The Biggest Ideas in the Universe | 5. Time

[@CoreyChambersLA]

Sean Carroll is among the greatest teachers of all time.

[@deez9588]

Its amazing how he introduces such difficult topics without blantly providing facts. He asks questions, makes predictions, gives room to interpret. And all that comes with enthusiasm and general curiosity about the topic. Thank you Sean!

[@fatihokhider]

most near death experiance candidates agree that there is no time when we die ...this mean that entropy will stop with time and both are related to the process of living not the cosmose...Allah knows best.

[@jeannieh3661]

Clearly... He has the "Spherical Cow" Award. 🐄 ↔🔵 = 😇 Much love Sean

[@FigmentHF]

Thank you for all your time and effort. I left school with no real education, but I find all this stuff fascinating. It always felt academically impenetrable to me, and while I do occasionally get a bit lost, I can actually follow along with most of it. You’re a great communicator and teacher, you can convey complex ideas without being too esoteric, and yet you don’t tend to over simplify difficult concepts. It feels very genuine, honest and accessible. Thanks again!

[@James-fe7wd]

You sir have an incredible gift as an educator

[@kostanchik10074]

Please, don’t stop these videos. This format is awesome!

[@cambriolage778]

Had to pause at 48:21 "the size of the macrostate is entropy" 𝖒𝖎𝖓𝖉 𝖇𝖑𝖔𝖜𝖓! A true moment of wow for me! Thank you, Sean for this work, it's a crucial part of my life!

[@wagfinpis]

I can not get enough of Sean's awesome consideration's. Great sense of humor, I love this guy every time I tune in! Only way to keep the appreciation short is to not even begin to mention it.

[@mgenthbjpafa6413]

Sean has become, over the last decade, my most admired personality in terms of pedagogy inspiration on top of his explicit expertise on QM, we feel the joy of acquiring knew skills, confronting the edge of Human Knowledge. This may be a truism, but it must be acknowledged...Congrats, once more.

[@gkelly34]

Wish I had a physics teacher like this at school. Fascinating stuff

[@russxdxdxd4675]

he is a PHD wasting time in school is a waste of knowledge.. people like him deserve more which is university and science college

[@gkelly34]

chillz :D just someone qualified to teach the curriculum, and passionate about their subject. Think you missed the point

[@robbyjohnson6531]

@@gkelly34 Haha, great response

[@brankooffice]

For some reason, I find you the most eloquent professor while also being the most informative in the whole field of science popularization. I watch all of your videos and read all of your books for years now and you always seem to give the most understandable definitions for science readers while not making a lot of compromises and avoiding bad analogies. Sometimes I wonder if science popularization would benefit more if you gave talks to your colleagues about how to explain things and how to structure talks then just educating the public directly. But please don't stop :) These are great.

[@curtthechameleon]

I feel the same, Brian Greene and Neil Tyson are also favorites.

[@mariapawlowski8078]

I agree with Goat boy. Carroll communicates for the edification of his audience.

[@mariapawlowski8078]

@@curtthechameleon Greene and Tyson are two of my favorites also. Brilliant communicators, something I'd enjoy seeing in more scientists.

[@Corvaire]

Ditto ;O)-

[@733eel]

I use to watch you back in the day i think it was the Universe or some series. You have always been able to talk to me as the years go on. I have no background in physics/maths but after a few years of watching your lectures and the many others like you it starts to make sense. Anyhows I guess all I wanted to say was thank you for being here all these years. Cheers

[@pranaysheshak5931]

Watching this at 1.5x speed and thinking "I live life faster than 1 second/second"

[@SirThorp]

Quality content right here.

[@tanishqgandas2633]

you my friend deserve everything

[@jharris7]

🤣🤣🤣👏

[@bkbland1626]

Why? That serves no purpose.

