The Ancient City That Mastered Water

[@primalspace]

Who has been to the Alhambra? - Shoutout to Opera for sponsoring this video. Click here opr.as/11-Opera-browser-primalspace to upgrade your browser for FREE!

[@pyeitme508]

No

[@LuisSierra42]

I haven't been there but I played Blasphemous

[@rxpe]

LOLL the segue

[@marnez_]

Hundreds of times, im from Granada 🗿, and i have to tell you that the video have littles lacks of information, but nothing really important so overall, its a very well made video

[@grndkntrl]

Nah. Opera sucks since they sold out to a CCP controlled "investment company". Vivaldi browser is better and is made by the original developers of Opera.

[@jonahjerryson4913]

That whirlpool one was pure genius. Who could have thought of that

[@primalspace]

Such an interesting element. Thank you for watching and good luck in the giveaway!

[@ASDasdSDsadASD-nc7lf]

Obviously a genius. The nowadays genius's didn't just appear by magic.

[@Mahim-pd8kp]

minecraft soulsand elevator

[@polskiobywatel553]

Doesn't it break the law of conservation of energy? You literally add energy to the water by raising its height seemingly for free.

[@hepcecob]

@@polskiobywatel553 Yeah, in another comment they did confirm that much of the water is siphoned off, and much more water is required to raise a small portion.

[@superhirni6816]

To me the most impressive piece of engineering is how they raised the water 6m higher, by mixing it with air, thus making it lighter. Its truely amazing they came up with this so many centuries ago.

[@MGrey-qb5xz]

You say that like it's common knowledge among modern plumbers, most of them are trash

[@leoulouchlamperz1055]

We underestimated our past

[@azhaar113]

​@@ikk_ikk good post. Few things though. Hadith correctness starts with Sahih. Which means it's authentic. 2nd. The prohibition of writing down prophet's saying was lifted later when Prophet realised it's importance. He said don't write it down together but write it down separately. Written down Hadith did exist but just like the Quran the main method of transmission is oral. And Buhari compiled various Hadith. Which means it existed.

[@alistairbeveridge2753]

You’d automatically imagine with evolution humanity would grow in knowledge and skills , instead we’ve went backwards, or, the present is engineered to maintain a level of fear in society’s around the world .

[@azhaar113]

@alistairbeveridge2753 there is no evolution. It's just a flimsy theory. Every evidence is against it.

[@motourvlogs7546]

The fact they were able to calculate the right diameter of the pipes for the whirlpool effect and execute it successfully is just mind blowing for that era🤯

[@kjellg6532]

Probably no whirlpool at all. Look up Trompe at Wikipedia, an old air compressor driven by water.

[@aoeu256]

There is also a lot of hidden knowledge that was forgotten I bet. The engineers learnt their stuff from ancient greece and alexandria and rome, they had plenty of time to experiment. They didn't have distractions, maybe, since the women wore veils.

[@divinecreation6]

​@@aoeu256no hidden knowledge. Engineers today have 100x knowledge and have done way more impressive things😊

[@zarakl821]

@@aoeu256yeah and where did that studying get them, they still got conquered by the then unhygienic and semi civilized Spaniards

[@X3S000]

@@aoeu256😂😂

[@ReneDiazJD]

The engineering of the Lion Fountain is so impressive. I toured the Alhambra Palace as an 18 year old, about 40 years ago, and I was impressed with it even then, but I had no idea of their true engineering prowess.

[@nadjibdjebara7749]

Same here unc i went there before 10 years and wow It was a very charming Place for sure … But he didn’t mention that the sun shines every day from a different window inside the palace

[@aqua_noob15]

this type of engineering is mind blowing. When the 12 lions spewed out water every hour to represent time, it really fascinated me. Truly a remarkable feet of engineering. Love your videos primal space!

[@primalspace]

Remarkable indeed. I'm so glad that you enjoyed the video. Thanks for watching and good luck in the giveaway!

[@2adamast]

It's weird, because time was seen from dawn to dusk, there is a marked difference between winter and summer solstice

[@johnstarkie9948]

Feat.

[@toykthetoker7174]

Should let the man use feet 😂🎉 bet people love him for it​@@johnstarkie9948

[@zubair8378]

@@johnstarkie9948 He likes Feet.

[@karavind7814]

The whirlpool for creating a low pressure area, is truly mind blowing. Always loved your videos for the quality and information. There's always something new to learn. Keep up the work

[@primalspace]

So glad you enjoyed the video. Thanks for watching and good luck in the giveaway!

[@martin-vv9lf]

how is the energy conserved with it? surely much of the water must be lost, like a blake hydraulic ram. as described it sounds like a perpetual motion machine, because you could collect the raised water and drive a generator with it.

[@ArgonZavious]

6m of head is good for a modern electric pump. This is a lot bigger then then just something neat.

[@primalspace]

You are correct in that only a portion of the water makes it up to the top. There was an exit channel on the top and bottom containers where excess water would pour out.

[@hepcecob]

@@primalspace Yeah, would be great if you could revisit this mechanism, that's a huge portion to leave out.

[@245trichlorophenate]

"Inside the fountain was an early version of the Opera web browser" bro 💀

[@Dumbledore6969x]

Smart Tube + Sponsor Block. I don’t see ads or sponsor segments 😎

[@ethanmartinez808]

​@@Dumbledore6969x hell yeah

[@fabianluethi03]

​@@Dumbledore6969xReVanced xD

[@theunknown21329]

KZbin ads in the 13th century💀

[@Liselek1369]

when you see oper browesr everywhere and you know it is from polish

[@adnanmusic9658]

What I liked the most about Granada’s water structure is the esthetics that’s always present. Reflecting beside the scientific methods, technical dexterity and innovation, their work has an art, a philosophy of beauty and devine proportions.

[@bernhardtrian7471]

Their overall architectual design is called Moorish style - I like it very much

[@kieranmortimer5884]

I am an Architect and had not heard anything about this - mind you I live in Western Canada! This is a beautiful complex -it is insane to think of the sheer focus it would take to create something like this Architecturally, let alone the advanced hydrological engineering going on as well! My thesis project was on bathhouses so naturally hearing about the thermal baths made me happy, such lovely light in those spaces with their mass masonry and punched domes. Thanks for this :)

[@salmaansheek6110]

Because it was Muslims who achieved these. Something the west does not prefers to leave out

[@mgigelli820]

That sound logical considering that not ONE, university or art, architecture and landscape school in Western Europe recognizes even the existance of such a thing as Islamic art and architecture, let alone teaches about them. Not in my time anyway, I am 55 and studied, woked and taught in 4 different Western Europen higher educational institutions (Universities, Art achools, schools of architecture and landscape.) it is so strange, and very STUPID at the same time.

[@Qaiser7845]

R U an architect really 😂

[@philljustphill1656]

​@@mgigelli820oprresive islamic regimes and terror tactics got anything to do with it?

[@PVmedia1]

Building that system to raise the water levels what’s great but the clock one is most amazing for me.

[@gamingforyou2033]

As a history and civil engineering student, this video greatly interested me! Especially the last part where they managed to transport the water upwards using a whirlpool and its generated air bubbles shows how much we can still learn from engineers who came before us!

[@vincentkosgei7166]

Aeration of water

[@rxonmymind8362]

​@@vincentkosgei7166To keep the soldiers from getting fat they got diet water. Air bubble water.😂

[@maliciousrobot9595]

This was probably one of the invention's that were made using "In vino veritas".

[@vincentkosgei7166]

@@maliciousrobot9595 by Romans,not muslims

[@RC-br1ps]

Brilliant.

[@nirmalprevin]

The intricate calculations required for the amount of water flowing through each pipe and that to hundreds of years ago truly shows how skilled the architects were. Truly inspiring

[@2adamast]

Maybe just drilling an extra hole every hour? But looking at the design, the bowl becomes wider in height making the water rising slower, and the number of holes leaking increases, making the precision on the late hours much more problematic

[@galibmahfuzullah6152]

@@2adamast they actually compensated that, btw flow was controlled by a rotating wood valve that needed replacement every few years that controlled flow rate

[@morriganmhor5078]

And what is so special in comparison to Roman aquaducts and fountains?

[@GoodBaleadaMusic]

Islamic architects. Africans and Muslims brought plumbing to europe. And bathing. And reading.

[@cartercasias6318]

@@GoodBaleadaMusic 😂

[@CyberscoutX]

This is the best model of the Alhambra I’ve ever seen! I live in Spain and have visited the Alhambra many times-it's incredible-but the way you’ve visualized the entire system is truly impressive. I’m particularly amazed by the whirlpool system that elevates water 6 meters high. I’m still in awe of the physics knowledge people had during that era.

[@oussamasassi668]

Are you from andalusia ?

[@CyberscoutX]

@@oussamasassi668 Catalonia

[@W4LTERED-cw8su]

i went to al hambra with my family once and it is still in my top 10 for the most beautiful places ive been

[@primalspace]

So glad to hear that it's just as amazing in person. Thank you for watching and good luck in the giveaway!

[@zenmoto369]

I drive an Alhambra

[@Hudpix16]

*Alhambra

it's on my bucket list now ! amazing !!

[@johnkonstantin4277]

What is THE most beautiful place?

[@aimalkhan9172]

Al-Andalus was very advanced for its time in engineering and other areas. They excelled in things like irrigation, architecture, and medicine, making them better than others of their era. The Alhambra is a great example of their impressive engineering and beautiful design.

[@07mk07]

i agree

[@redman_the_man]

​@PVPTawa in that case, we would see many other buildings similar to Alhambra. But reality says otherwise. The moors used ancient Roman infrastructure, but also developed a more advanced system.

[@azedineacem]

@@PVPTawa sick of islamophobia

[@PVPTawa]

@@redman_the_man We wouldn't see more of them because a palace is the kind of building nobles build to flex their wealth, not the kind of building that helps or is needed by a city, there are examples of things like it all around Europe, built by nobles with too much money and time, during times of relative peace. These buildings take a long time to complete (over a century in many cases, including this one) and considering how turbulent the periods before were (fall of western Roman empire, Visigoth arrival, Visigoth civil war, Muslim invasion) there just wasn't much time to build this kind of building, this area in the extreme south of Iberia benefited from relative peace for a couple centuries as the Christians had been pushed to the north, in addition, at the point the Christians arrived here they were okay with just taking tribute from them in exchange for allowing their stay, until the king of Castille decided to form Spain that is, at which point they were all kicked out and the Spanish golden age started. Doesn't change the fact that it was only possible because of the pre-existing water channels and plumbing that I'm sure also taught a lot to the invaders.

[@criminalsyst9389]

@@PVPTawasource trust me bro 😂 u relly dont like how muslim build this

[@rajdharmendra5253]

The whirlpool pressurization mechanism is just brilliant engineering. Remarkable!

[@josdesouza]

Brains are more important when one doesn't have much technology at reach.

[@farhanrejwan]

@@josdesouza true indeed.

[@ximono]

@@josdesouza I think it even forces one to be more creative.

[@Dr.Snooze-gt5yg]

What if the ocean can fill dry river systems and fill rivers with ocean fish, and your pool, and then put dolphin in your pool to keep the water stirred and have a pet : ) Then you need ocean grass for your yard

[@myself248]

It's a trompe powering an airlift pump. Both of these things are well documented, if OP would just use their names, it would enable viewers to easily learn more about them.

