The Fiercest of Them All: Meet the T-Rex

This episode is brought to you by the Music for Scientists album! Stream the album on major music services here: streamlink.to/music-for-scien.... Check out “The Idea” music video here: • The Idea, written by P... .
According to the fossils we've found, it turns out the T-Rex may look different than what we thought! Join Hank Green for a fascinating dive into the past, and a realistic look at what the
King of the Dinosaurs was actually like. Let's go!
Hosted by: Hank Green
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Sources:
www.livescience.com/63858-t-r...
peerj.com/articles/3420/
books.google.co.uk/books?hl=e...
www.nationalgeographic.com/sc...
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/...
www.nytimes.com/2019/03/07/ar...
www.livescience.com/64936-t-r...
www.discovermagazine.com/plan...
Images:
Thumbnail: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/tyr...
www.flickr.com/photos/interne...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.flickr.com/photos/interne...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/din...
www.storyblocks.com/video/sto...
peerj.com/articles/3420/
www.istockphoto.com/photo/3d-...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/dak...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/run...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.flickr.com/photos/1048507...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

[@SciShow]

This episode is brought to you by the Music for Scientists album! Stream the album on major music services here: streamlink.to/music-for-scientists. Check out “The Idea” music video here: kzbin.info/www/bejne/qobchWxqlqygmMU.

[@ooghaboogha4362]

No thanks :)

[@chieckenman4432]

Lol

[@JamesBrisnehan]

Yah, I checked it out, not bad. However, if anyone is craving some nerdy, science themed music with a bit more punch to it, the band Helion Prime is a lot of fun.

[@petrruzicka9815]

And where it has wings according to new knowledge is the Dragon ?

[@ogedeh]

Trexasaurus

[@Fabonj]

You say we don't want to get into it, but tbh now I kinda want to get into it

[@saims.2402]

Yeah the video felt kinda short

[@bazpearce9993]

Probably just handbags at 10 paces nowadays. Don't be expectin a bone war.

[@davidsalazar13]

@@bazpearce9993 it was dueling criticisms. Multiple peer-reviewed works that were refuting the hypotheses and conclusions that the other sides published.

[@Mostlyharmless1985]

I feel like T-Rex's feathers is to paleontologists as the Orangutan is to experts on Edgar Allen Poe's work.

[@aleah559]

@@Mostlyharmless1985 WE DON'T TALK ABOUT THE ORANGUTAN

[@dftfire]

Regarding the fact many toys still show T-Rex in the vertical position: it's probably just because it's easier to make the toy balance that-way, whereas horizontally it would be harder as both halves would need equal weight. Vertically, both the feet and tail can touch the surface it is on, and leaning-back on the tail can help stabilise it

[@Trathaal]

This is very true! I think more expensive ones are accurate because adults are more likely to splurge a bit for themselves or for very interested kids, but because it’s kid’s toys most are made to be cheap, robust and as agreeable as possible. No kid wants a ferocious Trex that keeps falling over, and not many parents want to spend $30 on a scientifically accurate figure that their kid might only play with for a week then forget about.

[@jericho86]

I'd imagine that a horizontal T-Rex tail would be more hazardous than an up right T-Rex tail.

[@dereklam1225]

Dang should've scrolled down a bit before writing my almost identical comment

[@electronresonator8882]

but toy soldier has that weird flat thing below their feet, ...Is it also part of human evolution?

[@jasper3706]

This is something discussed frequently on Your Dinosaurs Are Wrong which, by the way, is an awesome series

[@jakerubino3233]

That anatomical fast walking animation was brilliant- the little tiny arm swings just topped it off!

[@LeTtRrZ]

I’m surprised that they didn’t mention how scientists don’t think the T-Rex roared. It actually rumbled.

[@robinsonray6766]

It didn't actually, we just speculate

[@manwithhammer6163]

I'd heard some speculation that the T-Rex honked, like a goose.

[@robinsonray6766]

@@manwithhammer6163 no 1 knows

[@mlgodzilla4206]

Maybe but it is possible it made sounds similar to that of crocodilians and cassowaries since those don’t have vocal cords but still make sounds

[@lukeskywalker9016]

T. rex made infrasounds, they didn't possess syrinx like birds do, they made sounds by modeling the air with their own windpipes, T. rex would sound almost exactly like an cassowary mixed with an crocodilian, but much louder and fiercer.

[@TheRogueWolf]

The Tyrannosaurus only wanted to hug other dinosaurs, but its mouth reached them before its arms did.

[@DeadBayt]

They hugs things with their mouth

[@Adymus]

This is why the T-rexes of the modern era, like Barney the dinosaur, have evolved a completely upright posture, allowing them to finally love us as we love them.

[@tylerb2644]

Why shouldn’t Elon have his own rex. One that has long fluffy arms designed for hugging.

[@chichiboypumpi]

Heh! Bravo

[@dashroodle9507]

Finally some actual scientific truth!

[@neomamuro]

I used to have nightmares because of the T-Rex. It would creep up behind me, and then it would suddenly whisper... "I love you... you love me... we're a happy family..." Still gives me the chills now in my late 30s.

[@patpierce4854]

Aaaaaaaarrrrrrrrgh! Noooooooo!

[@tamaravargas1]

Oh Barney 😁

[@ShirinRose]

As a kid my favourite dreams involved having a pet T-Rex, who I would ride to school 😅

[@neinherman9989]

I dreamt in fourth grade that I had a t-rex that would eat the class bullies

[@drewg4323]

I had a recurring nightmare as a kid of the raptors from Jurassic Park attacking my house, I remember one time they were also these intelligent aliens with syringes xD

[@blueroses93]

"Dinosaur Renaissance" is the best phrase to have ever come into existence. Also really digging that T. Rex's funky snapping claws dance at 3:49.

