isn't, so it sends extra mucus to deal with the non-existent problem. My brain is such a drama queen.

[@downhomesunset]

Mine too. I always look like I have a cold! Not fantastic in this era of Covid. But it explains a lot!

[@redtickhound]

Wow. I think I just learned why I have to blow my nose so much.

[@barbaraa.walters8798]

Thanks for your post I have had Sinusitis year round for many years. I have has Fibromyalgia for 8 yrs this November. It was misdiagnosed as Polymyagia Rheumatica in April 2016 but Rheumatologist was not convinced that diagnosis was correct. Rediagnosed by Neurologist in Sept 2020 as Fibromyalgia after physical examination that revealed multiple areas of back, arms, shoulders high sensitivity to touch . Tender points.

[@loftyradish6972]

@@barbaraa.walters8798 I hope you have been able to get good treatment no you are diagnoses. Amitriptyline changed my life.

[@JeviPachingan]

Could you please talk more deeply about the illness? I'm afraid I have something like that, random and acute aches and pain in random placer all over My body

[@amtscat05]

This would have been good time talk about the reflex reaction to pain.

[@dulcineasoto4718]

I think thats more on the physiology side of things, but it is a really cool topic

[@amtscat05]

@@dulcineasoto4718 Right. Just was thinking that since they used burns. That reaction would have been talked about. Maybe the next video. A good tie in.

[@minigirl6379]

They need to address Fibromyalgia pain. Why can't somebody figure that out? It is destroying lives and nobody seems to care.

[@amtscat05]

FM is a overreacting nervous system simulating pain where there is none or reacting to something that is not painful as it is. FM acts similar to an autoimmune disease but with out visual symptoms. They only can be expressed by the person. Basically does not show up on a test. No visual inflammation or swelling. Just pain.

[@subtopewdipie4159]

Yeah, when he was talking about how the ulnar nerve “multitasks” I thought for sure he would talk about the signal being sent to the motor neurons to pull your hand away from the stove

[@FitGBRU]

As a healthcare professional and instructor I believe this channel does the public a great service. So many of us know so little about our bodies that it really is shameful. Thank you for your continued work.

[@infamous387]

I have lived with that term "pain is in the mind" all my life. I try not to let pain bother me. I will always walk it off and immediately take my focus off the pain especially if I'm at work I dont let it bother me or slow me down. Its amazing the power of the mind that within seconds after bashing a leg or knee or hand or finger I can within seconds almost feel no pain at all by trying to use mind power and ignore it block it out. Couple times it gets little much and ive had to limp walk it off for min if I crack my ankle against heavy equipment but still. I love learning about the brain its so fascinating. Amazing video as always. Love this channel

[@henrikibjensen3869]

Thanx for your feedback. You describe exactly the benefit from this realization.

[@YukaritheHistory]

I really love how he looks so excited about teaching us how amazing all this is. And it really is! Appreciate this video so much. ♡

[@evitagustin6657]

I love this channel. So enlighting. Im so interested about everything about the body. Akso wirk as a caregiver

[@TAROTAI]

"so _enlightening_ " that is proper spelling for a wonderful word ☺︎

[@madisonkupsky685]

I have chronic migraines and there are days where I wish I couldn’t feel pain only because I’m in so much pain that I can’t move or it’ll make it worse. But most of the time I’m ok with pain (as long as it’s not migraine related). I currently have a bad headache as I’m writing this. It was cool to see what happens in your body when you experience pain, and it was super interesting. I didn’t know most of this information, except for the absolute basic stuff like the pain signal sending to your brain then you feel it, but I didn’t know the whole process of how that happens. I would love to see a video on chronic pain, because it is different than just regular pain…at least I think it is.

[@vaccinefraud5570]

Possible SOURCES of migraines: toxic bowel lymphatic obstruction congested liver vascular lesions or inflammation in the brain chronic sinus infection (typically fungal) histamine sensitivity that will make you feel like your Mud Pellet (TCM name for brain) might launch like a rocket out of the top of your skull. All of these and many others can be related directly back to spirochete infections (like Lyme) that can even be transported directly to the spinal column and into the brain by filarial worms. See Dr. Allan MacDonald's medical examiner work on spirochetes.

[@adriananightmare.]

As a tattoo artist, and somebody who believes in the ritual of walking through pain as a spiritual experience, this resonated. Pain alerts us to potential danger - much of the time when somebody is tapping out of a tattoo session, it is because they BELIEVE it to be unbearable - but they aren't in any real danger. The level of trauma to the body varies from person to person, but much of "pain tolerance" is the mental game of pushing through your body's fight or flight response to being under duress. It's hard to explain to a person who avoids pain - and I'm not here to advocate for any specific lifestyle - but pain is absolutely in your head. And it does its job.

[@poojashrivastava78]

Great perspective 👌

[@cinmac3]

how does one do that, i have a "brain injury", fight and flight gets me before i seem to be able to master it ???