[@GlobalSecularism]

The engineering behind the lion's clock is mind blowing. The accuracy of the calculation is out of this world. Sad though that this is not in any teaching syllabus.

[@juleswifey6003]

I'm sure you can imagine why too

[@PinkeySuavo]

probably trial and error, they had some hourglasses with sand and they waited proper amount of time to see how much water gets in

[@zak_258]

The fountain clock mechanism was also clever. Looks like a Fibonacci spiral!

[@primalspace]

Clever indeed. Thanks for watching and good luck in the giveaway.

[@BenCos2018]

I hadn't even noticed that neat

[@OrbisTertiusChannel]

No, it just looks like an ordinary spiral. Why do you say it is a Fibonacci spiral?

[@eds02]

Idk you don’t have to be that smart to do it, but the final whirl pool that raised the water up to the soldiers is incredible when you think that someone came up with that in the 1200s

[@Bizz004]

@@OrbisTertiusChannel Assuming constant water flow, since the portion of the fountain that contains the water does not have a constant width, it means the hight difference between the different holes increases from top to bottom in order to have equal volume. It does not have to be exactly Fibonacci, but I wouldn't be surprised if it was.

[@mitwhitgaming7722]

It always amazes me how ancient plumbing is.

[@stant7122]

I wonder if it's full of mold

[@DeletedDevilDeletedAngel]

@@stant7122 if it is then the water wouldnt be so clean and they would solve the problem over like the course of 200 years

[@AG-eb8yy]

@@stant7122it’s constantly running, indefinitely. Mold like mildew only grows in standing water, if the water isn’t still it doesn’t have a chance to grow.

[@richardlee5084]

Necessity is the mother of all invention and water is the most important thing

[@busterbiloxi3833]

Your brain is full of mold.

[@mohammedreyhana.r.715]

As a 9th grader, I was doing a project in which I should use the least amount of electricity to run a building. So my idea was to make some structural changes to the building in a way in which almost no electricity is used for running the building. I searched for many way on how a water pump without electricity would work, and this video helped a ton in my research! The water pumping part was really mind blowing...thank u for this video😃

[@kjellg6532]

But remember, you need horses to add lifting energy to this “pump”. Your building can be run with no electricity at all. Just a huge fire in the boilerroom in the basement and oil lamps. This was the case in say1850.

[@Dennis19901]

A steam engine / pump would be significantly more effective than using a horse, and it doesn't require electricity either.

[@roryross3878]

Burning fuel on site to power systems I think is missing the point of low-electricity unless the exercise was not conservation but utilize pre-electrification methods.

[@Asrashas]

Have a look at ram pumps, if you'd like to see another alternative.

[@kjellg6532]

@@Asrashas No, a ram pump need some head to work. If you had 6 m head, you would not need any pump at all. With a Trompe+air lifting pump, you need next to no head at all, just some flow.

[@rosalielines1801]

I traveled to Alhambra in Granada when I was a teenager back in ‘84. I was wowed by the simple yet still miraculous engineering from so long ago. Time to go back with husband and kids so they can be wowed too. This video is so very well made. Thanks for the lovely overview.

[@SPQRCJ97]

I had a roommate once who is crying because his subject fluid dynamics was really hard with of the fancy calculators, online tutorials had and these guys granada guys just build this marvel out of pure ingenuity

[@citizaniac149]

They had the abacus. Maybe that was easier than todays calculators?

[@f-man3274]

Well, by crying he seems to be practicing fluid dynamics, so not everything is lost. You can cheer him up with that knowledge!

[@agps4418]

they had TIME, your room mate did not

[@muddywater6856]

​@@citizaniac149Slide rule era engineer here: A "feel" for calculations is hampered with calculators and computers. Computers win in accuracy and speed.

[@MegaProjectR]

i am pretty sure the engineers in granada, at one time also cry because of this problem no one just walk away unscathed from fluid dynamics, crying is a normal side effect 😆🤣

[@yannkitson116]

As a child I had an aquarium filter that worked by letting air bubbles move the water from the aquarium to the filter. Once the water, using gravity, had passed through the filter material it would siphon back into the aquarium. All that was required was a few air bubbles in the raiser pipe. It is amazing to see how powerful this concept really is. Thank you for sharing.

[@lukasandrysik3666]

Just to clarify the whirlpool "pump". It was not a perpetuum mobile. Only a fraction of the water flow was pumped up. The rest went down to some drain etc...

[@anon746912]

Thanks, I was wondering about that

[@Barrrt]

Thanks, I _wasn't_ wondering about that but now I know. I'm still confused about the thing and mostly with how the hell they could have come up with that with all the experimentation that would be necessary to come up with the right airflow/whirlpool.

[@steamer2k319]

Seems similar to a hydraulic ram pump where you also end up having to divert/waste/spill some of the flow at the pump site in order to steal it's kinetic energy.

[@Sebloe]

@@steamer2k319I wonder which one is more efficient? I’m guessing the hydraulic ram pump as it’s probably more recent.

[@steamer2k319]

@@Sebloe Good question 🤷‍♂️. We'll have to assemble some teams and have them compete to see who can do the most efficient implementation of their assigned concept 🤭. Two things the modern ram pump probably has going for it aren't necessarily efficiency: * Relatively cheap/easy to implement, given access to a modern hardware store * Relatively compact (as long as you've got space for the spillage)

[@farouk98kh]

As a Moroccan engineer descending from Andalusia last city , thanks for this video. made me proud of my ancestors. Great work :)

[@post-leftluddite]

Yes, moonish Spain was a paradise compared to the squalor of Christian Europe

[@anotheryoutubechannel4809]

👍

[@Nel33147]

Where is the squalor now jackarse !

[@ziggydemon1455]

Hearing someone say he's proud of his conquerers sounds a little funny. 🤔

[@notpillow6759]

​​@@ziggydemon1455Who wouldn’t take pride in their ancestors who advanced science, architecture, and governance?

[@i-therx3805]

I'm Spanish, and always been amazed by the Alhambra's water system. Probably the last part (with the thin pipe and the bubbles) is the most shocking one.

[@nate7778]

What kind of pipe was used for this system?

[@islam_thegreat]

@@nate7778 Ask the Moroccan, not the Spanish.

[@Dali0vLOM]

@@islam_thegreat Not Moroccans? But Andalusian Muslims.

[@zekriamine7842]

@@Dali0vLOM Andalusian Muslims=Moroccan. somebody failed history?

[@Dali0vLOM]

@@zekriamine7842 The Muslim Andalusians a mixture of various ethnic and cultural origins. 1. Arabs: Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula: With the Islamic conquest of Al-Andalus in 711 CE, a number of Arab leaders and soldiers arrived, most of whom belonged to Yemeni and Qaysi tribes. These Arabs played a prominent role in governance and administration. Arabs from North Africa: After the Muslim settlement in Al-Andalus, some Arab tribes residing in North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) joined them in Al-Andalus, further reinforcing the Arab presence. 2. Berbers (Amazigh): The Berbers played a fundamental role in the Islamic conquest of Al-Andalus, as they made up the majority of Tariq ibn Ziyad's army. Many Berbers settled in various regions of Al-Andalus, becoming an integral part of its social fabric. 3. Muladíes (Muslims of Iberian origin): These were the indigenous inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (Spaniards and Portuguese) who converted to Islam after the conquest. They were known as "Muladíes" (Muwalladun). Many of them converted for religious, social, or economic reasons, becoming part of the Muslim Andalusian society and contributing significantly to its sciences, arts, and culture. 4. Saqaliba (Slaves or Mamluks of European origin): These were slaves of European origin (from the Balkans and Eastern Europe) who were brought to Al-Andalus and converted to Islam. Over time, many of them gained influence and political power, especially during the period of the Taifa kingdoms... I know history and I speak objectively and not from an emotional perspective... I am the one who advises you to study history.

[@koza6819]

The whirlpool is amazing from an engineering point of view, but also the aqueducts built in the mountains - lots of hard work.

[@Yanzdorloph]

and the craziest thing, is that this was built when they were at their worst, it wasn't built in their golden age of wealth science and power, but when the rain of crusaders took everything from them, it was built to defend what's left

[@PVPTawa]

​@@Yanzdorlophnot really, the water channels and framework were there before the Muslims ever arrived, built by the Romans, the Muslims just used them to have water in their new buildings (the palace), same way people before them did.

[@Yanzdorloph]

@@PVPTawa 😂

[@vidkit3595]

@@PVPTawa Sure pal, some people just cannot accept that we were once at the top of science and for hundreds of years.

[@PVPTawa]

@@vidkit3595 can easily accept it, very obvious reasons as to why that would happen, mainly the control of the silk road through which flowed not only spices and goods but information, knowledge, books and maps from all around the known world. All that is completely irrelevant in this reply. Doesn't change the fact these water channels and plumbing were there prior to the Muslim invasion, built by Romans, which is why an aqueduct is a key part of it, you know, the long and tall water transportation systems that Romans are known for. The Palace is all Muslim, but the water channels needed for it to happen aren't.

[@SamarKhan-yl3yg]

I had been studying the Alhambra for the intricate use of zellige comparing it with Mughal architecture. It was interesting to learn that the Palace wasn't just a marvel of architecture but also an engineering one, especially the whirlpool pump. It makes you wonder about its modern applications.

[@anshra-u5b]

The most impressive part of the Alhambra's water system is its ability to make water flow uphill with advanced medieval engineering, features such as time-telling fountains, and underfloor heating. Loved how you highlighted the beauty and functionality of this historical marvel. Great work!

[@flameug5854]

I am profoundly astonished by the ingenuity of Muslim architects who crafted such an extraordinary masterpiece. The fountain, ingeniously designed to display time through a simple yet brilliant mechanism for its era, impressed me the most. If I ever get the chance to visit Spain, exploring the wonders of Alhambra would be my top priority. Sending love from the UAE!

[@ragael1024]

Too bad they stopped.

[@AlexWalter-t4n]

Jihadi engine 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂

[@AlienBrainfromPluto]

This proves that muslim dont only know destruction, but they also know to construct something new. Thats nice.

[@carlosmunozelizondo1038]

I've been many times in Granada and it is always a pleasure to visit the Alhambra. Also visit Cordoba where you can see the jaw-dropping mosque. Granada itself seems from another time, getting lost in the Sacromonte, to go to San Nicolas viewpoint. Definitively a must!

[@footballmagic2390]

​@@AlienBrainfromPlutoMade by Nasrid Kingdom , king Mohammed ibn Yusuf Ben Nasr, better known as Alhamar during Muslim rulership shows how advanced Muslims were at that time and also what they were bringing into your Europe .

[@rahulm.r7586]

Damn! those 3D animations and editing is amazing. The whole visualization and storytelling is nicely done.Shoutout to the artists!

[@Kaito_36]

The whirlpool water device is ingenious! It’s very impressive how simple the solution was to raise the water to an elevated section of the palace. The fountain that could tell the time is an amazing piece of engineering and craftsmanship.

[@kjellg6532]

With a lot of water wasted. 1 litre 6 m up, means 1 litre loste 6 m down at the same time. Alternatively 6 litres down 1 m to lift 1 litre 6 m. This system wastes a lot of water.

[@ratvomit874]

There was a time a similar siphon mechanism was used to flush men's urinals in public toilets periodically using a steady stream of water, without the need for electronic sensors

[@danc2014]

It was part of a river so the flow was needed to continue or flood the area.