[@UngoyPrime]

T-Rex could’ve look like a vulture, peacock, penguin, bird of paradise, ostrich or had scales like a Komodo or chameleon. The possibilities are endless.

[@deathmetalbandblack2392]

SO

[@CrazyDutchguys]

I think its pretty safe to say that it didnt have (m)any bright colours. How many predators do you see around these days with bright colours?

[@stoyantodorov2133]

@@CrazyDutchguys Bright colours are a relative thing. To a human eye a tiger appears bright orange with black stripes. To a deer it would appear grassy green with black stripes, making it almost invisible among the foliage. A brightly coloured T. rex isn't unreasonable to imagine.

[@vanglhun]

Using ur logic. I could say the same about you coz I've never saw you.

[@rebecca8525]

I’ve read that it probably looked like a giant chicken!!

[@victorpapaavp]

"Staple of every 6 year old's toy chest" Who says you gotta be 6? I say looking at the Dinosaur toys lining the shelf in my office right now...

[@OtakuUnitedStudio]

I have no less than 5 Transformers that turn into proper, horizontal T. rexes, and a few more that turn into upright derpasaurs. And that's just the ones that turn into robots.

[@kdarkwynde]

"Curse your sudden, yet inevitable betrayal!"

[@jimmym3352]

I was the weird kid whose favorite was the Ankylosaurus. I was always the type to not like popular things.

[@arnbrandy]

Not only that, but also not all 6yo loves dinosaurs. My little boy for example doesn't and that's ok. But yeah, I sometimes caught myself asking what went wrong...

[@knate44]

Curse your sudden but inevitable betrayal!

[@FrikInCasualMode]

About T. rex feathers - the fact that other tyrannosaurids had them, doesn't necessarily mean T. rex was feathered. Mammals usually are covered in hair - but it is not a rule without exceptions: just look at whales and dolphins. Or compare humans to our closest relatives, chimps - difference in amount of hairs immediately jumps to attention.

[@armadillito]

To be fair the exceptions in mammals are remarkable because there aren't many. Those that have lost their fur have done so as a result of a different lifestyle for a prolonged evolutionary period.

[@FrikInCasualMode]

@@armadillito True. On the other hand though - Hominins needed only about 2 millions years to lose most of our fur. If something is strongly selected for (or against) in evolutionary process, change can be surprisingly quick. African elephants needed what - two hundreds years of strong evolutionary pressure to start noticeably shrinking the size of tusks in males? As far as we know today, tyrannosaurids did a quick jump from medium sized forms to giant murder machines of late Cretaceous. Though, admittedly, it might be more of a problem with fragmentary fossil record that didn't preserve intermediary forms. Or we just didn't find them yet.

[@DarthBiomech]

>Or compare humans to our closest relatives, chimps - difference in amount of hairs immediately jumps to attention. Aren't humans and other apes estimated to have more or less same amount of follicles? Ours is just lighter and thinner.

[@FrikInCasualMode]

@@DarthBiomech Looks like 90% of our fur is vestigial LOL There are some futurists predicting humans will lose hairs completely over the next couple of millions of years. And our toes. And more teeth, besides wisdom ones. Personally, i think such predictions are art for the sake of art. Evolution is not so easily predictable.

[@DarthBiomech]

@@FrikInCasualMode Especially considering that our toes are VERY important for balancing. But for the hairs... Damn, humans can't lose these gross things fast enough.

[@jetzeschaafsma1211]

I love how the little arms move during the animation at @3:49 XD

[@elultimo102]

T=Rex: "If you're happy and you know it, clap your.......Oh, yeah, right."

[@danielhale1]

Jeep driving at leisurely 25 kph. Ian: "Must go faster" *T-Rex edges closer* Ian reels back Muldoon: "Get off the stick!" Jeep accelerates to a brisk 32 kph

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

That's a good reading on the scene that keeps it accurate! I always think that people overestimate the speed of the jeep, specially when considering that it's driving through rough, wet terrain in the middle of the night

[@virglibrsaglove]

Now I want to watch the movie again.

[@scaper8]

I mean, earlier in the film Hammond says outright, "We clocked the T. rex and 32 miles per hour." That ain't far off.

[@danielhale1]

@@scaper8 Well 32 mph is over 50 kph... That's still in the realm of residential zone speeds, but fast enough to be really moving if you're trying to run away. 25 kph in my post above is just over standard parking lot speed, which (I assume) most people could outrun. Google says African Bush Elephants can run 25 mph (40 kph), so our T-Rex friend is a bit below that range and that kinda makes sense to me. But IMO if a T-Rex is running you down at residential car speeds, that's still terrifying. Say, try outrunning the cars as they pass you in your neighborhood and see how long you can keep it up. It'll really weird out your neighbors, and also make you hope that's not a speed the T-Rex could sustain for longer than very short bursts (as with many animals).

[@highfive7689]

I don't know it think the way they have it now over balanced look how much weight it carries with head and mid body. Its massive even with a large tail this modern interpretation looks like it would feel more comfortable sliding like a lizard than walking like modern birds.

[@AskMia411]

3:50 T-rex slowly snapping its fingers towards its prey: "When you're a Jet, you're a Jet all the way!" Herbivore dino, calmly munching leaves: "Why are we scared of this thing again?"

[@PaulPaulPaulson]

Isn't that scene from spider man 3?

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

Because its prey is just as slow if not slower

[@AllosaurusJP3]

@@GandalfTheTsaagan Well not really slow for a 8 ton predator... Could most likely outrun most people and scientists suggest t.Rex was not a sprinter but a marathon “walker” Idk about you but I can’t keep running 30 km per hour for very long😅

[@marinomele4575]

Herbivore dino, calmly munching leaves: "Why are we scared of this thing again?" Herbivore Dino's friend: "Cuz its bite can pulverize our bones and literally cause the nearby muscles/skin to explode. That's why. Now run."