[@adriananightmare.]

@@cinmac3 I can't speak to something as complicated as a brain injury and its effect on how things might function for you - but when talking my clients through hard sessions I use a very soothing voice to instruct them. If they aren't already using music as a distraction, I suggest that - but most, if not all of the time, it boils down to breath control. So much of our physiological response to stress corresponds to oxygen and adrenaline/other chemicals - and I'm no scientist, so please take what I say with a grain of salt. But when under duress, the first response is increased heartrate/breath. We can't stop the cocktail of chemicals sent to our brains from happening, but what we can do is manage how they live in our body and how we respond to them. Steady breathing is paramount, as it slows us from having a panic response. I usually instruct my clients to stop and focus only on their breath, and to breathe from the diaphragm - flexing the abdominal wall while inhaling and exhaling helps to guide breath here. Long, slow inhales through the nose or through pursed lips, and exhales as though you are sustaining a long singing note, or whistling a very long note. Incredibly controlled, so much so that this is the only thing one can focus on while doing it. Usually, doing this for only a few minutes calms them enough to continue pushing through fight/flight. I can't say if it will or won't help you, but I hope I've helped you to have learned a little trick from one human's experience in a career that causes people to lose their cool often, haha.

[@cinmac3]

@@adriananightmare. thank you for this lengthy reply. having a brain injury since 1981 is very complicated,but, mine makes me loose my cool” very o often too i am still trying to remember breath to speak. so ? thank you for this lengthy reply, i am thankful i remembered to come back and read.

[@fallenangel_899]

Would that mean the brain has a stronger flight response for those with low pain tolerance?

[@amandastein6082]

Watching this video right after taking painkillers. Recovering from a dislocated elbow and fracture.

[@julianokleby1448]

Sorry to hear that. I unfortunately have had to live on painkillers for most of my adult life due to many doctors botched surgeries. I've had constant pain since 1988. Trust me, it's no way to live!! Hopefully you did not have to have surgery to fix the fracture. It's still good to know why and how we're feeling what we're feeling. Happy healing!! I'll pray for you.

[@amandastein6082]

@@julianokleby1448 I was meant to have surgery but it was cancelled due to me being high risk. I don't have any nerve damage so while it will take a while to get my hand working again, it will get there. I'm so sorry to hear of your constant pain. I hope that it will get better. I wish you the best and sending you positive vibes 💕

[@Dark.Star.Alchemy]

@@amandastein6082 I broke my elbow as well, 2 years ago, have a plate and screws in it and still so much pain. I pray you are healing well and having less pain by now. 🙏 I've been on pain meds for nearly 14 years and the broken elbow sure taught me a lot more about pain. Literally the worst pain of my life. I truly do hope your pain is manageable and that you heal quickly!!

[@amandastein6082]

@@Dark.Star.Alchemy Wow, 14 years is such a long time. I can only imagine the pain you've been through. Keep smiling coz I know you're stronger than the pain ❤️

[@eta24]

Videos like this are very helpful, please keep em coming. My daughter has a very rare neurodegenerative disease that required an Ommaya reservoir port, it was implanted down into her third ventricle so she could get a specialized medicine into her csf. This was great for visualizing what that looks like. Her disease also causes her to not feel pain as intensely as a normal person would. But that only seems to be the case from things like scaping her knee or getting poked, hitting her head, etc. She still feels pain from headaches, gastrointestinal, muscle aches and basically anything internal.

[@Harleychickjenn]

I wish you guys would do a video on fibromygia and what's going on with our bodies with it. I'd like to understand it more since I suffer from it.

[@vaccinefraud5570]

FM is congested lymphatics recruiting muscles to act in their capacity as passive pumps to move the unmoveable so that the swelling of the lymph against the nerves and the spasm of the muscle entraps the nerves and amplifies the pain. You won't find that explanation anywhere but here. Lyme = spirochetes are ANCIENT organisms that lead to nearly every named disease, so FM, CFS (often those two are associated) and the unholy trinity of MCS are all related to the same causal agents. It would be best to ask him to cover the lymphatic system if they haven't done that in the past. It is the single most ignored topic in medicine because it allows them to keep us sick while shrugging and saying: We don't know what causes it - let me refer you to a psychologist....

[@OxFromPhilly]

You have an amazing way of explaining things in a thorough manner but also in a very warm and kind manner as well. Great videos sir, so excited I found this channel!

[@feldinho]

I noted that you didn’t cover the fingers this time. It’s less unsettling than I thought it would be!

[@kingnuke168]

U soft …

[@feldinho]

@@kingnuke168 proudly soft AND cushy. I'm comfort incarnate.

[@sarahprince2412]

It was shocking to see them uncovered.

[@someone2447]

It's very clean so it's not as bad as some people made it out to be

[@HelenaCross]

I was unsettled. For a bit. Even though I knew it was a dead arm, a cadaver, it was still a bit weird. I don’t know why. Organs are not unsettling, but the fingers…

[@SirLightfire]

Watching these videos makes me want to donate my body to an anatomy lab. I wonder why there's such a stigma around the pragmatization of cadavers?