[@vidkit3595]

@@kjellg6532 The system reused the water throughout, how could you say there was waste.

[@kjellg6532]

@ To lift water to a higher level you need to add energy to it. In this case there is only one source of energy, falling water. To lift say 1 kg of water 6 m up, some other 1 kg of water must fall more than 6 m down, and are lost.

[@robertpayne9009]

Thanks!

[@alexushalland3985]

Honestly the whole thing is impressive. The way everything works together and still creates a better environment!?! From the way the water is brought up to higher levels, to the way they heat up the water to create heated floors and basically a spa, this is thinking ahead at its finest! Our engineers needa take a look at how this could be incorporated into our society today!

[@austinreed5805]

This palace is beautiful, and so interesting! The fact that all of this water technology existed back in the 13th century is wild.

[@gundarvarr1024]

not wild, it existed since 300BC, you just not read enough.

[@MohamedDhafer-o2e]

@@gundarvarr1024jealous 😂😂

[@gundarvarr1024]

@@MohamedDhafer-o2e ha? u dumb?

[@intellectualcucumber]

@@gundarvarr1024 link to source?

[@bluerizlagirl]

That is all thanks to the mindless vandalism that was done in the name of christianity.

[@JosGeerink]

7:38 the whirlpool pump is actually a hydraulic ram type pump (Pratical Engineering made a great video on these!). It just raises the potential energy of one portion of fluid, while the majority flowed down a larger pipe, not shown or mentioned in this video. From the Wikipedia article for hydraulic ram (go to the article to read/watch the actual source, the BBC, they made a video which you can watch here on KZbin): " The Alhambra, built by Nasrid Sultan Ibn al-Ahmar of Granada beginning in 1238, used a hydraulic ram to raise water. Through a first reservoir, filled by a channel from the Darro River, water emptied via a large vertical channel into a second reservoir beneath, creating a whirlpool that in turn propelled water through a much smaller pipe up six metres whilst most water drained into a second, slightly larger pipe.[1] " It doesn't raise the internal energy of 100% of the fluid, but rather causes a difference, one portion gains, the other loses energy.

[@jointgib]

makes sense, before i read your post i was about to ask how it wasn't a perpetual motion machine

[@ASDasdSDsadASD-nc7lf]

Put the link or shadap.

[@pcenero]

@ASDasdSDsadASD-nc7lf YT deletes comments with links.

[@whitslack]

The difference is that a hydraulic ram pump exchanges kinetic energy of the moving fluid for gravitational potential energy (elevation), whereas the Alhambra pump exploits a difference in the density of the fluid to allow a constant pressure to generate more head in the lower-density fluid than in the higher-density fluid. Amazing that they figured this out so long ago. Grady Hillhouse (Practical Engineering) claimed the hydraulic ram pump has only been known for a couple hundred years. That means the Alhambra pump beat it by several centuries. Also, we should realize that it's not "free." The pump only works because it makes the incoming water give up some of its gravitational potential energy in the initial drop in order to push air bubbles into it to create the lower-density fluid. The water that doesn't go up the lift pipe ends up at a lower elevation than the water flowing into the pump had initially. That difference in elevation is what drives the pump.

[@Iien]

Thanks, im studying physics and i could not understand how this was not a perpetual motion machine, i was asking chatgpt and everything!

[@Blackbird_Singing_in_the-Night]

My son visited Al Hambra in College and sent breathtaking photos of this beautiful palace, but this was the first time I’ve heard about this incredible engineering! I was most impressed with how they brought water to the section where the army was billeted. The whirlpool function is brilliant. Who knew!

[@18meter]

I don't know man but ancient technologies especially their water engineering amaze me more than their glorious history ever could. So simple yet so sophisticated.

[@sam-sunghater]

The fact that most of the stuff still works is mind blowing! They were amazing engineers who did their best. Great video, as always!

[@markerickson9739]

Wow, the lion fountain clock is absolutely mesmerizing! The intricate craftsmanship and engineering behind it are truly impressive. I was fascinated by how seamlessly art and functionality come together in this piece. It's amazing to see such innovation and creativity in action. Thanks for sharing this incredible glimpse into mechanical ingenuity!

[@chazashley7040]

I loved the part about Engineering Water Pressure in Medieval Times the most. It makes me impressed with the level of skill in their design given what materials were at hand.

[@MysticWarrior123]

Everything about this marvel from the engineering, to the architecture to the chemistry/physics, is exceptional, this is one of the best I have ever seen.

[@ayushblank]

The idea of building an entirely new canal system is just insane ! Fun to watch,as always❤

[@alfdriss]

Romans and others made it long before too

[@reinerbraun9995]

​@@alfdriss other civilizations did that thousands of years before Rome doesn't make it less impressive considering that it was lost technology

[@LecherousLizard]

@@reinerbraun9995 It's more like the aqueduct was already there before, Muslims just reused it.

[@YOKokob]

3:40 😂😂😂 hands down the best ad intro I have ever witnessed on KZbin, congratulations you are unique

[@abhimanyusinghrajput1742]

Dude the engineering of the 12 lions was insane. I was very curious about it when you mentioned it the intro and after I saw its engineering, I completely fascinated by such a remarkable and ingenious work of the engineers of 'that' era! Wish to see the Alhambra in person some day in the future. Thanks for such an amazing video Primal Space ❤❤

[@woodsondueck6542]

The bath house was so beautiful and efficient as well as genius. The fact that they thought about all of this mind is blowing. The clock is quite a masterpiece.

[@eu.sunt.lucaaaa5565]

it's unimaginable how they were able to make such structures in those years when you think about these things you are simply left speechless

[@abdougaming1644]

From the engineering of water systems to the exceptional architecture and garden designs, the Alhambra shows why Al-Andalus was truly ahead of its time

[@cordinarcher1054]

I wouldn't say all that. Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar wasn't the designer, he simply commissioned the building to be constructed over the ruins of a pre-existing castle left in shambles by his conquest. The engineers and architects were mostly native Europeans. The Alhambra is really an example of a more blended architectural style.

[@Paraclef]

Romans knew everything centuries before, just copying at best or used what was already there. Like they still do in some parts in north africa with remains of the roman empire. You bacha bazi.

[@iwayangedewiranata3689]

@@cordinarcher1054 If your assumption holds true, why weren’t similar buildings made before, during, or after the Andalusian era by the so-called 'native Europeans'? If any existed, where are they, and when were they built?

[@cordinarcher1054]

@@iwayangedewiranata3689 Can you help me better understand your question? I'm not making any assumptions. Historically we know that complexes like The Alhambra were products of mixed architectural styles. The Mudéjar and Andalusian styles are similar in that they both incorporate elements of Islamic and European Christian design. What makes them so interesting, and so beautiful is this blended style. These structures were commissioned and built by Christian and Muslim designers and builders. The party commissioning VS building just depends on what time period we examine, either during Muslim rule or post Crusades. The key to the renowned splendor and elegance of these structures was the blended style, design and workforce involved, which brought techniques and technologies from several cultures to bear in construction. we see this unique and fascinating style in the following examples: The Mezquita of Córdoba, The Alcázar of Seville, Casa de Pilatos of Seville, and The Giralda, Seville. All of these examples demonstrate blended architectural styles either in the original work, or through successive phases of construction.

[@iwayangedewiranata3689]

@@cordinarcher1054 Totally agree that blending elements of civilization helps shape a building’s development. I didn’t quite get your earlier point since it wasn’t as detailed as now. But honestly, a building usually reflects the architect’s choices, which often include local culture, maybe even bringing the sultan’s vision into reality.

[@californiapatils8529]

We recently visited this place and it is absolutely beautiful. Thank you for sharing this fact about water management on the higher elevation

[@marwann1]

It never ceases to amaze me how incredible our ancestors were at designing and building such marvels ❤❤

[@KishmarShepherd]

Pretty sure there were not YOUR ancestors but yes they were brilliant. 🤷🏾‍♂️

[@5thdawg917]

​@@KishmarShepherdhis an arab. He is Morrocan, so most likely it his his ancestors. Or at least his genes are closer to the people that were there.

[@g1king183]

@@KishmarShepherd You are the last one to speak, homeless person

[@g1king183]

@@5thdawg917 They are from the Arabian Peninsula and have no connection to Morocco because it is also a land occupied by Arabs and was not Arab to begin with.

[@souhailfellaki9289]

@@g1king183 both of u r wrong, they were mixed race, since arabic islamic conquest reached north africa, both arabs and berber had offsprings, so we can consider them both arab and berber since they have mixed genes, but what hold them together is religion(islam)

[@benpennington1866]

The lion-clock impressed me the most; and the logarithmic spiral for time management (that was visible in all animations) was showed good attention to detail :)

[@emilstumme9645]

how did the clock not slow down tho? they didnt show, mention, or explain that at all! a constant amount of water is fine and dandy until you think about the fact that each lion REMOVES a constant amount of water but ONLY once the water actually reaches its pipe... so the constant water is suddenly changing every freaking hour! that makes no sense!

[@emilstumme9645]

@@Arctic37 yeah I thought so... the clock doesnt seem like it should work at all if you just think about it for 2 seconds xd im not smart enough to understand the whirlpool tho and im not cool enough to look it up myself :P which is why I just commented about my confusion instead! good job for doing your own research :D

[@andyscribner5736]

I am very impressed by the whirlpool for the water raising. It reminds me of a ram pump; another great way to lift water without needing any external forces. Engineering of this type, especially ones that give nods back to Roman designs and construction methods are engineering marvels. They did so much with so little.

[@meghanaaeligeti]

The Lion's Fountain water clock is really amazing! Such precise calculations are made at each step... really wonderful!

[@ohtoseemusic]

4:56 video restarts.

[@Travelbackpacks]

Thanks man

[@kidslovejesus2679]

I never knew old technology was so advanced! The lion clock amazed me the most, and I did not even know that could work! Thank you for sharing with me.😊

[@FigaroHey]

The water wheel is found in Mesopotamia in the 4th century BC. The syphon was made by Pythagoras in the 6th century BC. The Romans moved water by viaducts great distances to supply water to fountains in their cities more than 500 years before the invention of Islam. Hot water underfloor heating and circulation systems were common in the Roman villas found in place by the Muslim imperialist invaders who subjugated and ruled the Spanish natives. There is nothing new about the technology shown here. Muslims by no means "invented" any of this. They just (as usual) took what they found others had already invented centuries before and exploited it.

[@EachanTee]

I’m just incredibly impressed by how those ancient engineers could even make the ‘Royale Canal’ in the first place, let alone all the pipe systems and functions!

[@bluerizlagirl]

It's not -that- impressive. They just had bigger sticks in those days, and weren't afraid to hit people with them.

[@aebdesign2]

Congratulations, and thank you, for creating this amazing video. I´ve visited the Alhambra two times and both times it was an incredible experience. I´m an architect, specializing for 30 years in sustainable design. The whirlpool part caught my attention in particular. I couldn´t get my head around the physics. I consulted a systems (HVAC) engineer about it. At the end my own conclusion is that some artistic license has been made to generate this video which, if the case is perfectly OK/understandable. For the whirlpool to work and to elevate water by 6 meters I believe that a significantly larger volume of water needs to generate the whirlpool than is shown, and above all, at the bottom of the system, the ´water collector drum´, there has to be an exit for a significant % of the water, the water that doesn´t get to rise, to be evacuated. Otherwise, I feel quite confident that the system would shut down rather quickly, ...it´s a matter of elemental physics.