[@positron5687]

Dito

[@richardofoz2167]

Your description of psychological time at around 39-40 minutes is fascinating. Many years ago, when I was young and embarked on open-ended travel for the first time, I found that writing at intervals to my family at home was a weird experience for me. Reviewing my diary for news to send home, I found myself amazed that so much had happened in the previous week or fortnight. ("Was that just last week? It feels like 6 weeks ago!) Somehow, time had been "stretched" to a significant degree, and it struck me how differently time is experienced while traveling than while working. I attributed this to the fact that in a work routine, experiences are, to a high degree, predictable. Most people can anticipate reasonably well what they will be doing next Thursday morning or the Thursday morning after that. Consequently, little seems to happen. I frequently had the experience of talking to someone after a break of some weeks and finding I had no news to report to them. I think this is quite common. ("What's news?" "Oh, nothing.") When travelling, however, the reverse was true. Upon waking each morning, we generally had no idea where we would spend the night or who we might have met and what we might have done during the day. So looking back on my recent experiences, I would be amazed at how "full" life had been. For a long time I attributed this richer experience to travel itself, and work itself. But of course, it's due not to travelling or working as such, but to the lack or abundance of new memories, which is how we experience time. You have finally made clear to me - 50 years after the fact - what this experience of mine was all about.

[@alexpotts6520]

48:30 that equation (written S = k log W) is written on Boltzmann's gravestone

[@User-jr7vf]

And the grave in turn is featured at the top of Sean's blog.

[@stewarthayne8304]

I did a masters degree in physics 25 years ago and then became a lawyer. All forgotten until now. This is so amazing to watch. So well presented. Thank you!

[@cmacmenow]

Just like to give a huge thanks to Sean for putting together these incredibly illuminating and engaging Y.T talks /presentations. Green screen,apps and real time iPad usage works beautifully.

[@pierfrancescopeperoni]

Seeing these concepts finally popularized on KZbin always fills me of joy: I had the intuition about eternalism and the block universe at age 15 without knowing about Einstein's theory of relativity, and since then I started studying physics. I also had an intuition about identity, deriving naturally from the eternalism, which fits perfectly the many world interpretation (though I haven't taken yet a position on interpretations of quantum mechanics): I think that we all are one conscious being, which is the only existing "whole thing" in the universe, or even better, which is the universe itself as one conscious being, and the only one being at all. I'll explain my intuitions and mental experiments in the answer to this comment, since it will take some lines.

[@pierfrancescopeperoni]

Time doesn't flow at all. You can order the events a priori in relation to the increase of entropy. Accumulation of memory goes together with the increase of entropy, and this gives, at any instant, the illusion of time flowing to the increase of entropy. Mental experiment. The following events are ordered from what happens first to what happens after: 1-Albert wonders if it is possible to reverse the time flow. 2-Albert starts building a reversing time flow machine. 3-Somehow Albert just built a reversing time flow machine. 4-Albert activates the reversing time flow machine. 3-Somehow Albert just built a reversing time flow machine. 2-Albert starts building a reversing time flow machine. 1-Albert wonders if it is possible to reverse the time flow. Observation 1: Albert always perceives gaining information even when Albert's mind loses information (when time is reversed): if time flows backwards, then everything, even memory and thought, flow backwards. Observation 2: however you arrange the order of the events, Albert will always perceive exactly the same in any given event. Intuition: Albert's perception is confined to the events themselves, and any way of ordering them is just abstraction: what if there isn't any real order, and all the events occur simultaneously and will last forever, i.e. time doesn't flow? At least Occam's razor would be sharp. So, assuming that time is flowing, it is not possible to know the direction of flowing, and the perceived direction is always pointing to the increase of memory in our brain, regardless to the real succession of the events. Now I'll define SIMOULTANEOUS INSTANTS OF TIME We've seen, that we can reasonably assume that time doesn't flow. So I'm perceiving all my life, past and future, in this moment, though in different simultaneous instants: note that there are not contradictions since we are considering time as a mere coordinate (since it doesn't flow), so past and future are not "what has happened" and "what will happen", but rather different "positions" all existing now and standing still: this is the meaning of simultaneous instants of time. PERCEIVING THE DIFFERENT INSTANTS SIMULTANEOUSLY SEPARATELY I perceive all the moments in my life simultaneously, though separately, with no interference from each other: though in this instant I have memory of other events, the perception I have of them here is different from the perception I have of them in the past (we assume for simplicity that our memory is not such a mess, and it relates to real events, though the discussion of this assumption is interesting and could eventually be done separately). Let capital letters denote events, and numbers denote different perceptions of them. The sequence of their presence in our mind, to the increase of memory (as the illusory flow of time is perceived), is: (A1)->(A2,B1)->(A3,B2,C1), and so on. So, though I perceive A at any instant, I perceive it differently at any different instant. I'll say two events are perceived separately whenever I consider their perception in different instants: A3,B2,C1 are NOT perceived separately, while A1,A2,A3 are. I can consider sets of events, like entire instants: any instant is perceived simultaneously but separated from each other, while the events from a same instant are not perceived as separated. We see that the word separation now is used where one uses to use simultaneity: saying that time doesn't flow we emphasize that EVERYTHING is simultaneous, though separation in those sets of perceptions is maintained. MY (YOUR) IDENTITY We notice that not only any two different instants are perceived separately by the same person, but also the same instant is perceived separately between different persons. There is not substantial difference between [different instants in the same people] and [different people in the same instant], but matters of similarities in the content of perceptions. If I perceive myself in each simultaneous instant separately, this is equivalent to as I perceive different persons simultaneously. I can actually say I am different persons simultaneously, one for each instant of time, who share in common similarities in the information in the memory, arrangeable as a continuous flow of perceptions to the accumulation of information. And I can even say I am all the people, not only this one writing, i.e. I'm ALL the separate instants, regardless to the similarities between them. So we also eliminated possible assumptions about the disposition of identities (there is only one identity), and Occam's razor is even sharper than before. I recently found a similar intuition in Andy Weir's short story "the Egg", which I suggest you to read if these things are still not clear to you. After eliminating the assumptions about time and the identity, we can easily eliminate any other assumption about reality, like any possible disposition or order of perceptions. I am in fact convinced that all the existence is structureless. Intuitively I like to think of it as a point with no space around it. Any structure we can think of is purely abstract.