[@TheKisj]

Religion

[@VuxisYT]

@@TheKisj damn that's why I thought it was the people of 2020-2021 😆

[@ravirathod8476]

Lord help me 🙏🙏 what's a stigma ??

[@feliciagallo9832]

@@TheKisj Sometimes. I think people feel strange because when a person donates their body to science, they're not always sure HOW it will be used, and I think that weirds them out a bit.

[@elizabethshaw7472]

@@ravirathod8476 A really disgusted or hate-filled feeling towards something that shouldn't be all that bad, but is only treated badly due to culture.

[@claresargent2171]

I think a separate video on fibromyalgia would be very informative. I suffer with this chronic pain condition and would like to.learn more about it

[@retard_activated]

These videos are incredibly fascinating. Shout out to those who donate their bodies to science and education. Rest in peace to all of y'all. 💖

[@user-pt8zt8ip3b]

Hay 👏👏👏

[@jennifervieira99]

I'm so absolutely abscessed with learning everything you guys are teaching. Even though I'm not understanding everything, its interesting! I wonder how much of the physical pain receptivity is connected with the emotional pain receptivity? I don't think they are in the same places but I still think they might be connected somewhere in the brain. Emotional pain seems to remember better than physical pain... its just my thoughts.

[@firehalf2935]

Be careful with that abscessed over there. You mean obsessed, right?

[@pookiebear9735]

@@firehalf2935 you are 100% correct. LOL I thought the same after reading the post.

[@gildaolsen2888]

The answers to your questions are in the book Dianetics.

[@jennifervieira99]

@@firehalf2935 ~ yes

[@jennifervieira99]

@@gildaolsen2888 ~ Thank you

[@Lorraines_Mini_Kingdom]

As a chronic pain sufferer due to 4 prolapsed discs & a few other issues that cannot be operated on this has been interesting. Looking forward to the opioid video. I've been on transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine for nearly 15 years now. I'd like at some point to be able not to have these as they cause so many issues in themselves.

[@dr.vaibhavshinde9743]

In some cases, even if one limb is removed, still person can feel the pain. This is intriguing. Amazing content.

[@donnalynn2]

As a person who lives with chronic back pain this was insightful. I wonder if you could do a video on how Spinal Cord Stimulators actually work. I have had one for over 5 years, has decreased my pain by over half. I know in theory how it works but would love to understand how in the world an electrical impulse can confuse my brain to turn down the pain. It is an internal TENS unit so same principal. Would love to hear your take on it.

[@watchchuck]

Look for the Gate Control Theory, that may be it. It may not be that your brain is confused, is that pain information never reaches your brain, because electric stimulation closes the "gate" to that pain information.

[@buttkrusher]

Yeah, I had one put in the summer of 2018. The temporary trial on helped me so much. The permanent one, not so much. In fact it has increased my pain and had to be taken out last year.

[@HlifeRomania91]

@@buttkrusher wow what do you do now for pain, if I may ask?

[@bandupkasino2795]

Smokes that zaza😂😂

[@jacobbalding6881]

Love this channel. I aced high school Anatomy and Physiology. Now I’m in college and going to be studying forensics hopefully able to apply some of the knowledge

[@xxxalphaeverythingxxx8489]

Are you going to take blood spatter analysis? Are you Dexter Morgan?

[@shizzle7642]

Since hearing for years about the correlation between severe chronic depression and pain, I’d love to have him school me in what is happening there since no other physician can!!

[@jled1995]

Wow! I came across y’all’s channel and I am learning more than I did in nursing school in 1995! I wish I would have been taught by y’all then! You make it make so much sense!

[@collywobs]

I love that ‘I don’t want to say pain is in your head but pain IS Only in your head’. As a doctor in UK I tread carefully when speaking to patients because they can quickly assume you are dismissing them and that their symptoms are all in the mind. I find it useful to discuss how local anaesthetics, which in my opinion are ‘wonder drugs’, work. Love these videos❤😊

[@cavok1984]

I wish you guys had taught me at school. I want to say this was the most interesting video I have seen you do, but I'd be lying! I absolutely love all the content you show us. I always find myself re-watching videos. Keep up the great work fellas. All the best

[@mpumelelokhumalo8717]

When he said: "... and this is what separates the frontal lobe--" I literally thought: "-- from the backal lobe" Now I see why I got bad grades😂😂😂😂😂🚮

[@darionclub2158]

🤣

[@KaylaThePisces]

😂

[@dolkarsy5576]

That was funny 😁

[@thehutch7728]

😂😂😂 that was great!