[@AskMia411]

You all make excellent points!

[@kcanderson12]

Man, T-Rex pumping his little arms to run in that animation. I feel that. That hit home

[@icedragonair]

I love the feather revolution. Dinos actually look so much cooler now. Plus its great fodder for the imagination. Feathers tend to have so much more diversity both in color and structure than just scales. Though this still basically comes down to "we will likely never know ehat dinosaurs actually looked like, and they might even have looked different enough that if we saw one it might be hard to recognize as a dino in some cases." Plus if youre still a fan of non-feathered dinos, we cant seem to find any evidence the any sauropods had them. Best of both worlds!

[@bobcat24]

Actually, most groups of dinosaurs aren’t known to have feathers. Sauropods, ankylosaurids, stegosaurids, abelisaurs, ceratopsians, just to name a few.

[@SomeKindOfDodo]

Spinosaurs had them neither

[@rebecca8525]

I love the idea of feathered dinosaurs. They were like giant eagles! 🦅

[@benjiman7259]

I love how that margin or error is like 200 times longer than the existence of humans

[@Monody512]

You mean the "68 to 65 million years ago"? I thought that was a span, not a margin of error.

[@appalachiandiner]

That's why I'm a youth minister, god never errors./s

[@FastSickle]

@@appalachiandiner i can't tell if your being serious and proved yourself wrong, or if you're being satirical. Either way you're doing great, keep it up!😂

[@gribberoni]

@@FastSickle /s is used at the end of sentences to symbolize sarcasm.

[@dinosaurboy9415]

It is a time span. The oldest T-Rex fossils are from the early Maastrichtian stage (68 myrs) and the youngest are from the very end of the Maastrichtian (65 myrs).

[@maccrazy7335]

It's so strange. I had these dinosaur children's books that said T-Rex was slow. Then I read articles as an adult that stated they were fast. Now they're slow again...

[@DarkAngelEU]

Truth is, nobody knows. But "scientists" would love to be the first to get it right.

[@spindash64]

For such a big boi, 30kph is honestly a pretty decent clip

[@F1ll1nTh3Blanks]

Science evolves.

[@OtakuUnitedStudio]

The thing a lot of people don't seem to be able to wrap their head around is that science is NOT as simple as "how things work." It's "how we are reasonable certain things work, based on our current collective understanding." Some people really like to simply look it as "science is truth" but that's an oversimplification. Science can change if new information is found, even if the most well known facts mostly get reinforced through continued study. But slow is kind of relative since the speeds a T. rex would be able to move at are still kinda fast, just not as fast as we thought. They'd be able to outpace most humans, and possibly could have been endurance hunters (like us, for example).

[@implicationsunpleasant3568]

Its almost as if they're trying to make sense of what an animal that went extinct millions of years ago looked like through whats basically shadow of bones left in the earth.

[@floriangallus7760]

I think it makes sense, that small dinosaurs and young T-Rex had feathers to conserve heat, while the big/grown dinosaurs in contrast would struggle with getting rid of excess heat and so didn't have feathers.

[@kalosilomo9035]

I agree with you. It makes a lot of sense.

[@curtismorrow1651]

I wonder if males may have retained some display of feathers for mate selection. We see species today like the peacock for example where males retain such displays despite them being actively cumbersome and disadvantageous for any other reason than displaying fitness to females. we see many flashy feathered male birds effectively having totally impractical anti-camoflage.

[@remixdoesitplayz5023]

So well written and highly informative, and all in a short timeframe so I can watch on the go. Amazing. 💯

[@ManuelFernandez-di4lx]

When you're a dino-nerd and knew most of these things, yet you enjoy it because you're a dino-nerd and a nerdfighter

[@ENikolaev]

Not a nerd but love dinos

[@rishabhdubey374]

weird flex but ok.

[@kwz9930]

Lol

[@AnkhAnanku]

“Dino-nerd and a nerd-fighter” Inside you there are two wolves, and they both care way too much about dinosaurs

[@ManuelFernandez-di4lx]

@@AnkhAnanku I would say two deinonychus, and I don't care jajajajaja

[@nariu7times328]

I was a kid during that 1970s "dinosaur renaissance" - and I'm still having SO much fun with new knowledge as it comes out. Thanks Sci Show (and Eons!)

[@lonestarr1490]

Eons is such a great channel. I watch every video the moment it pops up. I also like their way of presenting very much.

[@robertschlesinger1342]

Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video. Many thanks for posting the links to the papers.

[@Cruuzie]

Yes! this is exactly what i wanted! PBS Eons have really been slacking it in the dinosaur department lately, so glad you guys are stepping up!

[@lekiscool]

If you are having a bad day, just imagine a t-rex trying to make a bed.

[@jamesmueller8701]

i was in the middle of swallowing a grape ,,, you about killed me , i damn near choked to death... LOL

[@OmegaMikePL]

I misread it as "to make a bread". I'm ok with the idea.

[@JannPoo]

Imagine being a t-rex and trying to scratch a itch with those tiny arms.

[@arnbrandy]

Hahaha... But see, the new posture we saw on the video would probably make it a bit easier :-)

[@-Sober-]

other people's frustration makes me feel even more uncomfortable or frustrated, so that wouldn't work for me :(

[@Spinobreaker]

2:10 - Brisbane museum :D They actually have a display at the bottom of that showing how our ideas about dinosaurs changed over time

[@ryu.hayebusa]

Never thought I'd see this green guy in a sci show video :)

[@Fomites]

I haven't been to that Queensland Museum in Brisbane for decades but I immediately thought the model in the video was that one. I think it's on Grey Street.