[@williamhogancamp7716]

I love it that you need a haircut like the rest of us. I hadn't been much of a fan previously due to your atheistic entrancement, considered that close minded. After I subscribed to The Great Courses Plus and watched some of your courses, I realized you are a very good educator. That you are spending your time educating us for free on KZbin is magnanimous and very much appreciated. Just a reminder that first impressions are often wrong and one aspect of a person does not indicate all of that person. Thank you Dr. Carroll.

[@992turbos]

Do you still consider atheism to be close minded?

[@byronwatkins2565]

It is true that times t>t0 cannot become tx0 on a line also cannot become x

[@bruinflight]

Sean Carroll is my favorite science guy (along with Dr Lincoln at Fermi Lab) and I just heard him utter what is now my favorite Sean Carroll quote (19:11), "That's crazy talk!" Love ya Sean!!! Thanks for all of your great, great internet chats, buddy! Be well!

[@rc5989]

I enjoy when Professor Carroll covers the bases in philosophy including the original Greek philosophers. I find that it enriches my understanding and familiarity with science.

[@alikarimi76]

I'm a big fan of the time topic. Thanks Sean for starting this. I'm looking forward to next videos about time 🙌

[@kenwalter3892]

Been waiting for this one.

[@kidzbop38isstraightfire92]

Your ability to comprehend complex ideas and explain it to us laypeople is, in my opinion, as good as Feynman's. Well done.

[@GodlessPhilosopher]

These lectures are incredible and Sean is a genius. Highly recommend his new book defending the many-worlds "interpretation" of QM.

[@qingyangzhang887]

"Something deeply hidden". I just read it. It's amazing.

[@avrenna]

It is amazing! And his book The Big Picture is a multidisciplinary masterpiece. I very, very highly recommend that one especially.

[@chrstfer2452]

How formal is it? Is there any exploration of the equations?

[@endrawes0]

@@chrstfer2452 informal for sure.

[@David-qv9yy]

how would dark matter affect quantum entanglement specifically near a black holes event horizon?

[@madderhat5852]

Question. 4:30 I thought given that everything in the universe is moving, that cancels out the idea of "choice" in moving through space. Wouldn't the only way not to move through space is not to move through time?

[@iruleandyoudont9]

you're a brilliant man Sean. thanks once again for making these vids. much respect.

[@icesrd]

Dr Carroll... I hope you enjoy making these lectures as much as we do listening to them. Please keep up the good work. Can't wait for the next installment.