[@emmaclarke6104]

Omg hahahahaha 🤣🤣🤣

[@sarahfuller8048]

Absolutely love these videos. Been binge watching since I found them a couple days ago. You guys are fantastic

[@JenaTuckerAquariums]

This is my favorite one so far. I suffer pain daily. Our brains are fascinating!! I really enjoyed this!! Great teaching 👍

[@vickyj2882]

Feel Pain, Contemplate Pain, Accept Pain, Know Pain.

[@justinjones7411]

This World Shall Know Pain, Almighty Push!

[@BerdineGuinness]

The nervous system was my nemesis when studying!!! This has just put the light bulb on it! Thank you so much best teaching ever!

[@GMPranav]

Props to the brain for taking all the organs' pain upon itself. Truly a leader.

[@smileymichele]

Really interesting video and explains so much about pain. I have three chronic pain disorders and one is from abdominal surgeries and that caused chronic nerve damage pain. I am on morphine patches to cope. It all started when I was 22 and I'm 35 now.

[@mrgreed711]

“This world shall know pain, almighty push“ - some crazy ninja

[@sharmilashaik8814]

pain

[@privateuser4432]

I absolutely love this channel! I am always enthralled!!!!! Thank you!!!

[@martymorse2]

I had a traumatic spinal cord injury at the age of 21 following an off road motorcycle accident.I fell over 70 feet and it took two hours of yelling for help. I committed the first rule of off road motorcycling:"never ride alone in the woods." Rehab went well and I started my new life in a wheelchair. For the first 20 years all was good except for inconsistent burning (phantom pain) in my legs from my incomplete injury. At 22 years post injury the pain ramped up significantly. Started having burning all across my torso and legs. Doctor finally ordered an MRI of my Cervical and Thoracic spine. Seems that the surgeon on the night I got hurt who operated on me did a shoddy job. At the age of 42 I was diagnosed with Syringomyelia. My spinal fluid was leaking at T-12, L-1 and the fluid was hyper exciting my sensory neurons(burning pain throughout my torso and legs) and killing my motor neurons. Following my first laminectomy I lost all muscle function below my waist and it ramped up my sense of pain. I could not tolerate any breezes or Air Conditioning from vents that touched the hairs on my arms and chest where it triggered off goose bumps the size of blueberries. I underwent four surgeries(Laminectomies.) The first three failed and the third provided relief for two years. I was able to go back to work during that time but then I started having balance and hearing problems on my left side. Turned out I had a large, benign brain tumor that was growing rapidly and crushing other parts of my brain(thalamus.) Following radiation to kill the tumor it triggered Central Pain Syndrome. After living a very active life as a world class wheelchair athlete and then as a coach at the Olympics and Paralympics. I would not wish this kind of constant burning and tremors on anyone(other than Donald Trump who needs to be humbled.) My life since radiation has left me confined at home where my entire life is geared towards avoiding any kind of breeze or noxious stimulation. I remain a coach internationally but at a very reduced level coaching online. Thank you for this insightful talk. Your talk brought back memories of when I got a crash course on neurophysiology, pain and the constant burning that comes with Central Pain Syndrome and Syringomyelia. All the best to you in 2023 and thank you for such an easy to understand anatomy and physiology presentation. Be safe.

[@westfield90]

So much respect to the countless brilliant people who figured all of this out over the hundreds of years with many of these structures and processes that can’t even be seen.

[@justaclone7439]

Another aspect of all of this that interests me in particular is how pain effects people like myself with nerve damage due to a spinal cord injury and how pain from pin sticks to sharp or burning pain to numbness can be falsely generated and manifest in a leg or foot or thigh or anywhere even when there is no injury to that area.

[@raynic1173]

But it is still alerting you to the problem, the pinched nerve.

[@justaclone7439]

@@raynic1173 Well the nerve is no longer pinched per se, I've had 2 spinal fusion surgeries fusing 3 levels together as well as a laminotomy, foraminotomy and discectomy at the level above that and there's no longer any impinged nerves or spinal slippage or stenosis but the damage to the spinal cord from the initial injury, the initial impingement and the resulting surgeries left permanent damage that still sends messed up signals to both legs in different areas to varying degrees. There's nothing that can be done to fix that really at this point but it has lessened a bit with rehab and time over the last few years but I don't think it will ever fully go away just because of the damage that was done to the spinal cord and the scar tissue that resulted from everything.

[@raynic1173]

@@justaclone7439 dang bro, I understand your interest in clones now.

[@justaclone7439]

@@raynic1173 lmao yeah I need to harvest a new body

[@eclectichoosier5474]

It's like having phone system where wires control phones - but you have some insulation rubbed off in the neighborhood exchange box. One of them touches a live wire, and the exchange thinks there's a call, when nobody has actually picked up a phone. I have a similar problem, and once in a while, I will feel bees stinging my feet, or water running down my leg. (Of course, there's nothing actually there, but it sure feels like it.)

[@lauriehunecke9509]

I could listen to you guys teach ALL DAY LONG!!!! Love it💕.

[@BrandyBoo81]

Dude. You’ve won like awards for this stuff, right? Like the best explainer ever? If not, here’s one: 🥇

[@theanatomylab]

Thanks! I really appreciate it!