[@misspippa5583]

Came to the comments to look for a QLD T Rex shout out!! Thank you!!!!

[@bayney08]

@@misspippa5583 Came here for this too, very recognizable! Bris for the win

[@lucasherbert9193]

That statue of Trex in the upright position is from Brisbane museum and was built in the 70s. It actually has plaques around the base that teach kids all the innacuracies with the statue which is super cool.

[@TheMissingLink2]

So you're telling me it takes Usain Bolt to out run the AVERAGE T-Rex? That ain't slow my dude, that's fast as hell.

[@amaccoy]

And even then he'd probably still get caught. Sprinters can run fast but not far.

[@jepleure]

Somehow I seriously doubt that Hank's bit at the end (before promoting the music album) will stop my wife from continuing to (loudly) gripe about the inaccuracies of dinosaur toys (especially when it comes to T. rex and toymakers' tendency to give them broken wrists) whenever we come across dino toys in stores LOL

[@golddragonette7795]

Sounds like she'd love Your Dinosaurs Are Wrong - uses dinosaur toys and shows what is right and wrong in them

[@Dr_Andracca]

Worth mentioning that Jurassic Park/world's explanation for the outdated "design" is that they filled in the gaps a bit too much with lizard DNA. So even in universe of Jurassic Park their dinosaurs are wrong, but it what the guest expect to see so they still alter their dinos that way. The IRL explanation is that animating feathers is more expensive than scales.

[@mook_butt8037]

@@Dr_Andracca they used frog DNA (in the movie at least).

[@brigidtheirish]

Your wife and I have so much in common!

[@LenaFerrari]

@@Dr_Andracca I think it's more than the animation cost. It's what people want to see

[@SuperBC1975]

"May I have your attention, please? May I have your attention, please? Will the real Tyrannosaurus rex please stand up? I repeat, will the real tyrannosaurus rex please stand up? We're gonna have a problem here."

[@davidsalazar13]

Y’all act like you’ve never seen a Tyrannosaurid before. Jaws all on the floor like a Triceratops burst through the door.

[@Zalkras]

And started whooping its face worse than before Theyŕe the ancient enemies of before, brawling one time more

[@electronresonator8882]

it's like an announcement on a graveyard

[@crystalm8290]

It's the return of the- oh wait, no wait, you're kidding, He didn't just see a giant meteor coming, did he?

[@marcopohl4875]

"Now this looks like a job for me" I wrote a crab-rave parody of lose yourself before, I'm probably gonna post a T-Rex version of slim shady here... once I feel like it

[@Prmtheus_]

People originally thought it had no feathers. Eventually, it was discovered that t rex' ancestors were covered in feathers. Thus meant that people began to portray them covered in feathers. However, some time later it was discovered that t rex broke off into a different branch. This mean that it is highly likely that it did not have feathers, and if it did, it would have had very few and only on the neck and head

[@jamesginty6684]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/eamoZ2uZbteMl5I

[@rebecca8525]

Birds have feathers, and they are modern dinosaurs.

[@monikam419]

OMG THANK YOU FOR PUTTING IN METRIC AND STANDARD MEASUREMENTS!! Like how in the world do they expect people to learn the metric system without having it commonly seen with the standard some of us are used to? Huge thanks for fixing the biggest annoyance with SciShow!!

[@fishypaw]

You don't need to outrun a T-rex. You just need to run faster than the other people with you. 😏

[@sussyangel7492]

Throw a beer at its eye.

[@l.zevicreations]

duh!

[@flagmichael]

I would expect dodging would be helpful.

[@blondbraid7986]

The question is whether such a large predator would even consider hunting small and fast humans for food, as they were evolved to mainly prey on much larger dinosaurs. You don't see tigers hunting for mice.

[@bradysmith4245]

@@blondbraid7986 good point but we aren’t quite as insignificant to T. rex as mice are to tigers. Even though they obviously weighed a lot more most t rexes were only 12 ft tall so a 6 ft human might seem worth snapping at.

[@firethylacine1976]

Wait, this isn't PBS Eons

[@arnbrandy]

Apparently they outran Eons this time. Not in a bad way, since they're basically the same team, I guess :-)

[@indigoace261]

Great videos, as always! Thanks for sharing.

[@hermanschultzfurry]

“Sure, yes, the T-rex does have comically tiny arms,” *carnotaurus entered the chat*

[@martangelocloma6965]

*Majangusaurus has entered the chat*

[@A_Moose]

A SciShow episode on dinosaurs!? You better bet that click was F A S T!

[@katyungodly]

If you like this, you will love the channel PBS Eons! Hank is a host there as well :)

[@A_Moose]

@@katyungodly oh I'm well aware of Eons. I've been subbed to that channel since the 2nd episode

[@AllosaurusJP3]

@The Dumb Pikmin Show They are awesome 🦕

[@kingnekogon]

"I definitely couldn't" Sure, sure. Hide the mighty power of Muscle Hank.

[@arnbrandy]

As the video shows, a huge animal such as T. rex could not really run in the most specific sense. Being Muscle Rank also massive, he could not run either and the only possible endgame is an epic battle.

[@aspopulvera9130]

2:48 so now i understand why the turkeys are ever so angry even if i feed them

[@mariomenezes5974]

Don't know if it was love at first sight or if Hank grew on me, but I find him super charismatic nowadays. Congrats, man. Love this channel, you and all the others. Thank Yous.

[@davidsalazar13]

I love the T. Rex so much. So much to learn!