[@sbassett5572]

I've spent 20 years in disaster zones.. 100% my mental clock speeds up in an emergency situation, but its not because I'm "falling" or my physical movement. Its the same if you're walking and spot a snake 1m ahead and you're stood still. You just "switch on". I'd say it's more a response to danger and an awareness we need full processing power than a physical reaction to a fall or similar though. We call it part of RPD, recognition primed decision making and it takes time in those extreme environments to develop (10 years typically) but then you can "think" "see" "analyse" etc everything much better and several times faster. Hope there's more done on this, its fascinating. Also there seems to have been an assumption that heart rate increases in these situations to get blood pumping and to extremities which would make sense but it appears (more weirdly) its actually to increase the likelihood our heart beats at the same moment as others, because this (weirdly) makes us much more cooperative, and this is the real key to surviving a sudden threat above how your muscles react.. Will my friends jump to my aid. It was taught to us for the job so I don't know enough but alot of interesting points in this area.

[@fekeetsa]

Its learning to not respond to the fight or flight response. Being this is an autonomic response, it takes many, many many (10years mol) times to condition your brain to Not automatically trigger FiOFl. Different factors can speed up or slow down the time it takes an individual to condition themselves to respond calmly and correctly in dangerous situations.

[@fekeetsa]

Btw... thank you for your service 🙏

[@ASLUHLUHC3]

Wish you talked about time itself, and how it (& mass) are emergent properties of timeless & massless particles bumping around fields, resisting acceleration.

[@AndrewCMumm-sf2yo]

Sean, without knowing it, you kept me in the game when I was a grad student studying general relativity. I was lucky to come across the early .pdf notes of your general relativity book (you were offering them for free online) and it was such a relief to finally read a book that explained things clearly. I ended up writing my masters thesis on the Kerr metric and your book helped so much in that respect. You're an outstanding educator and I'm really enjoying some of you mindscape podcasts and youtube videos. If you ever come to Hong Kong (in a post-corona world), then please come give a talk to the awesome physics students at my school - we would even love to host you as a resident scholar for a short while if that could interest you. My school is an outstanding place that wants to push the boundaries of what's possible in high-school (we've hosted an AI researcher who spoke about entanglement, another Caltech quantum-professor who is an alumnus of our school, Jerry Coyne from Chicago U. on evolution - you would fit right in!). Take care.

[@IarctusI]

For QA: 1) Is it valid to say that time is a part of space-time conceptual model because it is impossible to measure time without space being involved (changes in time are tracked through space)? 2) What is the smallest measurable unit of time we can measure? Meaning, what is the smallest unit measurable where we can see a change in space? Thank you!

[@incoathwetrust4612]

Hey Sean, could you please explain how the spontaneous radio-active decay of an unstable nuclei does not actually violate time-reversal symmetry, contrary to what most people are inclined to believe? Thanks!

[@2ndAmendmentX]

I'd further want to understand why all of the four forces don't violate time-reversal symmetry. Gravity acts one way. If you reverse time, you have to reverse the force of gravity right?

[@robbyjohnson6531]

Been looking for something like this for years. The equations in the last episode went way the hell over my head, and I got quite seriously lost. This one, though, I was able to follow the entire time. Blew my mind multiple times. Thanks for this.

[@badron88]

These talks right here, and others like it, are the reason I'm planning to study physics. I'm coming up with some great ideas but don't know enough yet to answer them. Mr Carroll, thank you.

[@pizzacrusher4632]

These are so excellent! Thank you very much for doing this!!!! I wish everyone was as generous with their knowledge & expertise. Thanks again!

[@jimwolfgang9433]

Thanks Sean, I've watched and listened to so many of your lectures and podcasts; but I think this format is the best yet imho. 👍

[@daverei1211]

My favourite topic by my favourite speaker - thank you Sean

[@dvoss7680]

Sean, I really enjoy your work and your lectures. I bought a few of your books and just wanted to say I really appreciate you. Thank you!

[@tonycotto8073]

This is simply the best explanation of time I've ever heard.