[@wandaperi]

@@theanatomylab Reddit has award system

[@remotelyanonymous]

Describing gyri and sulci as mountains and valleys is probably the best description I’ve ever heard

[@thesaucyvegan4494]

Love all the information surrounding neuroscience and how the brain works, it's very very fascinating! When you get a chance to please upload more content about these... I'd love to learn more :)

[@missyd0g2]

Unfortunately I have neuropathy from damaged nerves from L3 to S1. The pain feeling unbearable without medication. Did do a spinal cord stimulator implanted to help a little bit. Walking is very difficult and cold weather or blowing of cold air is extremely painful. Some nerves have recovered and others not. Nice video

[@tylerdurden4618]

I know what you're going through, and it's absolutely not just in the mind.

[@edwardbustamante5951]

Right

[@tgbluewolf]

Speaking of amputees' phantom pain, as someone with an ostomy I theorized--and confirmed--that there's also a thing called phantom rectum, where there's the feeling of having to pass a rectal bowel movement even when the rectum isn't connected to the rest of the colon or is removed altogether. I got my stoma just over two months ago and I'm still sometimes experiencing this phantom rectum sensation. 🤯

[@mutebanshee]

Help it's 5.56 am and I'm still watching this channel (amazing job guys! It's one of my new favourite channels for sure!)

[@enjeroz]

Due to a surgery and sarcoidosis, I have a partial lesion in spinal cord from my neck down. Because it is in the rear end of the spinalcord, only the up going information is cut. So I don't feel pain and touch. Except if I cut myself very deep, it tickels. It was very hard in the beginning to get used to this. You can't imagine how often you cut yourself, step into something sharp or grab something hot. Even coffee is a challenge. Or think about walking. My legs work but I can only walk if I see the floor. In the dark it is impossible. Think about grabbing something out of your pocket. I can't do it without looking. I even had my pants fallen down and never noticed it.

[@poojaprabhath3047]

Omg... I cannot even imagine how hard it must be for you. Inspite of everything, Im sure you r very brave and very very strong. Sending lots of love, prayers and warm wishes❤

[@enjeroz]

@@poojaprabhath3047 thanks. It was hard. But to he honost. I'm very happy. The alternative outcome was death. So this is a small price to pay. It had an impact on my life but not on who I am.

[@mkmllrc]

@@enjeroz but u arent afraid of death right?

[@enjeroz]

@@mkmllrc yes I was. And sometimes it stil comes to me. But I'm still here and I don't want to waste that time being afraid. I have servere panic attacks but they don't define me anymore. The panic attacks didn't go away but I'm not afraid anymore. It took years. So I'm not saying that it is easy to overcome. Fear is real.

[@spikeybunny6577]

@@enjeroz Considering all you’ve been through and your lack of physical pain in important places, I imagine that fear is good in your case? I hope it’s only healthy fear these days and helps to only prevent you from damaging yourself further…. I can’t imagine how complicated all of this has been for you. Most people would likely crawl back inside and try to avoid everything, but it sounds like you have a great head on your shoulders and a fighting spirit! Best wishes and Good on You!

[@xojaggediciclexo86]

This video was fascinating. I have Spina Bifida. So seeing the brain and spine and how the signals travel from one to the other is super cool! I love learning on this channel :)

[@hayleyrogers2467]

This is by far one of the best videos on your channel, so cool to be able to nerd out about this stuff !!

[@sk84lifedb]

Was just in a bad wreck. Chest neck and upper back are screaming. This video is much needed

[@A_Dopamine_Molecule]

If pain was about 10% of what it is, it'd be more than enough and it would still serve its purpose... All I can say. It's like it's either too much or not enough.

[@joeyjohnson4826]

What's even more difficult is that sufficient for everybody LOL me I'm a big tough guy I hate pain i will reach for the whiskey bottle pain pills as soon as possible LOL my little tiny wife she has a tremendous threshold to pain it takes a lot before it stops her lol and I was only kidding I don't take pain pills they constipate me I hate those damn things LOL and my wife won't let me drink whiskey🤣

[@ophelia.artaud]

I think mild pain is too easy to ignore. Intense pain will stop you by force. Like i had torn cartilage in my knee- the pain was so bad I couldn't walk on it for weeks. But that's what kept it healing instead of me damaging it continually by trying to walk on it, so it's good that the pain was impossible to ignore. There's an evolutionary advantage there for sure.

[@mbvoelker8448]

No.Last week I pushed through the pain on my finger that was warning me that a blister was forming on my finger because I needed just one one more cut with the tin snips. With reduced pain levels like you're suggesting I'd have a bleeding hole in that finger,not a deep, broken blister. We NEED strong warning against damaging ourselves.

[@bleach4052]

More pain means more fear of getting hurt. So by that less chances of you getting into dangerous situations

[@minigirl6379]

KimuTone- You couldn't be more ignorant on this topic if you tried. Educate yourself before posting again. Thanks.