[@Tyrannosaurus_Wrexx]

It’s a little early for us to love each other 🥴

[@davidsalazar13]

@@Tyrannosaurus_Wrexx it’s never too early for love ❤️

[@petrruzicka9815]

And where it has wings according to new knowledge is the dragon

[@KiriakosVilchez]

Even a T. Rex clocking a run speed in at about 30 mph is still pretty terrifying considering how big they are. Their stride would make that 30 seem a lot faster simply because they could reach you with minimal effort. He should've analyzed gait vs speed vs average human running speed. We'd probably get eaten pretty quick if we didn't run at full speed and use the environment to our advantage.

[@AllosaurusJP3]

THANK YOU!

[@TheChallengerXX]

30 kph*

[@NormanF62]

That’s more plausible if it hunted in pairs or packs. You might escape one but never see the others closing in on the other side.

[@warrendourond7236]

I see T-Rex as being more dynamic, and capable of many postures in different situations. Such as horizontal at top speeds, and less so as they slowed down, all the way down to the point of being near vertical when trying to get an advantage in spotting others or prey. There may have been no primary posture. I live close to bears, so I see them as being primordial grizzly bears. Definitely amazing ambush predators, employing incredible intelligence to capitalize on a preys vulnerabilities. But more so a scavenger and bully at kill sites, taking kills from others. Grizzlies also eat lots of beaver, marmot, and other such small game. And while I don’t see those T-Rex teeth being good for much other than ripping apart soft flesh, I am sure like Grizzlies they found ways to consume things we just couldn’t infer from the anatomy alone. I hope I’m around long enough to see more of these questions better understood.

[@Persona6Blue]

*Watching the paleontology community burn from the T-rex feathers argument* Me: *sips*

[@matthewsedgwick8624]

Hmmm, I guess my chicken nuggets aren’t what the real Dinos looked like after all...

[@Tzimisce]

But they're still made with real dinosaur.

[@IceMetalPunk]

But they're still more delicious in that shape, for sure.

[@taufanadikurniawan7170]

Agreed, it's just doesn't make sense to see alive dinosaur coated with breadcrumbs, what kind of dinosaurs is that?

[@rummskullvonchang]

And yet, you're still eating "dinosaur".

[@sdfkjgh]

@@taufanadikurniawan7170: Funsaturdaynightosaurus?

[@prehistoricworld_]

‘Real’ yeah for a few years until we learn more lol

[@abejoker]

Exactly.

[@katyungodly]

Thats the strength of science. Each discovery brings us closer to the truth, instead of starting with a conclusion and attempting to wrangle science and logic to confirm your preconceived biases :)

[@lasarousi]

@@glennjpanting2081 and that's why Science will never be absolute in its truths methods or measures

[@lasarousi]

@@glennjpanting2081 I never said it's not the best we've got. I just think our best is still so limited, just like the beings trying To figure it out.

[@lasarousi]

@@glennjpanting2081 Yeah I can agree that perseverance is what makes us human walk in other planets, pun intended. Still, take every new discovery with a grain of salt, every human makes mistakes, even in conglomerates, evidently. Anyways see you on the next errata.

[@Mini_Squatch]

i was like "oh so jurassic park was almost right on the speed" then I remembered that it was 32mph in the film and this is 30kmh.

[@weaslemcgnarly4784]

Hank, you're the best teacher, big preesh for making me laugh while learning. Love your tiktoks!

[@kristopherbruns7674]

The feathers debate has caused a lot of confusion and chaos. I remember watching two different videos made by different people about the same research, and they had wildly different opinions. One saying that this definitely shows that T rex had fewer feathers then previously thought, and the other arguing that it didn't actually change anything. I was very confused at first.

[@patrickmccurry1563]

Expert opinions are still opinions so that two reasonable educated experts can reach different conclusions given the same not fully conclusive evidence.

[@fwwaller]

There was a recent reconstruction that showed a tyrannosaur with no feathers on it whatsoever

[@kristopherbruns7674]

@@fwwaller Do you mean the recent reconstruction of the famous T-rex Sue? I heard about that! It was fascinating!

[@erismason3441]

Yeah, that's science for you. A beautiful, alluring mass of confusion.

[@CziffraTheThird]

I still am confused

[@TrangleC]

Tyrannosaurus was still depicted upright in science books from the 80s. I still grew up with stuff like that and some of those books were published a measly 5 or 6 years before the first "Jurassic Park" movie came out.

[@David-ig6me]

YESSSSSSSSSS love me some dinosaurs videos. This one was awesome. Keep them coming!!!

[@alien9279]

5:06 I love this lol. Perfect meme format! Bit of tiktok hank bleeding through haha

[@mf--]

This video needs more James Gurney. Dinotopia creator and generally artist, writer, videographer extraordinaire.

[@Roseyfinchartworks]

My favorite artist, in his videos he makes it look so effortless.

[@ryanm3749]

I was thinking more Richard Kiley

[@Discitus]

My favourite dinosaurs usually ended up NOT being dinosaurs, like pterosaurs. Spinosaurus and Archaeopteryx being the exceptions. Those ARE dinos, and they're cool as hell.

[@AltairBlue]

funky tadpole.

[@jwdominionpyroraptor4775]

I know this is a 1 year old comment but pterasaurs are not dinosaurs

[@gamingchamp6728]

​@@jwdominionpyroraptor4775 he knows

[@Ami-ls4vs]

This is definitely my new favorite scishow video

[@FlakesOfBlood]

I adore your work. Thank you so much. Also I adore the shirt. You are looking good!