[@NicleT]

Thank you for these video courses. They’re very important! I want also to share that I had myself a big accident when I was a teen that let me saw time slowing down significantly. This is what I felt while it was happening. My mind was “ultra aware” of each details that was unrolling from the accident but also I was struck to realize that at the same time, my perception of time was different. So I’m not saying time was running slower with my physical movements, but more that my perception of it let me feel it slower. It’s also important to say it was not a souvenir aftermath, but really while it was happening.

[@beeble2003]

"Clock: changes reliably & predictably with respect to other clocks." Here, I like the parallel with something that came up a couple of talks ago, where you said that one solution to a set of conservation of energy equations is that a ball on a slope stays exactly where it is. Similarly, one solution to this system of "clock equations" is that a rock is a clock, because it changed reliably and predictably (i.e., not at all) with respect to other rocks.

[@seionne85]

This is great 😂😂

[@ibmor7674]

This guy is too dope, useful yet not boring.

[@KamranRazvan]

You have a great course on "Great Courses" about the arrow of time. I "think" I finally grasped, in that course, what entropy is!

[@jcf20010]

I have that course too and have watched a couple of times. It's very good.

[@ag-bf3ty]

That part about novelty adjusting your perception of time makes sooooooo much sense. If I watch a movie for the first time, and then watch it again, it seems to always go by quicker the second time. Which is kind of odd and counterintuitive, since you'd think it would be more boring (and "time flies when you're having fun" as they say.) I think that maybe in the moment, it feels like it drags more slowly, but in retrospect you don't remember much and so it feels like it passed more quickly.

[@NoFunNoMoshNoCoreNoTrends]

Sean, this is absolutely fantastic content. Holy cow man.

[@ToriKo_]

7:20 “(the Past already happened) the language that we have, that was not invested to talk Scientifically or Philosophically about time [or any concept] - comes from ordinary use - embedded into this language is a very definite notion of how time [that concept] works. [An example of this is the sentence:] The Past is settled but the future is up for grabs.” More broadly this whole section has a lot of really interesting moves surrounding philosophical and language ‘traps’

[@pedromalafayabaptista3655]

The strange thing is that time has a speed, being speed a derivative of length in order to time. The clocks beat is slowed down with the growth of velocity, so t=f(v) and v=dx/dt - too circular for my taste.

[@ryrez4478]

awesome thank you Sean Carroll! btw i really appreciate that you know so much about philosophy as well. makes these videos even that much more interesting

[@dxhelios7902]

@Sean what is the difference between entropy and time? Times defines entropy, entropy allows us to define time.

[@slash196]

Entropy does not allow us to define time. In a local system with decreasing entropy, clocks still run forward.

[@JacobCanote]

We love you Sean! Best of luck! You are a rebel and I know it. Your role just changed. You do a wonderful job of opening up people for different ways to frame things. Theoretical physics and allowing liberties to probe different depths are a priceless tools for discovery and understanding... too drunk. To drunk

[@a.nunnikrishnan5492]

To understand why we experience different time-intervals for same experience depending on our state of awareness based on relativity principle and also the concepts of past, present and future pl refer the book SPACETIME AND THAT BEYOND By Unnikrishnan.

[@nobiggeridiot]

could you say the 'now' is the local time, in the same way you describe local in spacial dimensions ? With events needing a locality in time, to occur ?

[@TheEyez187]

Comment made me think of the 'Now' scene in Spaceballs! :D

[@rodrigosilvanader]

Question(s): Regardless of the arrow of time, which does seem to be explained by entropy, “change” seems to be something external to us and also real (maybe even fundamental). Here are some questions (just answer whatever feels reasonable): Any thoughts on why is there change at all? Does it make sense to see time as the number of fundamental “changes” that happened in a “point” in space? Is there a limit for the number of fundamental changes that could happen in a point in space? In other words, is there some conclusion about if time is discrete or continuous? Is Planck Time related?

[@KamranRazvan]

Is time being created "new" as we move forward or does it already exist?

[@KamranRazvan]

@@X9523-z3v Not being a physicist, just a regular engineer having passed physics 101, I wonder about time when we discuss the expansion of universe and space being generated. If time & space are linked and are essentially connected, does it mean that when space is being created... time is also being created? Is there "new" time as we move forward or are we just moving along an existing time axis? Don't you hate it when engineers think physics?