[@fvckyoutubescensorshipandt2718]

9:20 I always wondered if the folds are unique like fingerprints or if they are more or less the same. I've never had the time to dissect many human brains to check.

[@dulcineasoto4718]

The main structures like the central and lateral sulci are constant, and theres a good amount of constant gyri as well, but there are few irregular ones

[@diondepp]

All the folds are named but there is very strong variability in exactly how the little folds appear, it’s like as different as faces. We all see the main parts, but yet they’re all different

[@gabecruz2794]

I love the emphasis on pain is generated in the head at the end. Some of the best research about chronic pain being associated with depression and anxiety is being done right now. Such a complex area of study especially when a lot of these patients have no real clear cause for the pain in the first place.

[@DMWB57]

Chicken or the egg theory? As a cp sufferer since age 21, now age 56, I would say that constant daily physical pain causes depression, not the other way around. In fact it's amazing how a person that has chronic pain can even laugh or enjoy life at all, but we do despite the greatly diminished lifestyle. Most of us are super strong mentally because we have to be. However, I enjoyed life more when I was able to lower the pain level w/opiate medication prescribed from a physician. Those days are gone thanks to pseudo science anti-opioid zealots who've destroyed medical care forever for their purpose of suing pharma companies (pain patients, scapegoats) to make billions in profit. And doctors have gone to prison & lost their livelihood too due to mass hysteria created by these evil actors who used the media to brainwash. Anyways comments like yours really sets me off down this tangent of truth. I've lost several friends due to suicide and heart attacks when they were cruelly force tapered/cut off by their supposed 'empathetic' physicians in order to save opioid (tolerant, not addicted) patients from an overdose? The patients that lost any mobility they had due to fear of addiction? I could go on and on about this Human Right's disaster to the lives (and families) of pain patients. Interesting how even more overdose deaths have occurred on the streets since they got rid of legit pain pills? Fentanyl, pressed into fake pills now kill many more teens, and adults addicted to opioids and the pain patients just continue to suffer in silence. Now that regular people are starting to suffer after major surgery or injuries due to less pain control, slowly people are waking up. However, it's doubtful the pendulum will ever swing enough the other direction to ever make up for the damage created from PROP & The (2016) CDC Opioid Guidelines. All of it goes back to greed as the primary objective. All of it.

[@ChillGuy511]

One of the best channels on KZbin! You've help kindle my interest in biology again! Thank you so much!!

[@hiscondition6007]

Wow, you sound so interested and an expert in the anatomy of the body and how it works. You're awesome dude!

[@Fee-Fee]

Great video! Pain is real and if it is chronic it changes the person in many ways.

[@barbaraburton8914]

It changes everything. I've had chronic pain since I was in my 20''s. I was in 2 car accidents. I no longer remember being pain free. It changes you physically and emotionally. I would love to have even a day or 2 pain free.

[@emilieshamy]

Have you done a video on epilepsy and other neurological issues yet? I hope someday you guys make one. I have epilepsy and would love to learn more! Learning from you guys is so satisfying!

[@jopainting1668]

I am so thankful for y'all making these videos and letting me watch them! I was home schooled and wish so badly I would have had these videos for my science and anatomy lessons!

[@bionicmaleficent]

I wish your instructors could do a video on the sympathetic and parasymopathetic nervous systems. I'm a chronic pain sufferer, for over a decade now and have had a spinal cord stimulator implant placed at the T8. Due to injections over time, they discovered that this could be the only partial resolution for some of my issues, but only on the lower half of my body. That is until there is more testing, placement and studies done for the upper body and placed in the cervical spine. I would absolutely love for your instructors to do a segment on this, as your breakdown and although using medical terminology, it's still understood by the layman.

[@Josh-rn1em]

Gabbapentin helped me slow down and calm my nervous system after i weaned off opiates. Wish i knew before. So much pain and crap

[@vaccinefraud5570]

Why T8? Known traumatic injury? If not then the parasympathetic association via chiropractic would assign that to the spleen or diphragm. Got Hiatal Hernia? Never forget the even a heart attack can refer pain to a completely different part of the body so this could be as simple as an entrapped vagus nerve in the opening of the diaphragm. But in chiropractic they always think one vertebrae above or below. T7 = pancreas or duodenum. T9 = adrenals. The Lovett Brother counter-rotary effect says that T8 can refer pain to T3 but the reverse can happen as well. T3 parasympathetic association is the lungs. Could it be the lungs or that pesky diaphragm again? T2 (one above) is the heart. T4 = gallbladder. Any one or combination of these organs reporting through the System Status Board of the spine can cause debilitating pain to try to get your attention that something is wrong with the guts. Conversely the sympathetic ennervation of the gallbladder runs all the way up to T2. So, while the chiropractors might tell you that you have sinus problems because T2 is out a surgeon will tell you that they want to take out your gallbladder... The reasons there are no answers in allopathy is that they either know but refuse to tell you, or they don't have a clue. Most of them treat for pre and post ganglionic nerve pain when the root cause is inflammatory nerve pain. That's the difference between Apples and Orangutans.