[@kjellg6532]

Plas look up Trompe, Air lifting pump and Pulser pump. This video only tells parts of the system. One may wonder why they did not simply used pressurised water from the dokey dam.

[@mchgsand]

It's amazing to be able to find so many creative inventions in one place. I really like that the animations in this video show all of them while faithfully depicting their artistic beauty.

[@primalspace]

Thank you so much. I'm so glad you enjoyed the video and animations. It means a lot!

[@salvadorgutierrezbaelemans5014]

As Andalucia - Spain is part of my roots, I have seen Alhambra with my own eyes as a youngster. However, they never go into as much detail about how it worked during the guided tours. So yes I knew some of it, but the last with a form of Venturi-principle is completely new and is so simple that it is mind-blowing. Love the vid!

[@ranro7371]

It's name is Al-Hamra' / الحمراء , meaning "The Red One', the (')/(ء) is a 'Hamza', a glottal stop, The H is also a different letter, Arabic has a h (ه), while here it is a (ḥ)/(ح ). The Aramaic word for God is "Alaha" too sounds familiar? Written without the confusing vowels it is written A-L-H ܐ ܠܗܐ (alap-lamed-he) as found in Targum or in Tanakh (Daniel, Ezra), Syriac Aramaic (Peshitta), reduced from the Arabic original (of which Aramaic is a dialect continuum as will be explained) it is written in the Arabic script 'A-L-L-H' (Aleph-Lam-Lam-Ha) add an A before the last H for vocalization. The word God in another rendition in Hebrew ʾĕlōah is derived from a base ʾilāh, an Arabic word, written without confusing vowel it is A-L-H in the Arabic script, pronounced ilah not eloah. Hebrew dropped the glottal stop and mumbled it, aramic mumbled a little less and it became elaha. Infact both are written written A-L-H in Arabic, it is pronounced i in Arabic and not A because it is an Alef with hamza below (إ أ ) They are two different forms of Alef. And it mean "a god", it is the non definitive form of A-L-L-H, in which the Alef is without a glottal stop/hamza,(ا), but this kind of nuance is lost in the dialect continua. infact "YHWH" itself is an Arabic word as discussed by Professor. Israel Knohl (Professor of Biblical studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) in the paper" YHWH: The Original Arabic Meaning of the Name." jesus as his name is often misspelled due to the lack of the ayin sound in Greek, which was rendered to Iesous, coupling the nearest sound to ayin, same letter found in 'Iraq', which sounds entirely different in Arabic form 'Iran' in Arabic, with the -ous Greek suffix that Greeks typically add to their names 'HerodotOS', 'PlotinUS', 'AchelOUS' and later mumbled into a J. The yeshua rendition of Isa (his name in the Qur'an) PBUH which is purported to be the name of Jesus is KNOWN to had been taken from greek. Western Syriac also use "Isho". Western Aramaic (separate from Syriac which is a dialect of Eastern Aramaic) use "Yeshu". Western Syriac has been separate from Western Aramaic for about 1000 years. And sounds don't even match up. Syriac is a Christian liturgical language yet the four letters of the name of Jesus «ܝܫܘܥ» [ = Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic: «ישוע» ] sounds totally different in West vs East Syriac, viz. vocalized akin to Christian Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic «ܝܶܫܽܘܥ» (Yēšūʿ) in West Syriac, but pronounced more akin to Muslim Arabic Quran character name Isa in East Syriac «ܝܑܼܫܘܿܥ» (ʾĪšōʿ). The reason for this confusion is their dropping of phonemes. Only someone that has no idea what the letters are or how they sound would have a name ending in a pharyngeal fricative like the ayin, if it were to be used in a name it would have had to be in the beginning, thus the Arabic rendition is the correct one. An example in English is how the appended -d is a common error amongst the English pronouncing Gaelic names. The name Donald arose from a common English mispronunciation of the Gaelic name Donal. Just how it is with donal becoming donald and the two becoming distinct and the original being regarded as something seperate so too did Isa PBUH turn to Iesous turn to jesus and when they tried going back to the original they confused it for yeshua ( ysu is how it is actually written) for Isa PBUH ( 3'eysah ) Schlözer in his preparation for the Arabia expedition in 1781 coined the term Semitic language: "From the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, from Mesopotamia to Arabia ruled one language, as is well known. Thus Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews, and Arabs were one people (ein Volk). Phoenicians (Hamites) also spoke this language, which I would like to call the Semitic (die Semitische)." -Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German By Han F. Vermeulen. He was only half right though, Arabic is the only corollary to "proto-semitic", infact the whole semitic classification is nonsensical as will be shown. "protosemetic" Alphabet (28), Arabic Alphabet (28), Latin transliteration, hebrew (22) 𐩠 𐩡 𐩢 𐩣 𐩤 𐩥 𐩦 𐩧 𐩨 𐩩 𐩪 𐩫 𐩬 𐩭 𐩮 𐩰 𐩱 𐩲 𐩳 𐩴 𐩵 𐩶 𐩷 𐩸 𐩹 𐩺 𐩻 𐩼 ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي A b t ṯ j ḥ kh d ḏ r z s sh ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ ʿ ġ f q k l m n h w y א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש ת Merged phonemes in hebrew and aramaic: ح, خ (ḥ, kh) merged into only kh consonant remain س, ش (s, sh) merged into only Shin consonant remaining ط, ظ (ṭ/teth, ẓ) merged into only ṭ/teth consonant remaining ص, ض (ṣ, ḍ/Tsad ) merged into only ḍ/Tsad consonant remaining ع, غ (3'ayn, Ghayn) merged into a reducted ayin consonant remaining ت, ث (t/taw, th) merged into only t/taw consonant remaining The reason why the protoS alphabet here is 28 and not 29, is because the supposed extra letter is simply a س written in a different position, but it was shoehorned to obfuscated. In Arabic letter shapes are different depending on whether they are in the beginning , middle or end of a word. As a matter of fact, all of the knowledge needed for deciphering ancient texts and their complexity was derived from the Qur'an. It was by analyzing the syntactic structure of the Qur'an that the Arabic root system was developed. This system was first attested to in Kitab Al-Ayin, the first intralanguage dictionary of its kind, which preceded the Oxford English dictionary by 800 years. It was through this development that the concept of Arabic roots was established and later co-opted into the term 'semitic root,' allowing the decipherment of ancient scripts. In essence, they quite literally copied and pasted the entirety of the Arabic root. Hebrew had been dead, as well as all the other dialects of Arabic, until being 'revived' in a Frankensteinian fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries. The entire region spoke basically the same language, with mumbled dialect continuums spread about, and Arabic is the oldest form from which all these dialects branched off. As time passed, the language gradually became more degenerate, Language; When one looks at the actual linguistics, one will find that many were puzzled by the opposite, that is, how the other "semetic" languages were more "evolved" than Arabic, while Arabic had archaic features, not only archaic compared to bibilical Hebrew, Ethiopic, "Aramaic" contemporary "semetic" languages, but even archaic compared to languages from ancient antiquity; Ugaritic, Akkadain. What is meant here by Archaic is not what most readers think, it is Archaic not in the sense that it is simple, but rather that it is complex (think Latin to pig Latin or Italian or Old English, which had genders and case endings to modern English), not only grammatically, but also phonetically; All the so called semitic languages are supposed to have evolved from protosemetic, the Alphabet for protosemitic is that of the so called Ancient South Arabian (which interestingly corresponds with the traditional Arabic origins account) and has 28 Phonemes. Arabic has 28 phonemes. Hebrew has 22, same as Aramaic, and other "semitic" languages. Now pause for a second and think about it, how come Arabic, a language that is supposed to have come so late has the same number of letters as a language that supposedly predates it by over a millennium (Musnad script ~1300 BCE). Not only is the glossary of phonemes more diverse than any other semitic language, but the grammar is more complex, containing more cases and retains what's linguists noted for its antiquity, broken plurals. Indeed, a linguist has once noted that if one were to take everything we know about languages and how they develop, Arabic is older than Akkadian (~2500 BCE). And then the Qur'an appeared with the oldest possible form of the language thousands of years later. This is why the Arabs of that time were challenged to produce 10 similar verses, and they couldn't. People think it's a miracle because they couldn't do it, but I think the miracle is the language itself. They had never spoken Arabic, nor has any other language before or since had this mathematical precision. And when I say mathematical, I quite literally mean mathematical. Now how is it that the Qur'an came thousands of years later in an alphabet that had never been recorded before, and in the highest form the language had ever taken? The creator is neither bound by time nor space, therefore the names are uttered as they truly were, in a language that is lexically, syntactically, phonemically, and semantically older than the oldest recorded writing. In fact, that writing appears to have been a simplified version of it. Not only that, but it would be the equivalent of the greatest works of any particular language all appearing in one book, in a perfect script and in the highest form the language could ever take. It is so high in fact, that it had yet to be surpassed despite the fact that over the last millennium the collection of Arabic manuscripts when compared on word-per-word basis in Western Museums alone, when they are compared with the collected Greek and Latin manuscripts combined, the latter does not constitute 1 percent of the former as per German professor Frank Griffel, in addition all in a script that had never been recorded before. Thus, the enlightenment of mankind from barbarism and savagery began, and the age of reason and rationality was born from its study. God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.

[@puffinjuice]

The clever reuse of energy in the baths impressed me. Instead of just using the energy to just heat the floor they also used the cooled steam for the steam room. They effieciently used their resources, which should be applauded! Thanks for the fantastic video!

[@geiers6013]

What amazes me the most besides the incredible mechanical enginering skills is how far they actually were in the digital space. Getting an ancient version of the Opera browser to run on a watercooled stonecomputer is incredible. So sad that this knowledge was lost.

[@AaronGearheart]

Honestly the fountain impressed me the most that’s incredibly precise especially given the time period.

[@ThexXxXxOLOxXxXx]

Yes def, they studied the geogrpahy verywell no equipment needed

[@scootergrant8683]

@@ThexXxXxOLOxXxXx There will have been some equipment used for certain processes

[@danc2014]

It was basically a hole in a bucket to keep the water rate costant to the fountain then more holes to tell time the siphoned drain to empty or reset.