[@AngelEmfrbl]

5:00 stopping you there. Actually there were holes suggesting that holes in the skin held soft, lgiht downing. The skin samples were also in areas we EXPECTED Rexy not to be feathered. If he had feathers they were on the back o fthe neck, etc areas we don't yet have preserved skin for. Basically, the samples confirmed already what we expected. Theres no way Rexy was as feathered as his cousin, and even then technically he *was* still feathered. The leathery skin was covered in basically the same substance that birds have across their. Except... Those bumpbs/scales are feathers basically that never grew, and Rexy had that scross his skin. In short, technically, he was still feathered, just covered in ungrown feathers. The other thing was the study published was only of a underneath and a tail sample has yet to have a paper released on it, it is inline with the stomach one and once again confirms only what we knew and expected; the tail was not feathered. Literally the only areas expected to be feathered are around the neck (the most) and back, and as a part scavenger and part hunter at least Rexy would likely have had a bald face with shorter feathers. Either way, the feathers is not 100% cleared and people need to stop pretending it was. Everything ltierally was in line with what was expected. Edit: 5:19 if baby Rexy was born fluffy, chances are he would still have feathers as an adult. You can't have scales and feathers in the same area, and if he lost the feathers he would have naked, bare skin which is dangerous. Chances are he had a fluff when born but had a tougher coveage when he got older as he lost most, if not all of the fluff, or thetough hair grew over it to trap it in. Certainly he wouldn't have need much insulation as he lived in a warmer climate then the fluffy relative. This is a mistake in thinking people make about baby Rexy's. Techncially a bird has more feathers as an adult then a chick, but those feathers as a chick are still there as an adult. They changed nature, yeah, but the down gets grown over by adult feathers. Edit: Before people say "feathers would over heat him", etc... Just remember... Feathers aren't fur; they give cooling AND heating effect, fur only gives heating. Dont' confuse the two...

[@spindash64]

So he likely had a badass mini feather cape/collar?

[@donaldbaird7849]

Except the scales were where you would expect feathers (the back), your points are ripped straight out of a trey the explainer video, he isn't exactly taken all that seriously due to arguments like this. No other tyrannosaurid has been shown to have feathers (yutyrannus is a tyrannosauroid not a tyrannosaurid so it wasn't *that* closely related.) While it may be possible he could have had feathers on his arms or head, there is no evidence for this as of yet so assuming such would be foolish. Also, care to provide a source for your claim on holes in the skin holding light downing?

[@AngelEmfrbl]

@@donaldbaird7849 no, all skin samples came off under belly and tail. Nothing came from tge back. Also, the sources were from tge original sources, the media didn't bother reporting on the skin correctly and were more interested on the fact it suggested he wasn't fluffy then they were it may have still had some. As for trey.. nope, I also read the origin article a few years back and picked up on it. The issue is honestly... we may never know as skin is more likely to be persevered, but feathers ate not. And we're lucky to get that. The issue is if feathers are found on a area of skin, that area won't preserve so well because tge skin will be sifter and more easily wasted.

[@f_youtubecensorshipf_nazis]

Ankylosaurs were and always will be my favorite.

[@SquirrelASMR]

AnKyloRenSaurs

[@SquirrelASMR]

Yeah that is a really cool armoured looking dino

[@AllosaurusJP3]

Ankylosaurus is awesome

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

And it coexisted with T. rex! It also differs from it's popular depictions, especially when you get to the nitty-gritty.

[@tamaravargas1]

Thank you very much for writing the equivalent miles under the kilometers. It really helps this old fossil understand what you're talking about. Otherwise I'm clueless. Same thing with other measurements like temperature & weight.

[@dirkauditore8413]

Old fossil? how old r u

[@Naedlus]

I remember my colouring books in the 80's having the "Godzilla pose," and I recall getting a miniature from the Tyrell Museum, likely in the early 90s, in that pose. That said, I'm super happy that in my teens, there were travelling exhibits (I recall a Supersaurus structure doing a country wide tour with other fossils around the time Jurassic Park came out,) and enough other media also was released, to make what was an impressive dinosaur, into an amazing one. Oh, and after Jurassic Park, the structures created for Drumheller's "Dinosaur National Park" could at most generous, be described as quaint and cute. I'm glad I was able to experience them with both the flawed view, and with the updated perspective that time has granted us. And I'll be honest... even as derpy as they are... Dinosaur National Park is a hell of a lot better than Flintstones Park in Chilliwack ever was.

[@maartendj2724]

Kinda expected them to mention the presence or absence of lips, also an ongoing debate about T-rex and other theropods

[@jericho86]

I'm having a really hard time imagine T-Rex lips in an un-cartoonish way.

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

Maybe because this isn't as T. rex specific as the things mentioned

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

@@jericho86 I was going to suggest to imagine lizards, but their teeth tend to be concealed by their gums as well which wasn't the case with dinosaurs afaik. Instead I'll suggest to imagine dolphins and other toothed whales, which have their teeth hidden by their 'lips' only when the mouth is closed.

[@sampagano205]

The arm argument is something I find extremely hard to buy just because their size and the size of tyranosaur prey would be pretty mismatched, like in the sense that something that weighs as much as a triceratops would probably be able to seriously injure the arms.

[@bazpearce9993]

I think that they'd probably have just enough strength to channel biteable areas of an animal right underneath it's head for a devastating top down bite. Not enough to kill, but enough to paralyze it's dinner.

[@melvinshine9841]

Picking up something like a full Edmontosaurus would be out of the question. We do know that tyrannosaur arms were quite strong, though. A T.rex could dead lift 400-500 pounds with either arm with little trouble. Tyrannosaur arms were not useless, vestigial structures like abelisaurid arms. Tyrannosaurs were using their arms for something, we just don't know exactly what.