[@KamranRazvan]

@@X9523-z3v Thank you for the reply - I understand the concept of change but my underlying philosophical problem (not understanding is less impressive than philosophical problem) is thinking of a stream .. if I watch a leaf floating and moving.. I can say the change of position of the leaf is what time is.. but it is the current, isn't it? I know that is not the right analogy .. but for something to move it has to have "something" to change with respect to.. the stream.. it hurts to my brain too.

[@tigertiger1699]

Man .. I really appreciate the effort you put in here…, I get to come n go on this.., but to look at it for an hour .. hurts the head

[@The1belal]

Such a convenient way to speak and illustrate...very cool !...Thank you Sean, you have a very pleasant voice for explaining things.

[@rikimitchell916]

re 5:55 the only way we can experience time is in the 'instant'=="now" we can never experience tomorrow...out of sequence (time travel)

[@party-sy2tk]

Thankyou Sean. Very enjoyable and interesting talk. Glad I took the time to watch it!

[@ianmarshall9144]

just like mathematics , its a human abstract concept that helps us to describe the interactions that go on around us , it is a fact that i do not bump into myself , i exist here , the physical reality i accept changes by interactions , those interaction do not require time , it is our ability to remember / perceive that gives us a notion of time .

[@richardschuerger3214]

Love this series - Ty for doing this. If we were to exist at an event horizon while time flows past us, we would be able to "see" one direction (the past) but not the other (future). Essentially time is flowing past us at the speed of causality and our perception of present time emerges from that

[@charonme]

what is called "the arrow of time" in this video is just time asymmetry: while we know there is a difference between different times, we don't know the direction of time. The apparent "arrow" comes from the direction of our observation: we always observe time from lower to higher entropy

[@ili626]

@39:00 - I don’t think it’s only “novelty”. I think it’s proportional to how long we’ve lived too. One year at five-years-old equals 20% of our life. At 50-years-old, one year is only 2% of our life. “Novelty” does have an effect , but it’s qualitative and depends on various contexts - a life in one town vs a life of constant travel, for example. Psychedelic experiences also provide novel experiences and augment time

[@rikimitchell916]

re 4:50...'we move thru time' (transversing the 'temporal landscape') ...OR ...does 'time move thru us' (aging)

[@fernandozapateroarriaga7926]

8:17 If we can't change the past and each moment depends on the previous one, how could the future be any different from what it will be?

[@KungFuKeni]

Quantum mech

[@willjeremijenko4633]

Wow! Shaun has incredible communication skills and is very pioneering in his work

[@scowell]

Very much like the new background... much easier on the eyes. Thanks for listening! Love the content.

[@TheHalothane]

In Forward's Dragon's Egg, a species lives on a neutron star. Gravity is so warped that time travels differently for them. They travel quicker through time than beings in another frame of reference. Granted, everyone in their frame of reference travels at the same time.

[@d3vilm4ster]

OMG!!!!! I didn;t know you had a youtube channel!! I love how you explain things nad i hope you keep posting videos here. You are really brillant!

[@anm3037]

I just met this channel today 26/09/2023 and am already at part 5. It’s amazing how you explain these physics. Now I wonder if you are a university teacher …? If yes then your students are very lucky 🍀

[@meters_and_madness]

Thank you for doing these videos Sean! The content is fascinating and your delivery is so well articulated. Love it.

[@konsamtambradhwaja3870]

Thank you Sean for this lecture.Very interesting and enjoyable talk.

[@RMFpets]

About experiencing time fast as we get older it’s because when you are 10yo. one year is 1/10th as your life and when you are say 30 one year is 1/30th. So times seems faster because your have experienced more of it on reflection

[@DaveSimkus]

Is time a byproduct of entropy/motion being observed/calculated by conscious observers?

[@rikimitchell916]

re 28:20 is it not still a matter of vocab..IE we can only'experience' the present moment but that doesn't negate this possible existence of eternal time ...that which I perceive Vs that which exists

[@Edwinvangent]

Thanks Sean, your a great communicator, I can listen for hours, to make really difficult stuff easy marks a good teacher, in the movie Lucy at the end she said time is the fundamental unit of measure I kind of agree.