[@FishDish159]

I'm not even joking and I don't know why but seeing how beautifully built this was made me cry

[@mznxbcv12345]

Not just there..Textual criticism in christianity began when the bible was first translated into european vernavular in the 16th century (was translated into Arabic in the 19th century), it reached a professional level around the 19-20th century and is still ongoing today, In Islam however it started in the first century. Unlike the Quran, the hadith are transmitted oral accounts which were written 1 century after they happened and even in the canonical collections of Bukhari and Muslim there are several narrations of the same hadith due to some people paraphrasing and others forgetting part of it. Most of the hadith are without context, this is not to take from the value of hadith as in practice it was the first serious endeavor of having authentication of the historical record. The hadith are transmitted by way of chains of narration, x heard from y who heard from z that .... took place, a study of who x, who y, and who z were and whether what they are saying is true by checking what others had said about them and whether they had indeed met those who they are purported to have taken the accounts from began and so the first "peer review" mechanism took place, all before the internet in the 2nd and 3rd centuries fo the hijra, which unlike the christian calendar has been continously kept, the current gregorian calendar for example was first instanced int he year 535 CE by Dionysius Exiguus, the 25th of December in addition for example being the pagan holdiay of the roman deirty 'Sol Invictus' is clearly shown in the "Chronograph of 354", the earliest christian calendar predating the current one, but I digress, the writing down of hadith was forbidden by the prophet himself for the aforementioned issue (people forgetting, paraphrasing, taking words out of context) only the Quran was ordered to have been written and linguistically they are too far apart, it is clear that the Matn of some hadith, the substance or the wording was altered as the language used seems to be more "modern" instead in instances. Arabic had not changed in any significant way since the Abbasids, 1200 years ago sound as "modern" as things written in the last 50 years. Arabic is the oldest continuously spoken language in the world, the only possible corollary, Chinese, has script which has no relation to the actual language hence why Japanese and old Vietnamese use it, event the script itself was only codified in the 1700s in the Kangxi emperor's dictionary. A miracle in plain sight Hadith for example has several levels of correctness, from Hasan which means "well" to rejected as pertains to the Matn or the substance of the hadith itself, the "isnad" of the Hadith or the chains of transmission / citation also have varying levels from Marfu' meaning quoted without having actually met any of the people in the transmission chain or a second hand account or Mudalas meaning plagarised from another transmitter of hadith without citing and Marfud meaning outright rejected for various reasons, There is another layer of complexity here called ilm-aa-rijal, the study of the bibliography of those in the chains of transmission themselves and their soundness whether objectively by crosschecking where they lived and whom they met or subjectively by seeing what their peers said about them regarding their character. Those unaware of the aforementioned would not only have not been allowed to cite hadith it would have been a criminal offense and there are hadith which clearly contradict one another and one ought not be citing hadith without knowing all other hadith from the colossal hadith collections that were written, even the earliest hadith collection, Musannaf Abdel Razaq Al-Sanani ( 137-211H / 744- 827 CE) and Musannaf of Ibn Abi Shaybah ( 159H-235H / 775-849 CE). for instance had over 53,000 hadith with their chains of transmissions included has yet to be translated into English . Yes, Bukhari and Muslim are taken the most correct as they had the most narrow criterion, but an enormous study is required before citing either one of them. Later scholars such an Al-Darqutni show that there were mistakes made. I say later here though he is still over a millennium old this seriousness of scholarship was the first endeavor of its kind in human history, what became today known as university degrees started with the institutions giving "ijaza" or certificate t transmit hadith and talk about it , indeed they are the origins of the University system we know today. This scientific method of studying hadith and jurisprudence was developed and already in practice in the 2nd and third centuries of the hijra (around 750 CE) back when most of europe did not have a written script for their vernacular, enormous encyclopedia such as the 40 volume history of Al-Tabari which, averages 400 pages per volume (and is only one of his works) were written, the only corollary of which in the west would have been the "decline and Fall of The Roman Empire" by Edward Gibbons in the 1700s, considered a watershed, a monument of its time, with a span that would have hardly constituted a volume and a half of Al-Tabari's encyclopedia and written a millennium later. Jabir Ibn Hayyan (101-199 H / 721-815 CE) the father of chemistry whose theories (distillation, measurement system, oxidaton, nature of substances, etc) remained dominant until the 18th century. and who was the first to elucidate the scientific method said: "The first thing that is required for anyone who seeks the knowledge of chemistry is that he should work with his hands and experiment, for he who does not work with his hands and does not experiment will not attain any degree of knowledge." Ibn al-Haytham (4th century of Hijra), referred to as "the Physicist" in Europe is famous for the first comprehensive scientific book on optics, before his study of optics and perspective paintings were entirely 2 dimensional, a leap after his treatises and works were translated is visible in how paintings became three dimensional, He discovered integral calculus (physicist, mathematician and astronomer who discovered calculus, Newton often references Arabic in his writings for a reason), is even still argued with today the work "The Enigma of Reason" primarily deals with his arguments. regarding the scientific method he said "The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency." There are texts from the 800's CE debating whether, if one for example were to take a log of wood that was not theirs, make a column out of it and have it as a foundation of a house, later the original owner of the column comes back and demands the log to be retrieved into his custody and refuse monetary compensation ought the judge comply, tear down the structure and give him the log or ought he enforce a monetary compensation. this was 1200 years. Property rights were taken that seriously, you could not simply handwave it and enforce a monetary compensation as that property in question was not attained by proper channels, hence it' s ownership and how much ought be the compensation for it is judicated by its owner and no one else has the right to, not the governor or even the caliph. Stephen Langton, the writer of the Magna Carta (12th century, contemporary with the crusades for a reason) studied in the university of Paris which archives show had plenty of Arabic treatises in its procession, there can be no question about it being inspired by the "Sharia". Both the renessiance and the european enlightenment were directly preceded by massive translation movements form Arabic (see the Republic of Letters by Alexander Bevilacqua, The House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization By: Jonathan Lyons. What brought by the cognitive revolution that brought humanity out of darkness? God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.Their

[@mznxbcv12345]

The Aramaic word for God is "Alaha" too sounds familiar? Written without the confusing vowels it is written A-L-H ܐ ܠܗܐ (alap-lamed-he) as found in Targum or in Tanakh (Daniel, Ezra), Syriac Aramaic (Peshitta), reduced from the Arabic original (of which Aramaic is a dialect continuum as will be explained) it is written in the Arabic script 'A-L-L-H' (Aleph-Lam-Lam-Ha) add an A before the last H for vocalization. The word God in another rendition in Hebrew ʾĕlōah is derived from a base ʾilāh, an Arabic word, written without confusing vowel it is A-L-H in the Arabic script, pronounced ilah not eloah. Hebrew dropped the glottal stop and mumbled it, aramic mumbled a little less and it became elaha. Infact both are written written A-L-H in Arabic, it is pronounced i in Arabic and not A because it is an Alef with hamza below (إ أ ) They are two different forms of Alef. And it mean "a god", it is the non definitive form of A-L-L-H, in which the Alef is without a glottal stop/hamza,(ا), but this kind of nuance is lost in the dialect continua. infact "YHWH" itself is an Arabic word as discussed by Professor. Israel Knohl (Professor of Biblical studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) in the paper" YHWH: The Original Arabic Meaning of the Name." jesus as his name is often misspelled due to the lack of the ayin sound in Greek, which was rendered to Iesous, coupling the nearest sound to ayin, same letter found in 'Iraq', which sounds entirely different in Arabic form 'Iran' in Arabic, with the -ous Greek suffix that Greeks typically add to their names 'HerodotOS', 'PlotinUS', 'AchelOUS' and later mumbled into a J. The yeshua rendition of Isa (his name in the Qur'an) PBUH which is purported to be the name of Jesus is KNOWN to had been taken from greek. Western Syriac also use "Isho". Western Aramaic (separate from Syriac which is a dialect of Eastern Aramaic) use "Yeshu". Western Syriac has been separate from Western Aramaic for about 1000 years. And sounds don't even match up. Syriac is a Christian liturgical language yet the four letters of the name of Jesus «ܝܫܘܥ» [ = Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic: «ישוע» ] sounds totally different in West vs East Syriac, viz. vocalized akin to Christian Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic «ܝܶܫܽܘܥ» (Yēšūʿ) in West Syriac, but pronounced more akin to Muslim Arabic Quran character name Isa in East Syriac «ܝܑܼܫܘܿܥ» (ʾĪšōʿ). The reason for this confusion is their dropping of phonemes. Only someone that has no idea what the letters are or how they sound would have a name ending in a pharyngeal fricative like the ayin, if it were to be used in a name it would have had to be in the beginning, thus the Arabic rendition is the correct one. An example in English is how the appended -d is a common error amongst the English pronouncing Gaelic names. The name Donald arose from a common English mispronunciation of the Gaelic name Donal. Just how it is with donal becoming donald and the two becoming distinct and the original being regarded as something seperate so too did Isa PBUH turn to Iesous turn to jesus and when they tried going back to the original they confused it for yeshua ( ysu is how it is actually written) for Isa PBUH ( 3'eysah ) Schlözer in his preparation for the Arabia expedition in 1781 coined the term Semitic language: "From the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, from Mesopotamia to Arabia ruled one language, as is well known. Thus Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews, and Arabs were one people (ein Volk). Phoenicians (Hamites) also spoke this language, which I would like to call the Semitic (die Semitische)." -Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German By Han F. Vermeulen. He was only half right though, Arabic is the only corollary to "proto-semitic", infact the whole semitic classification is nonsensical as will be shown. "protosemetic" Alphabet (28), Arabic Alphabet (28), Latin transliteration, hebrew (22) 𐩠 𐩡 𐩢 𐩣 𐩤 𐩥 𐩦 𐩧 𐩨 𐩩 𐩪 𐩫 𐩬 𐩭 𐩮 𐩰 𐩱 𐩲 𐩳 𐩴 𐩵 𐩶 𐩷 𐩸 𐩹 𐩺 𐩻 𐩼 ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي A b t ṯ j h kh d ḏ r z s sh ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ ʿ ġ f q k l m n h w y א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש ת Merged phonemes in hebrew and aramaic: ح, خ (h, kh) merged into only kh consonant remain س, ش (s, sh) merged into only Shin consonant remaining ط, ظ (ṭ/teth, ẓ) merged into only ṭ/teth consonant remaining ص, ض (ṣ, ḍ/Tsad ) merged into only ḍ/Tsad consonant remaining ع, غ (3'ayn, Ghayn) merged into a reducted ayin consonant remaining ت, ث (t/taw, th) merged into only t/taw consonant remaining The reason why the protoS alphabet here is 28 and not 29, is because the supposed extra letter is simply a س written in a different position, but it was shoehorned to obfuscated. In Arabic letter shapes are different depending on whether they are in the beginning , middle or end of a word. As a matter of fact, all of the knowledge needed for deciphering ancient texts and their complexity was derived from the Qur'an. It was by analyzing the syntactic structure of the Qur'an that the Arabic root system was developed. This system was first attested to in Kitab Al-Ayin, the first intralanguage dictionary of its kind, which preceded the Oxford English dictionary by 800 years. It was through this development that the concept of Arabic roots was established and later co-opted into the term 'semitic root,' allowing the decipherment of ancient scripts. In essence, they quite literally copied and pasted the entirety of the Arabic root. Hebrew had been dead, as well as all the other dialects of Arabic, until being 'revived' in a Frankensteinian fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries. The entire region spoke basically the same language, with mumbled dialect continuums spread about, and Arabic is the oldest form from which all these dialects branched off. As time passed, the language gradually became more degenerate, Language; When one looks at the actual linguistics, one will find that many were puzzled by the opposite, that is, how the other "semetic" languages were more "evolved" than Arabic, while Arabic had archaic features, not only archaic compared to bibilical Hebrew, Ethiopic, "Aramaic" contemporary "semetic" languages, but even archaic compared to languages from ancient antiquity; Ugaritic, Akkadain. What is meant here by Archaic is not what most readers think, it is Archaic not in the sense that it is simple, but rather that it is complex (think Latin to pig Latin or Italian or Old English, which had genders and case endings to modern English), not only grammatically, but also phonetically; All the so called semitic languages are supposed to have evolved from protosemetic, the Alphabet for protosemitic is that of the so called Ancient South Arabian (which interestingly corresponds with the traditional Arabic origins account) and has 28 Phonemes. Arabic has 28 phonemes. Hebrew has 22, same as Aramaic, and other "semitic" languages. Now pause for a second and think about it, how come Arabic, a language that is supposed to have come so late has the same number of letters as a language that supposedly predates it by over a millennium (Musnad script ~1300 BCE). Not only is the glossary of phonemes more diverse than any other semitic language, but the grammar is more complex, containing more cases and retains what's linguists noted for its antiquity, broken plurals. Indeed, a linguist has once noted that if one were to take everything we know about languages and how they develop, Arabic is older than Akkadian (~2500 BCE). And then the Qur'an appeared with the oldest possible form of the language thousands of years later. This is why the Arabs of that time were challenged to produce 10 similar verses, and they couldn't. People think it's a miracle because they couldn't do it, but I think the miracle is the language itself. They had never spoken Arabic, nor has any other language before or since had this mathematical precision. And when I say mathematical, I quite literally mean mathematical. Now how is it that the Qur'an came thousands of years later in an alphabet that had never been recorded before, and in the highest form the language had ever taken? The creator is neither bound by time nor space, therefore the names are uttered as they truly were, in a language that is lexically, syntactically, phonemically, and semantically older than the oldest recorded writing. In fact, that writing appears to have been a simplified version of it. Not only that, but it would be the equivalent of the greatest works of any particular language all appearing in one book, in a perfect script and in the highest form the language could ever take. It is so high in fact, that it had yet to be surpassed despite the fact that over the last millennium the collection of Arabic manuscripts when compared on word-per-word basis in Western Museums alone, when they are compared with the collected Greek and Latin manuscripts combined, the latter does not constitute 1 percent of the former as per German professor Frank Griffel, in addition all in a script that had never been recorded before. Thus, the enlightenment of mankind from barbarism and savagery began, and the age of reason and rationality was born from its study. God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.