[@PhotonBeast]

I could see it going both ways. As long as the t-rex was using it's arms for added grip (along with it's mouth) and pulling with it's whole body, the arms wouldn't need to be incredibly powerful. And if the arms were also used just for small manipulation on already dead/dying prey, again, pure arm strength might not be a huge deal. And the small size and flexibility might have helped with avoiding injury to them; smaller target especially against the much larger (and padded) chest area, plus perhaps some kind of folded up boxer stance to protect the finger joints. A triceratops would have to really only be able to smash at a t-rex's chest in general rather than precisely target the arms. I suppose the follow up question would be finding a similar living predator animal that relies less on arm strength and see what they do for guesses.

[@melvinshine9841]

@@PhotonBeast The problem with that last part is that there are no really good living analogs for that. Since the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct, obligate bipeds who are also carnivorous have pretty much either been avian dinosaurs (birds) or hominids. Us hominids have small jaws and arms that we use for everything while birds couldn't use their arms to grasp prey even if they wanted to.

[@OtakuUnitedStudio]

@@melvinshine9841 The best guess I've heard is holding on during mating, or possibly to give themselves a solid push to get up from laying down.

[@remtromol]

3:50 love the "tiny" hands movement

[@KateAtNight]

Here to report that Music For Scientists is absolutely fantastic.

[@kevinnegronleon6096]

You guy's do an awesome job at sharing intellectual knowledge. Thank you for what you guy's do and your dedication in doing so!👏🙌🙏

[@Will-rw8mf]

yup

[@LACED1987]

Yup

[@falconpower3624]

You don't need to add an apostrophe when turning the word 'guy' into its plural form. The correct way would be 'guys'.

[@empoleonmaster6709]

Something I'd like to add for more knowledge. I took a VERY amazing course on dinosaurs in university and the thing about T-Rexes is that they were not really predators in the typical sense, more like giant, glorified turkey vultures needed to fill the ecological niche of "you have a bunch of giant three+ story tall megafauna walking around and then dying, something needs to eat the remains left over by the mega predators" Please stop thinking that they'd actually go against stuff like triceratops, there were SO much larger predators at play in that time period. We're talking 5-6+ story tall predators that would pull the chariots of Cthulhu that WOULD easily fight and eat things like Triceratops, Spinosaurus etc. which T-rex would eat the left overs of.

[@ConsultingHumor]

I'm so glad i learned so much about dinosaurs as a kid instead of learning basic personal finance haha. Worth.

[@blackmaniac07]

uh

[@StephenPearlwriter]

Nice overview, thank you. My thought about feathers is I've not heard anyone suggest moulting and mange. These could mean that both feathered and largely bald could be common states depending on time on year and level of health. Just a thought.

[@nutyyyy]

Scales aren't skin, they are integumentary structures the same as feathers and hair, in fact feathers and hair are modified from scales. There's a reason they almost never coexist. There's zero reason to think T.rex had any feathers or filaments based on the current evidence.

[@Gan596]

@@nutyyyy lol, you're just a little too positive for me to take seriously.

[@bswtsp21]

The little elbow bends on the stress test anim were hilarious and adorable.

[@RSAgility]

I concur to that simulation. Virtual Simulations don’t predict reality well enough yet to draw any conclusions from them alone....

[@griffinharris8614]

So they don't look like the Dino Nuggies??? :0

[@jamesmueller8701]

if you've ever raised chickens, it is easy to see how something 10,000 times bigger could be very vicious ... how dare they make dino nuggets so cute ??? LOL

[@carmelosaurus7480]

The name of this video reminds of “Ben G Thomas” video that came out a couple of years ago.

[@spindash64]

I remember he had like a 10 - 20 minute video on whether it had lips or not

[@carmelosaurus7480]

@@spindash64 You mean this one my good sir? also are, you Lips? Or No Lips? for Tyrannosaurs Rex itself. kzbin.info/www/bejne/kKrSqYOho9VpbZI

[@spindash64]

@@carmelosaurus7480 yup, that's the one

[@virglibrsaglove]

Gotta love a new T-Rex video! 👍🦖

[@jollykean9973]

If you wanna hear more about dinos and feathers, Trey the Explainer has a really nice couple of vids on the topic “which dinosaurs had feathers” and “did trex have feathers”

[@LePedant]

I got the "LegalEagle viewers also watch this channel" before I clicked. That's a huge compliment to LegalEagle, IMO.

[@ActualCatfish]

Trans flag prof pic. Your comment is obsolete.

[@danieldishaw7524]

Trans flag pic, you're extra valid

[@8lec_R]

Ma dude, Hank and John are practically the grand-daddies of KZbin. Ever heard of vid-con, it was started by these two 😄

[@donaldbaird7849]

dont listen to the first reply, some people are so hateful they can't let other people live their lives differently

[@LePedant]

@@donaldbaird7849 Thanks for the encouragement! :):):) You wouldn't believe how much I get randomly insulted because of that flag, it's saddening at times.

[@saims.2402]

I watched dinosaur train and Dino Dan growing up, so I knew what the real Tyrannosaurus rex looked like since 2 yrs old.

[@harverc229]

How old are you!?

[@saims.2402]

@@harverc229 16

[@jerryh1895]

The Museum of Science in Boston still has their old upright T-rex model on display outside with a plague talking about how Science is always evolving.

[@geoffreyclark7513]

Ok that t-rex walking animation is the funniest thing I've seen this month. Mouth agape, purposeful stride, tiny arms just going nuts...

[@ripzaurus]

So, I knew everything said on this SciShow video... that's new, but good for my self-esteem.

[@AskMia411]

My favorite feathered t-rex picture is the one where the artist gives them the general proportions of a very fluffy chicken. "You can't prove they weren't giant fluff birds!!!" Which, given what the video says, paleontologists probably CAN prove that they weren't fluffy and chunky, but i still love the idea!

[@Vulcano7965]

T.rey was chunky tho. I mean look at this big boi 01:40

[@joshuahadams]

Young ones could have been little bitey poofs, but an adult one would probably be too big to cool down if they were floofs.