[@tomlakosh1833]

Dear Doc; Entanglement and time are mutually exclusive where entanglement mandates superposition precluding acceleration and the time function. That's why we need a dual membrane electromagnetic field that produces antimatter strings without a time function on that half of the brane. We're entangled through that brane given that our structure is half antimatter strings. It is the conduction tensor in the 1 to 3 aspect ratio graviton tori and subsequent graviton clusters that keeps the matter and antimatter strings from annihilating and time on our brane renders the antimatter strings recessive on our brane. Gravity is just the electromagnetic processes applied to the flow of graviton and graviton clusters around and through Standard Model particles. The clusters are actually gluons that were formed en mass during the GUT Epoch and are continually formed in SM particle cores. These gluons/clusters act like a dipole gas subject to condensation via Feshbach resonance and BCS field effect, and this condensate is formed in the electromagnetic field of galaxies as dark matter that is scattered by cosmic rays . The dipole gas is spin and charge coupled on the surface of leptons and baryons to form the Higgs field operating as an electromagnetic rectenna generating space-time viscosity as it captures the momentum of gravitons and clusters flying through the field. The gas is also the working fluid for a gravitational propulsion system operating as an “ion thruster” through the core of the leptons and baryons. Dark energy is just the increase in quantum friction of the propulsion system in barren space where the Higgs field drags the particle backwards toward even less dense space. Thanks for employing speculation as it is needed in your profession but please revise your gravity podcasts to comport with a more rational hypothesis.

[@agreatday8619]

I don’t understand why everyone thinks particles which are dynamic in nature exist in space. Doesn’t it make more sense that particles live in time. Entangled particles have opposite spin because one was measured in the past and it is the same particle is then flipped in the present when measured for the second time in the particles future?

[@David-qv9yy]

interesting and how would dark matter play a role in these quantumaly entangled particles?

[@agreatday8619]

I don’t think we know enough about dark matter to know what role it would play. At least I don’t know as much about dark matter that I would like to right now.

[@jessicaphillips763]

It must be so cool to be extra smart! This guy seems like such a good person on top of it all. 👏 ☺️

[@brunoprates862]

Actually, I have one other question (sorry, can't help myself...): You said our universe started with low-entropy. "Low" compared to what? If the maximum possible entropy is 'Smax', and we started with 0.001*Smax, I guess you could call it "low". But I can easily think of an universe with 0.00000001*Smax initial entropy, in with case the 0.001*Smax would appear to be pretty high. So how do you define "low" here?

[@lennarthedlund9783]

Bruno Prates I would suggest ”compared to later states”

[@brunoprates862]

@@lennarthedlund9783 I see... But if the universe will someday reach thermal equilibrium (maximum entropy), any amount of initial entropy that is not maximum will be "lower" then it will eventually be in a later state, right? I guess you can claim that the universe could have started with a entropy near its maximum, but again, "near" seems pretty arbitrary to me. I can imagine another universe that started with an entropy waaaay lower than ours, so the people of that universe would say ours started with a "high" entropy (at least compared to their universe...)

[@DomainRider]

IIRC, Sean discusses all that, with respect to different universe cosmologies, in his book "From Eternity to Here"

[@anticaritz]

Thank you for the invaluable information

[@PavlosPapageorgiou]

Time is an adjacency relationship between points in phase space. Using time as an adjacency metric, phase space looks tapered at one end and wide at the other end for combinatorial reasons (entropy). We run through trajectories in phase space and fall towards the bigger macrostates because there are more paths leading there. There's no more mystery than this. The mathematical possibility of smaller macrostates reachable from now makes the past real. It's just the tapering of phase space that we interpret as a "past" with a "start". If you're asking why the "start" looks like a featureless singularity and not like some elaborate godly creation, that's a question of conservation of information. It seems empirically that the universe contains low or zero information, at the big bang or any other macrostate, and the 2nd law can be rephrased as keeping information constant while macrostates get bigger.

[@rikimitchell916]

re 24:40 space and time share a boundary?==what are the conditions of that boundary?

[@matthewrichmond4139]

I definitely recommend Carlo Reveli's lecture on the Physics and Phsychology of Time found on YT.