[@19Murad77]

@@mznxbcv12345 What we are celebrating is human ingenuity and creativity, why bring gods in that?

[@jillybe1873]

Maybe you're a natural born architect?

[@jillybe1873]

​@19Murad77 read it again more carefully, it is about yhe development of scientific thinking, not religious feeling

[@WarChicken69]

Wow, this video is a masterpiece! The way you delve into Granada's Alhambra and its ingenious medieval water systems is amazing. The explanation of the Lions Fountain water clock and the underfloor heating shows just how advanced their engineering was. You've done an incredible job highlighting how gravity and technology came together to create such a cooling marvel in the palace. It's like stepping back in time-brilliantly informative and captivating!

[@Franjaver]

I feel so lucky that Granada is my city. I visit Alhambra many times per year and still impressed by architecture and the fresh it is in summer. Love to walk throw the forest around the palace in summer.

[@naZ11911]

Yes there are so many inventions and works by Arab Muslim engineers that were re-written in western history books. Like: Algebra, University, Toothbrush, Hospital, Flying Contraption, Coffee, Optics, Camera, Surgical Innovations/Instruments, Clocks, Medicine, Pens, Windmills, Maps, Soap..and the list goes on!

[@Benito-lr8mz]

And today only misery and analfabetism😂

[@CSKKKKKKKKKK]

Gravity-Fed Water System: The entire palace's water system relies on gravity to move water throughout the complex. Considering the palace's location atop a hill, the system's ability to direct water to gardens, fountains, and reflective pools without modern pumps is a testament to the advanced knowledge of hydraulics and engineering by the Nasrid architects. "Absolutely love this channel! 🎥👌 Every video is top-notch - informative, engaging, and well-put together. Keep up the amazing work! 💯👏" ThankYou Primal Space

[@josdesouza]

Can modern engineers match them at so creatively doing the most with very few available resources?

[@lamdao1242]

except for the part when they needed a water wheel powered by animals to pull the water from the royal canal to the upper pool. But yeah. It's mind bogglingly clever architecture and design.

[@YSK2891]

@@josdesouzathere would be a lot of manual and automatic valves and instrument and control systems. At the end some problems will stay to be resolved in future

[@bli3366]

@@josdesouza These systems use insanely more building materials in order to compensate for the lack of motive force. In other words, because they didn't have electricity or hydrocarbon fuels, they had to build miles and miles of monstrously-large "pipes"--all in order to use gravity as the primary force, while also using the hydrocarbons in food to power a horse or donkey. Modern engineers would probably compromise, and use some PVC and electric pumps in order to pump some water up into a holding tank, in order to do the same. Or, with a river that had enough head, a small portion of that river could be parted off to drive either an amish pump or to build a hydro-electric generator in order to power the pump to give it enough lift.

[@karamboubou8579]

Fun fact: There's a street in damascus, syria called al-Hamra, named after al-hambra palace (its arabic name doesn't have a b in it). It's a pretty nice street. There is also a street by the same name in Beirut, Lebanon but I've never been there.

[@melonseeds1988]

I am always amazed how medieval engineers and architects came up with so many clever ideas that can be deem "impossible" during those times. The communal bath and its water system is what always amazes me whether is in Granada or in medieval Rome and Greece.

[@Mentous680]

wow, the Muslim scientists of the Middle Ages were something else

[@ikk_ikk]

Not just there..Textual criticism in christianity began when the bible was first translated into european vernavular in the 16th century (was translated into Arabic in the 19th century), it reached a professional level around the 19-20th century and is still ongoing today, In Islam however it started in the first century. Unlike the Quran, the hadith are transmitted oral accounts which were written 1 century after they happened and even in the canonical collections of Bukhari and Muslim there are several narrations of the same hadith due to some people paraphrasing and others forgetting part of it. Most of the hadith are without context, this is not to take from the value of hadith as in practice it was the first serious endeavor of having authentication of the historical record. The hadith are transmitted by way of chains of narration, x heard from y who heard from z that .... took place, a study of who x, who y, and who z were and whether what they are saying is true by checking what others had said about them and whether they had indeed met those who they are purported to have taken the accounts from began and so the first "peer review" mechanism took place, all before the internet in the 2nd and 3rd centuries fo the hijra, which unlike the christian calendar has been continously kept, the current gregorian calendar for example was first instanced int he year 535 CE by Dionysius Exiguus, the 25th of December in addition for example being the pagan holdiay of the roman deirty 'Sol Invictus' is clearly shown in the "Chronograph of 354", the earliest christian calendar predating the current one, but I digress, the writing down of hadith was forbidden by the prophet himself for the aforementioned issue (people forgetting, paraphrasing, taking words out of context) only the Quran was ordered to have been written and linguistically they are too far apart, it is clear that the Matn of some hadith, the substance or the wording was altered as the language used seems to be more "modern" instead in instances. Arabic had not changed in any significant way since the Abbasids, 1200 years ago sound as "modern" as things written in the last 50 years. Arabic is the oldest continuously spoken language in the world, the only possible corollary, Chinese, has script which has no relation to the actual language hence why Japanese and old Vietnamese use it, event the script itself was only codified in the 1700s in the Kangxi emperor's dictionary. A miracle in plain sight Hadith for example has several levels of correctness, from Hasan which means "well" to rejected as pertains to the Matn or the substance of the hadith itself, the "isnad" of the Hadith or the chains of transmission / citation also have varying levels from Marfu' meaning quoted without having actually met any of the people in the transmission chain or a second hand account or Mudalas meaning plagarised from another transmitter of hadith without citing and Marfud meaning outright rejected for various reasons, There is another layer of complexity here called ilm-aa-rijal, the study of the bibliography of those in the chains of transmission themselves and their soundness whether objectively by crosschecking where they lived and whom they met or subjectively by seeing what their peers said about them regarding their character. Those unaware of the aforementioned would not only have not been allowed to cite hadith it would have been a criminal offense and there are hadith which clearly contradict one another and one ought not be citing hadith without knowing all other hadith from the colossal hadith collections that were written, even the earliest hadith collection, Musannaf Abdel Razaq Al-Sanani ( 137-211H / 744- 827 CE) and Musannaf of Ibn Abi Shaybah ( 159H-235H / 775-849 CE). for instance had over 53,000 hadith with their chains of transmissions included has yet to be translated into English . Yes, Bukhari and Muslim are taken the most correct as they had the most narrow criterion, but an enormous study is required before citing either one of them. Later scholars such an Al-Darqutni show that there were mistakes made. I say later here though he is still over a millennium old this seriousness of scholarship was the first endeavor of its kind in human history, what became today known as university degrees started with the institutions giving "ijaza" or certificate t transmit hadith and talk about it , indeed they are the origins of the University system we know today. This scientific method of studying hadith and jurisprudence was developed and already in practice in the 2nd and third centuries of the hijra (around 750 CE) back when most of europe did not have a written script for their vernacular, enormous encyclopedia such as the 40 volume history of Al-Tabari which, averages 400 pages per volume (and is only one of his works) were written, the only corollary of which in the west would have been the "decline and Fall of The Roman Empire" by Edward Gibbons in the 1700s, considered a watershed, a monument of its time, with a span that would have hardly constituted a volume and a half of Al-Tabari's encyclopedia and written a millennium later. Jabir Ibn Hayyan (101-199 H / 721-815 CE) the father of chemistry whose theories (distillation, measurement system, oxidaton, nature of substances, etc) remained dominant until the 18th century. and who was the first to elucidate the scientific method said: "The first thing that is required for anyone who seeks the knowledge of chemistry is that he should work with his hands and experiment, for he who does not work with his hands and does not experiment will not attain any degree of knowledge." Ibn al-Haytham (4th century of Hijra), referred to as "the Physicist" in Europe is famous for the first comprehensive scientific book on optics, before his study of optics and perspective paintings were entirely 2 dimensional, a leap after his treatises and works were translated is visible in how paintings became three dimensional, He discovered integral calculus (physicist, mathematician and astronomer who discovered calculus, Newton often references Arabic in his writings for a reason), is even still argued with today the work "The Enigma of Reason" primarily deals with his arguments. regarding the scientific method he said "The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency." There are texts from the 800's CE debating whether, if one for example were to take a log of wood that was not theirs, make a column out of it and have it as a foundation of a house, later the original owner of the column comes back and demands the log to be retrieved into his custody and refuse monetary compensation ought the judge comply, tear down the structure and give him the log or ought he enforce a monetary compensation. this was 1200 years. Property rights were taken that seriously, you could not simply handwave it and enforce a monetary compensation as that property in question was not attained by proper channels, hence it' s ownership and how much ought be the compensation for it is judicated by its owner and no one else has the right to, not the governor or even the caliph. Stephen Langton, the writer of the Magna Carta (12th century, contemporary with the crusades for a reason) studied in the university of Paris which archives show had plenty of Arabic treatises in its procession, there can be no question about it being inspired by the "Sharia". Both the renessiance and the european enlightenment were directly preceded by massive translation movements form Arabic (see the Republic of Letters by Alexander Bevilacqua, The House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization By: Jonathan Lyons. What brought by the cognitive revolution that brought humanity out of darkness? God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.Their

[@mohamed_Alili14]

​@@ikk_ikk wtf

[@TheThreatenedSwan]

Too bad Islam curtailed that. It's funny because all the figures people point to as scientific and philosophical visionaries from the era were decidedly heterodox, and a significant factor in such a flourishing was expanding into other lands outside of the Islamic heartland

[@ikk_ikk]