[@kat1984]

I have crps in both legs and I can honestly say that nerve pain/neuropathy can be unbearable and incredibly difficult to treat.

[@sciencescience7102]

Kathryn, I have crps in both arms. You and I are unusual cases of an already rare disease, because crps is typically unilateral. I hope you are doing well in the battle against crps. ❤️❤️❤️❤️

[@KatySueWho]

@@sciencescience7102I’m so sorry for you both! I also have CRPS. Mine started in one foot but has been spreading up my leg and to my other foot. But it’s definitely worst in the first foot. I would really like to see if this doctor would do a full video about it. I wonder if medical autopsies have been done on any CRPS patients to study this disorder.

[@Kidat4ft]

Love watching videos like this on the human body. Been tryna figure out what’s going on with my body since my paralysis back in 2018

[@BonnieBonnie-bh6td]

I’m going into anatomy class next year and by watching all of your videos about the human body, I’ll be so far ahead in my class 😊. Thank you for making these amazing videos.

[@painwarriorprincess5120]

Very interesting! I'm looking forward to your video on opiate therapy. Pain perception is such a mystery and many things affect it in each person. I saw a movie once where the main character didn't feel pain. While that can present some problems, I really wished I could turn on that disorder for a few hours or so per day.

[@brianbanks3044]

one thing i found as I get older with my nerves, certain temperatures are way more sensitive in my body than beforehand....i notice that the hot tub, set at 98 degrees feels extremely hot when i get in just like when I go into a pool when it is 75 feels like ice water.....i am pretty sure it is age related but it has become more noticeable in the past few yrs....i guess my nerve endings are getting more sensitive, I hope, as I age

[@MeltedMask]

It's complicated. That kind of feelings have so many variables that co-regulate each other. It depends amounts of muscles and fat ( basic metabolic rate, more muscles more heat) If you lose muscles and fat, cold feels harsher and vice versa. Temperature of air. When ones moves quickly between hot to cold state, it's feel harsher. Endocrinology problems like dysfunctional thyroid can effect feelings of temperature. And your thoughts can regulate huge amount of how you feel temperature. Here in Nord we have very seasonal year. In summer when I go first time to swim in lake or river, it feels shocking. But after while, if I repeat same action about once a week, you know that cool water temperature don't harm you. And your body don't react so much any more.

[@cq9882]

Brilliant as always. I have chronic pain, which is pretty bad. Watching this was a very positive experience. Thank You.

[@voltpleiar]

As a med student, I find your videos to be very helpful! Keep it up mate!

[@krissybufton]

Thank you so much for another video on the brain. I commented a while ago about my daughter who has lissencephaly, and all these videos about the brain really help me understand her super unique brain and what sort of things she’s missing from having a smooth brain !

[@ravendecoux]

This is a really cool, informative video! I have a question, does pain tolerance increase or decrease as we get older? I’ve seen arguments for both and I’m curious if physical pain will be more painful one day than it is now? I’m aware our bones and immune systems become weaker. Does that mean that the pain receptors would also be less likely to pick up anything from chronic pain to bumps and bruises?

[@hollieridge9864]

Every time you touch the nerves in the forearm I can feel it! This is a great channel for my emt class

[@noandno8707]

Excellent videos sir. Unbelievable knowledge this guy has. My wife has been watching nonstop (ER Nurse going for NP).

[@hiefia8568]

I learnt brain anatomy easier in this video even though I have read the whole book. I like the way everything flows so that you can picture it.

[@dianakapapero9638]

Everytime I watch this channel I’m enlightened ♥️♥️♥️♥️

[@TAROTAI]

That's a high-register word & is being used improperly - enlightened; one feels uncomfortable at being in a position that shows up his/her ignorance - that's what it means in the context of _learning_

[@olafelsberry420]

Justin will always be bad ass to me, I’ll always listen to this wonderful fella because I hear his passion for education.

[@bryanMangabang]

less than a minute into the video I already learned something. difference between anatomy, physiology and pathology. great content as always!

[@cajunyokai]

As someone who suffers from chronic pain in multiple areas of my body, this video actually made me wonder if there is more to my pain than just the site of my pain being stressed. In other words, are some chronic pain issues simply a misfiring or chemical imbalance of the brain in which the neurons, and in return the brain, perceives pain when there may not actually be a reason for the pain? I have to wonder about this because I've had chronic pain from childhood and I am still battling with doctors to figure out why I am in pain. I've been told for years that there is no reason for my pain. However, I am still in pain so there has to be a reason that pain exists.

[@downhomesunset]

My doctor told me that it doesn’t matter if science says pain is in your head. Theoretically everything goes back to the brain. You’re still feeling the pain and you deserve not to feel it.