[@manlamb1]

I lent his book to someone before I was able to finish it but what I read was mind blowing.

[@DavidBrown-om8cv]

"Why do you start in a low entropy state?" The answer might be string theory with the finite nature hypothesis ... quantum information reduces to Fredkin-Wolfram information ... the monster group and the 6 pariah groups allow Wolfram's cosmological automaton to approximate string vibrations. Google "kroupa milgrom" and "fredkin milgrom".

[@BitwiseMobile]

This guy reminds me of my Calculus professor. He makes complex things seem simple and easy to understand.

[@maddmann]

My brain hurts thanks keep this up I like it. Do not dumb it down

[@JiminiCrikkit]

Thanks for another great episode ... this one reminds me of the old Greek god(S!) of time - Chronos and Kairos - where the former is how we think about time nowadays sequential (chronological), but equally back in the day there was Kairos - the god of timeliness, of situation... Love this idea.

[@kostanchik10074]

Questions. Is there a clear understanding of the universe being closed or opened system? Is it possible for entropy to stop and go back so time arrow turns back too?

[@mrfinesse]

Thanks for the great videos. You alluded to "is time emergent" at the end of the video. Is time a macroscopic concept much like entropy? Are we Botlzman's brain "experiencing" time?

[@llaauuddrruupp]

I love these videos, and this was maybe my favorite of them so far.

[@diamon999]

Well, I got plenty of time for this. Thanks

[@Ni999]

I wish this video was longer too.

[@Spectre4913]

Is time related to the vibration of the strings in string theory. As they vibrate they create ripples. Each ripple is a moment in time. Or maybe like a strobe light.

[@brbuche]

At 9:10 minutes there is one idea about the space I'm in; it is that every object is always moving through space. No matter what coordinate system you use to describe space, it has to be relative to another object. And we' re always moving. There's no such thing as an object at rest in space. We have to artificially create space that's not related to time. So it is very similar to time, you can never go back to the same place in space, all the reference objects have moved.

[@Anom597]

I've heard our spatial movement through time described as the way us three-dimensional beings perceive the fourth dimension, and that each successive dimension is basically the set of all sets of the previous dimension. Would you agree? And would that mean that a theoretical, say, 5th-dimensional being would experience their 6th dimension as time?

[@frodo0111]

What about Lorentz contraction? For a photon, afaik, there is no space... everything contracts to a point. If there's no space, how can there be time, or causality? How can space, time, and causality be dependent on velocity? I find this very odd, and maybe my framing is wrong, but can you explain what's going on here? Thanks.

[@miodragprokic4694]

Effectively, the same problematic related to understanding natural forces (including gravitation), structure of our universe, motions and interactions among elementary and other particles is part of generalized “matter-waves and wave-particle duality theory”. See much more here (download PDF book): mastersonics.com/documents/revision_of_the_particle-wave_dualism.pdf

[@Robustacap]

Thank you! Also, question. Planck time must be the shortest possible amount of time(measured by lightspeed I'd guess), and as GR binds time with gravity, then doesn't knowing the least possible timespace above zero have some say/hint at / in quantum gravity? Quantum time should have correlation with quantum gravity, or no? You can measure speed, can you measure gravity by time changing due gravity? Blabber probably but ..

[@glennsommer2891]

How long is 'now'? If time is assumed to travel at 1 sec / sec, what fragment of this continuum does now take? Is now like the example in program 1 where there are an infinite number of points between two fixed points. If now is infinite, can it be measured?

[@ManWhoUsesComputer]

Question (Asked and Answered by Mike): Do both matter and antimatter interact with the same fields; or, are there fields and "anti-fields"? Thank you.

[@mikeclarke952]

The positron reacts to magnetic and electric fields exactly like an electron be in the opposite direction, so not a different field. Also the Dirac's field equation had a positive and negative solution, it was the negative part which made him realize there must be something called "antimatter". So matter and anitmatter comes from the same field equation. I'm no expert but that's what I got. Regards.

[@ManWhoUsesComputer]

@@mikeclarke952 Thank you Mike.

[@kidzbop38isstraightfire92]

Where did you explain why things go from low entropy to high entropy? I get that microstates exist, but you didn't ever explain why those microstates tend to decrease in size/go to more disorder?