The Aramaic word for God is "Alaha" too sounds familiar? Written without the confusing vowels it is written A-L-H ܐ ܠܗܐ (alap-lamed-he) as found in Targum or in Tanakh (Daniel, Ezra), Syriac Aramaic (Peshitta), reduced from the Arabic original (of which Aramaic is a dialect continuum as will be explained) it is written in the Arabic script 'A-L-L-H' (Aleph-Lam-Lam-Ha) add an A before the last H for vocalization. The word God in another rendition in Hebrew ʾĕlōah is derived from a base ʾilāh, an Arabic word, written without confusing vowel it is A-L-H in the Arabic script, pronounced ilah not eloah. Hebrew dropped the glottal stop and mumbled it, aramic mumbled a little less and it became elaha. Infact both are written written A-L-H in Arabic, it is pronounced i in Arabic and not A because it is an Alef with hamza below (إ أ ) They are two different forms of Alef. And it mean "a god", it is the non definitive form of A-L-L-H, in which the Alef is without a glottal stop/hamza,(ا), but this kind of nuance is lost in the dialect continua. infact "YHWH" itself is an Arabic word as discussed by Professor. Israel Knohl (Professor of Biblical studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) in the paper" YHWH: The Original Arabic Meaning of the Name." jesus as his name is often misspelled due to the lack of the ayin sound in Greek, which was rendered to Iesous, coupling the nearest sound to ayin, same letter found in 'Iraq', which sounds entirely different in Arabic form 'Iran' in Arabic, with the -ous Greek suffix that Greeks typically add to their names 'HerodotOS', 'PlotinUS', 'AchelOUS' and later mumbled into a J. The yeshua rendition of Isa (his name in the Qur'an) PBUH which is purported to be the name of Jesus is KNOWN to had been taken from greek. Western Syriac also use "Isho". Western Aramaic (separate from Syriac which is a dialect of Eastern Aramaic) use "Yeshu". Western Syriac has been separate from Western Aramaic for about 1000 years. And sounds don't even match up. Syriac is a Christian liturgical language yet the four letters of the name of Jesus «ܝܫܘܥ» [ = Judeo-Babylonian Aramaic: «ישוע» ] sounds totally different in West vs East Syriac, viz. vocalized akin to Christian Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic «ܝܶܫܽܘܥ» (Yēšūʿ) in West Syriac, but pronounced more akin to Muslim Arabic Quran character name Isa in East Syriac «ܝܑܼܫܘܿܥ» (ʾĪšōʿ). The reason for this confusion is their dropping of phonemes. Only someone that has no idea what the letters are or how they sound would have a name ending in a pharyngeal fricative like the ayin, if it were to be used in a name it would have had to be in the beginning, thus the Arabic rendition is the correct one. An example in English is how the appended -d is a common error amongst the English pronouncing Gaelic names. The name Donald arose from a common English mispronunciation of the Gaelic name Donal. Just how it is with donal becoming donald and the two becoming distinct and the original being regarded as something seperate so too did Isa PBUH turn to Iesous turn to jesus and when they tried going back to the original they confused it for yeshua ( ysu is how it is actually written) for Isa PBUH ( 3'eysah ) Schlözer in his preparation for the Arabia expedition in 1781 coined the term Semitic language: "From the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, from Mesopotamia to Arabia ruled one language, as is well known. Thus Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews, and Arabs were one people (ein Volk). Phoenicians (Hamites) also spoke this language, which I would like to call the Semitic (die Semitische)." -Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German By Han F. Vermeulen. He was only half right though, Arabic is the only corollary to "proto-semitic", infact the whole semitic classification is nonsensical as will be shown. "protosemetic" Alphabet (28), Arabic Alphabet (28), Latin transliteration, hebrew (22) 𐩠 𐩡 𐩢 𐩣 𐩤 𐩥 𐩦 𐩧 𐩨 𐩩 𐩪 𐩫 𐩬 𐩭 𐩮 𐩰 𐩱 𐩲 𐩳 𐩴 𐩵 𐩶 𐩷 𐩸 𐩹 𐩺 𐩻 𐩼 ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي A b t ṯ j h kh d ḏ r z s sh ṣ ḍ ṭ ẓ ʿ ġ f q k l m n h w y א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש ת Merged phonemes in hebrew and aramaic: ح, خ (h, kh) merged into only kh consonant remain س, ش (s, sh) merged into only Shin consonant remaining ط, ظ (ṭ/teth, ẓ) merged into only ṭ/teth consonant remaining ص, ض (ṣ, ḍ/Tsad ) merged into only ḍ/Tsad consonant remaining ع, غ (3'ayn, Ghayn) merged into a reducted ayin consonant remaining ت, ث (t/taw, th) merged into only t/taw consonant remaining The reason why the protoS alphabet here is 28 and not 29, is because the supposed extra letter is simply a س written in a different position, but it was shoehorned to obfuscated. In Arabic letter shapes are different depending on whether they are in the beginning , middle or end of a word. As a matter of fact, all of the knowledge needed for deciphering ancient texts and their complexity was derived from the Qur'an. It was by analyzing the syntactic structure of the Qur'an that the Arabic root system was developed. This system was first attested to in Kitab Al-Ayin, the first intralanguage dictionary of its kind, which preceded the Oxford English dictionary by 800 years. It was through this development that the concept of Arabic roots was established and later co-opted into the term 'semitic root,' allowing the decipherment of ancient scripts. In essence, they quite literally copied and pasted the entirety of the Arabic root. Hebrew had been dead, as well as all the other dialects of Arabic, until being 'revived' in a Frankensteinian fashion in the 18th and 19th centuries. The entire region spoke basically the same language, with mumbled dialect continuums spread about, and Arabic is the oldest form from which all these dialects branched off. As time passed, the language gradually became more degenerate, Language; When one looks at the actual linguistics, one will find that many were puzzled by the opposite, that is, how the other "semetic" languages were more "evolved" than Arabic, while Arabic had archaic features, not only archaic compared to bibilical Hebrew, Ethiopic, "Aramaic" contemporary "semetic" languages, but even archaic compared to languages from ancient antiquity; Ugaritic, Akkadain. What is meant here by Archaic is not what most readers think, it is Archaic not in the sense that it is simple, but rather that it is complex (think Latin to pig Latin or Italian or Old English, which had genders and case endings to modern English), not only grammatically, but also phonetically; All the so called semitic languages are supposed to have evolved from protosemetic, the Alphabet for protosemitic is that of the so called Ancient South Arabian (which interestingly corresponds with the traditional Arabic origins account) and has 28 Phonemes. Arabic has 28 phonemes. Hebrew has 22, same as Aramaic, and other "semitic" languages. Now pause for a second and think about it, how come Arabic, a language that is supposed to have come so late has the same number of letters as a language that supposedly predates it by over a millennium (Musnad script ~1300 BCE). Not only is the glossary of phonemes more diverse than any other semitic language, but the grammar is more complex, containing more cases and retains what's linguists noted for its antiquity, broken plurals. Indeed, a linguist has once noted that if one were to take everything we know about languages and how they develop, Arabic is older than Akkadian (~2500 BCE). And then the Qur'an appeared with the oldest possible form of the language thousands of years later. This is why the Arabs of that time were challenged to produce 10 similar verses, and they couldn't. People think it's a miracle because they couldn't do it, but I think the miracle is the language itself. They had never spoken Arabic, nor has any other language before or since had this mathematical precision. And when I say mathematical, I quite literally mean mathematical. Now how is it that the Qur'an came thousands of years later in an alphabet that had never been recorded before, and in the highest form the language had ever taken? The creator is neither bound by time nor space, therefore the names are uttered as they truly were, in a language that is lexically, syntactically, phonemically, and semantically older than the oldest recorded writing. In fact, that writing appears to have been a simplified version of it. Not only that, but it would be the equivalent of the greatest works of any particular language all appearing in one book, in a perfect script and in the highest form the language could ever take. It is so high in fact, that it had yet to be surpassed despite the fact that over the last millennium the collection of Arabic manuscripts when compared on word-per-word basis in Western Museums alone, when they are compared with the collected Greek and Latin manuscripts combined, the latter does not constitute 1 percent of the former as per German professor Frank Griffel, in addition all in a script that had never been recorded before. Thus, the enlightenment of mankind from barbarism and savagery began, and the age of reason and rationality was born from its study. God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.

[@studentone2383]

@@TheThreatenedSwan Islam is the truth, sounds like you're jealous

[@mr.boomguy]

Please do more videos about pre-industrial technology. It's so fascinating how they did it back then. Perhaps a reminder too, that we may've given up too early on those technologies

[@scootergrant8683]

Not necessarily given up on. Humans have continued to use similar methods time and time again. It's very location specific though.

[@rajeshs8846]

What an amazing feat of engineering. I couldn't get away with the meticulous work and amount of time the engineers put into designing the water system. And, the engineering to carry the water to soldiers' quarters on the western side of the palace by creating a whirlpool that can mix up water and air and thru pressure is mind-blowing.

[@luxuriousfir]

A society that appreciated beauty:)

[@primalspace]

Absolutely

[@averyshaw2142]

Muslim Spain was remarkably advanced for its time, both in the sciences and socially

[@ebadurrahman7848]

beautiful things don't last long brother.

[@themedleb]

​@ebadurrahman7848 except in afterlife.

[@Artameful]

​@@themedleb eh.

[@themedleb]

@@Artameful Euh.

[@saifulislam6220]

@@themedleb said by someone who is holding the key to heaven

[@MRPUNK20]

7:28 NOO WHERE IS THE HORSE GOING

[@Randomperson-hswsds]

I was feeling that too lol

[@ChillPlastic]

TO ITS DOOM AHAHHAHAHAHHA 😈👹😈😈👹👹👹😈👹😈👺

[@abdurahman90982]

Amazing al andalus ❤beautiful video you have made.. great explanation

[@PewCDestroyer]

The whirlpool of gravity defying medieval tech actually shocked me, it's so genius of the engineer's to use air mixed water to make it lighter, making it travel more height thru a thin pipe, that's bmy favorite part actually, hope to see these mechanisms working IRL, visiting Alhambra one day, thanks for these absolute banger and informative videos!

[@dantetre]

Showing Palace of Charles V (Square building with circle court) in the Alhambra is a mayor inaccuracy, when you are talking centuries prior to its fall... Palace of Charles V was only started building in 1523. And only got its roof in 1967...

[@VenkatRamanPatnaik-V3nkat]

This place is something else. I think sometimes, modern tech cant beat ancient genius. P.S: The font hits different. Keep up the good work. Love and support from India!

[@primalspace]

So true. Thank you so much for watching and good luck in the giveaway!

[@VenkatRamanPatnaik-V3nkat]

@@primalspace Oh I didn't participate. But I am still excited whoever is the winner.

[@Abou-BakrBaghoz]

It's impressive that the innovators and intellectuals followed the main river for 6 km all the way up the mountain just to adjust the water level with the position of the palace. This shows how dedicated and intelligent the engineers were, and how the Muslims were pioneers of science and engineering hundreds of years ago. I'm also so happy that you guys mentioned the story of the Muslims during that time and acknowledged their engineering and scientific prowess, which is not talked about enough. Thank you.

[@johnbernick2944]

I had a chance to visit the Alhambra in 1988, but I never knew how the water system worked. It was neat to see how they used the water for fountains, irrigation of the gardens, etc. The Alabaster carvings and mosaic tile work were impressive too.

[@RobertoAiassa]

At time 2:20. You can't increase water pressure on the royal canal adding to it water previously rised to the pool with the water wheel. I guess that the high pressure water from the pool (about 6 kg/cm2) was reserved for special uses like fountains, etc.