[@SubKween]

Have you been ruled out for fibromyalgia? If not, it might be something to look into.

[@vaccinefraud5570]

@@downhomesunset reposting my reply from another comment: FM is congested lymphatics recruiting muscles to act in their capacity as passive pumps to move the unmoveable so that the swelling of the lymph against the nerves and the spasm of the muscle entraps the nerves and amplifies the pain. You won't find that explanation anywhere but here. Lyme = spirochetes are ANCIENT organisms that lead to nearly every named disease, so FM, CFS (often those two are associated) and the unholy trinity of MCS are all related to the same causal agents. It would be best to ask him to cover the lymphatic system if they haven't done that in the past. It is the single most ignored topic in medicine because it allows them to keep us sick while shrugging and saying: We don't know what causes it - let me refer you to a psychologist....

[@vaccinefraud5570]

Reposting from my main comment that usually never shows because I'm shay dough bahned: Nearly all MDs are imbeciles that inflict their purposely singular approach to pre and post synaptic nerve pain with its 'treatment' from drugs to such medievil (Medi Evil?) torture such as cutting nerves, all the while either criminally ignorant of or purposely ignoring that inflammatory nerve pain is totally different and COMPLETELY UNRESPONSIVE TO ALL ALLOPATHIC INTERVENTION. This took me 4 years to put together to attempt to help someone with post-hepatic nerve pain untouchable by 8 years of practicing idiots. Judging from a small sampling of 2020 comments posted here I would imagine that there are a host of other victims of these industrial lies. ========================================= Two types of pain. Multiple CAUSES. Find the root cause, eliminate it, treat the type.

[@dominikorl2122]

“The world shall know pain”

[@arkapravaghosh7949]

Thank you , you are truly passionate in what you do regardless of the subject matter.

[@lindajohnson2149]

After enduring years of pain, I've learned to say "Thank you body for reminding me to pay closer attention to what my cells are trying to tell me to support better." I've also learned that my body doesn't have a deficiency of any particular synthetic drug. it's always best to go to addressing the root cause and wow how wonderful it is when one's medical Dr also works with you in that, too, compared to being a lazy pill pusher. We deserve better, right?

[@jamesron5625]

Thank you for picking someone's brain for our education!

[@YeshuaisYahwah]

The fact that there using real body parts is very fascinating.

[@Tube12111]

Really well done. Perhaps the best KZbin learning video on the subject imho.

[@clake.]

what are dreams from and how do they happen? what do they mean and how do they work ??

[@mariakerberus1017]

Does the opioid effect lead, atleast in part, to the response of slipping into shock and, perhaps, even unconsciousness, during or after a serious traumatic injury? Has there been a video on the shock response yet??? 😗 because if not, it would go perfectly hand-in-hand with this new video! 👍😉

[@prapanthebachelorette6803]

Interesting

[@Vantas_Black]

As someone with fibromyalgia and possible artritis... This is awesome. I learned a lot

[@cherylparker6799]

I too have fibromyalgia as of 2011...it is no joke...thankful the medical field is now taking us seriously...i also have neuropathy from cancer treatment...anytime the weather changes, more to cold, as in snow, i get nightmarish flare up...today we are having Colorado mnt blizzards so its very bad...thankful for these young men insight...sooo extremely intelligent

[@Vantas_Black]

@@cherylparker6799 damn... I feel you yet, I hope both of us get better... Bc im also having a flare up right now with migraine too... :'/ im thankful too that is getting more visibility. Also im thinking of studying on the medical or research field in order to see If I can find better medications and treatments for people like us :') because I know there's no correct treatment or one that takes all of the symptoms away when they flare UP :( Edit: I know flare ups suck but, I hope it ends or gets better soon... Take care please :(

[@alwayslookonthelightsideof2268]

great video learnt something from this video - I am in constant pain, hiatus hernia, headache, and skin itching and pain leading to severe depression so trying to understand whats happening. Thanks.

[@frenchjr25]

Would love to see a video on hyperparathyroidism and what it does to the body

[@akazienblute4491]

The parathyroidea produces the parathormone. This hormone increases the level of extracellular calcium. It does this by enhancing the resorption of calcium in the gut and kidney and by activating osteoclasts. Osteoclasts are makrophages that break down the bone matrix to release calcium. Hyperparathyreoidism can be caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, liver and kidney disease, malabsorption of calcium, adenoma of the parathyreoid etc. Summa summarum Hyperparathyreoidism leads to osteoporosis.

[@frenchjr25]

@@akazienblute4491 I'd like to see what it physically does to the body.

[@vaccinefraud5570]

I used to read pathophysiology texts cover-to-cover. When I got to the parathyroid section I came out stupider than before I read it. It is clear that they either don't know how it works or they're purposely hiding it. The only thing looking into that topic did for me is discover that the C-Cells (calcitonin cells) are nested inside the thyroid gland and that they are never spoken of in any meaningful way either.