[@eightbitfeline1415]

i think you should check Trey the explainer's video

[@AskMia411]

@@joshuahadams I love this mental image, thank you!!!!

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

Of all the fluffy T. rex images, these are two of my faves: www.deviantart.com/stygimolochspinifer/art/Poofy-Rex-387496056 www.deviantart.com/monster-man-08/art/Tyrant-Chicken-King-430499685

[@joeyouyang]

just saw this guy in person not long ago! this is so cool

[@melodeeaaron]

Remember, Hank... I don't have to be faster than a T. Rex. I only have to be faster than you. Keep Loving!

[@johnbgood52]

A hunting T. rex probably wouldn't pay much attention to anything as puny as a human.

[@JadeMythriil]

@@johnbgood52 unless its realy hungry.

[@dereklam1225]

I have a hunch that lots of trex toys and maybe even the original mounts are upright also because it's easier to balance them that way when they're stationary.

[@patrickmccurry1563]

Newborn elephants have a light covering of hair/fur. So I would find it highly unlikely that newborn T Rexes didn't have light feathers. But a full suit as adults seems more trouble than it's worth from a resource point of view.

[@a.kitcat.b]

As a 16 year old current Dinosaur lover I appreciate videos like this that bring me back to these big and weird lizards!!

[@malikdanial4658]

lately i've become fascinated by these creatures! i wonder if someday we will actually be able to produce one using cloning or some other newly discovered scientific method.

[@misterflibble6601]

"Meet The Real Tyrannosaurus Rex" until next year when we get to meet the _really_ real (and this time we mean it) T-rex

[@AllosaurusJP3]

Well every single discovery we learn more about them! We are just getting closer and closer to how the animal really looked!

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

Well, you can't blame science for not having the permanent answer that people crave

[@electronresonator8882]

well, even up till now clickbait title is still a thing in KZbin

[@erica.5620]

Okay I love Hank and SciShow but there's so much wrong with this. 1. I have never met a single person who imagines the t-rex standing upright in that manner 2. The rex's head reaches easily over 7x further ahead than the tiny arms behind its neck. It is true the arms weren't weak, but they are way too small to do basically, anything. Other than a tiny front boost when getting up from resting but that's about it. And why would the t-rex risk getting injured by trying to use said tiny arms when it clearly has a powerful jaw that reaches further and is far less of a hassle to get a hold of its prey.

[@lapointelapointe9747]

Awesome Thank you 😊 That's why I love you guys

[@frootisland4672]

i wasn’t expecting hank green to be narrating this but that’s definitely not a bad thing

[@epauletshark3793]

I'm thinking of your t-rex impressions on a PBS eons video.

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

Re: T. rex's feathers, I think that a very sparse coat of filament-like feathers all arround the body (but particularly on the upper areas like the nape and back) is perfectly plausible. Akin to how elephants are covered in hair, just not really visible in a full body picture.

[@akiramoon5272]

@Krystian Zięba T. Rex definitely had feathers, his ancestors and predecessors had them. In regards to the amount, that’s debatable. Scientific evidence points to feathers, the statement that has the most to prove is that he has non.

[@StYxXx]

I'm happy you mentioned the theory that young ones were feathered. Sounds plausible.

[@maryrabelo.s.wagner8346]

Still, fascinating! Thanks guys for keeping my ,,inner child" alive! [Dino- nerd talking]

[@kyledadumb4354]

Wow I'm early on this one.

[@rcfp2006]

2:06 Queensland Museum, that T-rex has been there for many decades

[@mythplatypuspwned]

I'd say it's not just old toys still being around, but the fictional references to dinosaurs in TV shows, cartoons, brand mascots, etc..., some of them even still new, that keep the old upright godzilla-style dinosaur stereotype alive.

[@tcayzer]

Any chance of a fully preserved, frozen sample, like a Mammoth, can ever be found? With that much time passing, could we use that new image mapping for forests and jungles, recently discovered, ancient cities under thousands of years of reclamation

[@lizardzilla]

I'm surprised the eye horns weren't discussed, those really changed rex

[@BlackReshiram]

My therapist swears she read in some scientific news outlet that trex was an herbivore and I'm just out here gathering evidence that she's wrong. Man I'm glad she's so much better in her job than in paleontology lol

[@SlavaPunta]

After some Googling, there appears to be a few claims by nonsense Creationist authors stating all animals were herbivores prior to original sin. So yes, it's possible she read it. But no, nobody is taking these claims seriously. Their teeth and jaw structures are unmistakably the tools of a meat-eating predator. Now, there is also some open debate to whether or not they were hunters or scavengers. Stating they would have been too big to chase down pray (the energy needed to make a kill not worth the reward), and they would have avoided the risk of injury during a fight by scavenging on already deceased carcasses. More relying on their bulk to ward off other potential feeders, or steal a meal after someone else did the hard work. But not being the "ultimate killer" we traditionally think of them as is very far away from "herbivores."

[@GandalfTheTsaagan]

I have a nerdier one. My biology teach from college told me that birds were ornithischian dinosaurs. Quite contradictory of the fact that birds are theropods, which are saurischians. He probably confused the literal meaning of the name "ornithischian" with the evolution of birds overall. Maybe your therapist was misremembering the thing about T. rex being a scavenger? Or was thinking about the biblical issue about how all carnivores used to be herbivorous before corruption or whatnot.

[@BlackReshiram]

@@GandalfTheTsaagan @ToddHansen yeah I assume you both are right and will try to explain it to her appropriately. I just found it funny.

[@bass679]

Man I had no idea how much I needed to hear the phrase "Dinosaur Renaissance".

[@Articulate99]

Always interesting, thank you.