[@ibraheemshuaib8954]

Most probably, not everything in the palace would be used at once so you don't need all that pressure all the time. there's no point running fountains when no one is there to see them, or to make steam when no one is using the steam room. I think the lion fountain is the only one which would be running 24/7 due to its use as a clock, but everything else may also be turned on when needed.

[@Kellethorn]

You actually can though. Water pressure is determined by the height of the water column, so introducing a source of water with a taller "column" would increase the pressure in a closed system.

[@RobertoAiassa]

@@Kellethorn But this is not a closed system...

[@whoaskedforthisbs]

You can't say what can't be done then "I guess".

[@LL-ii3fy]

My toilet needs an upgrade 😊

[@luukschipper7015]

3:55 elite music taste

[@Nick-xt2dx]

0:20 RECONQUERED it's called the Reconquista for a reason.

[@someguy4255]

Bro are you still salty about Arab rule over half a millennium later? Seriously? 😂😂😂

[@Nick-xt2dx]

@someguy4255 "salty" What is this middle school? I'm correcting a historical inaccuracy. The video incorrectly states that it was conquered by the Spanish. The Spanish didn't conquer Spain they reconquered it as it was their land to retake. The Muslims were invaders on foreign land. You don't conquer your own nation.

[@someguy4255]

@@Nick-xt2dx LMAO. There was no "Spain" or "Spanish". They were Christian kingdoms conquering kingdoms built by Muslims where people had lived for 800 years. Do you know how long 800 years is? And prior to Muslim rule the territory was conquered by Germanic tribes who ended up Christianizing it. So why are you getting all touchy about saying it was "reconquered"? The only people I've seen who care so much about that nonsense are far right low lives who attach some strange sentimental value to the reconquista. You do realize it's utterly delusional to be emotionally invested in this stuff, don't you?

[@_EUREKA.]

​@@Nick-xt2dx the only salty guy is him. La reconquista is an important event for people living in spain he must be incapable in understanding why.

[@leos280]

To me the precise engineering involved in water clock was most impressive, tbey calculated not only the inflow of water and its volumetric consistency but even the outflow. Absolutely impressive

[@Mac_system]

Quick question: Couldn't the water supply have been easily sabotaged during the siege?

[@mike_w-tw6jd]

Good question. A dam is not easily concealed.

[@petrichor259]

That's why they have a backup well and reservoir

[@uhmeowser]

Mastering one of the most complicated elements is impressive but doing it with minimal resources and unknown knowledge? Very impressive. I love seeing mid evil technology. Its not to complex but its always not to easy, it's to the point its still impressive. Despite about what we think that all past technology was messy and unorganized, some devices have potential!

[@exchangAscribe]

its always more impressive to create things that are less complex. complicating something that already exists is easier.

[@ranro7371]

Not just there..Textual criticism in christianity began when the bible was first translated into european vernavular in the 16th century (was translated into Arabic in the 19th century), it reached a professional level around the 19-20th century and is still ongoing today, In Islam however it started in the first century. Unlike the Quran, the hadith are transmitted oral accounts which were written 1 century after they happened and even in the canonical collections of Bukhari and Muslim there are several narrations of the same hadith due to some people paraphrasing and others forgetting part of it. Most of the hadith are without context, this is not to take from the value of hadith as in practice it was the first serious endeavor of having authentication of the historical record. The hadith are transmitted by way of chains of narration, x heard from y who heard from z that .... took place, a study of who x, who y, and who z were and whether what they are saying is true by checking what others had said about them and whether they had indeed met those who they are purported to have taken the accounts from began and so the first "peer review" mechanism took place, all before the internet in the 2nd and 3rd centuries fo the hijra, which unlike the christian calendar has been continously kept, the current gregorian calendar for example was first instanced int he year 535 CE by Dionysius Exiguus, the 25th of December in addition for example being the pagan holdiay of the roman deirty 'Sol Invictus' is clearly shown in the "Chronograph of 354", the earliest christian calendar predating the current one, but I digress, the writing down of hadith was forbidden by the prophet himself for the aforementioned issue (people forgetting, paraphrasing, taking words out of context) only the Quran was ordered to have been written and linguistically they are too far apart, it is clear that the Matn of some hadith, the substance or the wording was altered as the language used seems to be more "modern" instead in instances. Arabic had not changed in any significant way since the Abbasids, 1200 years ago sound as "modern" as things written in the last 50 years. Arabic is the oldest continuously spoken language in the world, the only possible corollary, Chinese, has script which has no relation to the actual language hence why Japanese and old Vietnamese use it, event the script itself was only codified in the 1700s in the Kangxi emperor's dictionary. A miracle in plain sight Hadith for example has several levels of correctness, from Hasan which means "well" to rejected as pertains to the Matn or the substance of the hadith itself, the "isnad" of the Hadith or the chains of transmission / citation also have varying levels from Marfu' meaning quoted without having actually met any of the people in the transmission chain or a second hand account or Mudalas meaning plagarised from another transmitter of hadith without citing and Marfud meaning outright rejected for various reasons, There is another layer of complexity here called ilm-aa-rijal, the study of the bibliography of those in the chains of transmission themselves and their soundness whether objectively by crosschecking where they lived and whom they met or subjectively by seeing what their peers said about them regarding their character. Those unaware of the aforementioned would not only have not been allowed to cite hadith it would have been a criminal offense and there are hadith which clearly contradict one another and one ought not be citing hadith without knowing all other hadith from the colossal hadith collections that were written, even the earliest hadith collection, Musannaf Abdel Razaq Al-Sanani ( 137-211H / 744- 827 CE) and Musannaf of Ibn Abi Shaybah ( 159H-235H / 775-849 CE). for instance had over 53,000 hadith with their chains of transmissions included has yet to be translated into English . Yes, Bukhari and Muslim are taken the most correct as they had the most narrow criterion, but an enormous study is required before citing either one of them. Later scholars such an Al-Darqutni show that there were mistakes made. I say later here though he is still over a millennium old this seriousness of scholarship was the first endeavor of its kind in human history, what became today known as university degrees started with the institutions giving "ijaza" or certificate t transmit hadith and talk about it , indeed they are the origins of the University system we know today. This scientific method of studying hadith and jurisprudence was developed and already in practice in the 2nd and third centuries of the hijra (around 750 CE) back when most of europe did not have a written script for their vernacular, enormous encyclopedia such as the 40 volume history of Al-Tabari which, averages 400 pages per volume (and is only one of his works) were written, the only corollary of which in the west would have been the "decline and Fall of The Roman Empire" by Edward Gibbons in the 1700s, considered a watershed, a monument of its time, with a span that would have hardly constituted a volume and a half of Al-Tabari's encyclopedia and written a millennium later. Jabir Ibn Hayyan (101-199 H / 721-815 CE) the father of chemistry whose theories (distillation, measurement system, oxidaton, nature of substances, etc) remained dominant until the 18th century. and who was the first to elucidate the scientific method said: "The first thing that is required for anyone who seeks the knowledge of chemistry is that he should work with his hands and experiment, for he who does not work with his hands and does not experiment will not attain any degree of knowledge." Ibn al-Haytham (4th century of Hijra), referred to as "the Physicist" in Europe is famous for the first comprehensive scientific book on optics, before his study of optics and perspective paintings were entirely 2 dimensional, a leap after his treatises and works were translated is visible in how paintings became three dimensional, He discovered integral calculus (physicist, mathematician and astronomer who discovered calculus, Newton often references Arabic in his writings for a reason), is even still argued with today the work "The Enigma of Reason" primarily deals with his arguments. regarding the scientific method he said "The duty of the man who investigates the writings of scientists, if learning the truth is his goal, is to make himself an enemy of all that he reads, and... attack it from every side. He should also suspect himself as he performs his critical examination of it, so that he may avoid falling into either prejudice or leniency." There are texts from the 800's CE debating whether, if one for example were to take a log of wood that was not theirs, make a column out of it and have it as a foundation of a house, later the original owner of the column comes back and demands the log to be retrieved into his custody and refuse monetary compensation ought the judge comply, tear down the structure and give him the log or ought he enforce a monetary compensation. this was 1200 years. Property rights were taken that seriously, you could not simply handwave it and enforce a monetary compensation as that property in question was not attained by proper channels, hence it' s ownership and how much ought be the compensation for it is judicated by its owner and no one else has the right to, not the governor or even the caliph. Stephen Langton, the writer of the Magna Carta (12th century, contemporary with the crusades for a reason) studied in the university of Paris which archives show had plenty of Arabic treatises in its procession, there can be no question about it being inspired by the "Sharia". Both the renessiance and the european enlightenment were directly preceded by massive translation movements form Arabic (see the Republic of Letters by Alexander Bevilacqua, The House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization By: Jonathan Lyons. What brought by the cognitive revolution that brought humanity out of darkness? God did bring down the Qur’an, Mohamed is his Messenger.

[@Deepthought-42]

6:02 it’s not surface tension, it’s air pressure that starts the syphon.

[@BernardoTorres-w5e]

Yes , that sounds much more natural , how can surface tension pull water that is descending ? No way

[@bman7938]

This place; it's surrounding natural beauty, the architecture of its buildings, and the engineering/mechanical marvels that are still functioning today....amazing.

[@ILikeRockets]

5:33 Greedy cup syphon!

[@benkim6969]

I think I'll TRYYYY deFYYYYing gravity

[@primalspace]

🤣🤣 this comment just made my day!

[@kpaukeaho6180]

Was looking for this

[@carlsoll]

8:14 Okay, now ‘this one’ is perpetual motion :o Turn the Pipe *Refilling* Itself O.O

[@erner_wisal]

No.

[@parallelgaming8424]

It wouldn’t, as the bubbles would pop leaving only a little water flow, not enough to power it.

[@carlsoll]

Dang :o

[@g6ry]

*إني تذكرت والذكرى مؤرقة* *مجداً تليداً بأيدينا أضعناه. 💔* I remembered and the memory is haunting, An ancient glory we lost with our own hands. 💔

[@contagiousintelligence5007]

4:11 the video restarts

[@primalspace]

Thanks for your comment. Chapters are also available in the description and timed for skipping forward without missing content. Thanks for watching and for your support. Cheers!

[@mohamedbouheli6385]

It's important to mention that Alhambra Palace was designed and constructed under the rule of the Muslim Nasrid dynasty in the Islamic period of Spain (al-Andalus).

[@TNAKDrone]

nice vid, but 6:00 - it wasn't surface tension

[@p1ai162]

It's gravity

[@bajalala5153]

All aspects of this system are amazing. I especially love the the fact that the water system was able to cool the surrounding air and of course the water clock - Ingenious!

[@ecv80]

I'm going to take this opportunity to remind everyone that the Muslim in Iberian peninsula were mostly local converts as evidenced by the scarce Maghrebian DNA admixture despite the 800 or so years long military occupation. In case somebody tries to make claims. Also a reminder that most Islamic breakthroughs occurred in Northern lands such as Spain and Turkey. Yep, keep that in mind.

[@abdelazizmetali1938]

What about baghdad

[@DanBurgaud]

8:20 Hmmm impressive!

[@Poske_Ygo]

1:24 in beautiful scbscribed.

[@BearIchi]

Glad you like it. Save your mind and watch more of these. Your not weird your smarter than everyone

[@ifrakhan294]

True