The First Settlers of Polynesia

[@flamencoprof]

As an Aotearoa/New Zealand resident of fifth-generation European descent, I found this an excellent presentation, up-to-date and consistent with what I have come to know over seven decades, as opposed to the disproven old stuff I was told at school.

[@TheTel]

@@flamencoprof really glad to hear that!

[@michaelhowell8412]

Yes @flamencoprof Pacific history taught by Pākeha teachers all those years ago was so focused on pre colonial guilt that now the facts are coming out that so many crimes were committed under the guise of "colonization is good for everyone"

[@flamencoprof]

@@michaelhowell8412 "Crime" is a European concept. Don't get too PC. Attacking and eating selected members of another community was going on well before the European "criminals" arrived. But some Europeans were biased by the concept of the "noble savage" and chose to overlook such things. Have a read of The Adventures of Kimble Bent, an e-book free to download from Project Gutenberg.

[@jackturner4917]

He’s back baby! Quality over quantity every time. Every time.

[@RoyPounsford]

I think your video is one of the best on Polynesia, as my mother is full Maori and I live in the UK it is so helpful for my understanding of my people.. Roy.

[@TheTel]

Thanks Roy, I’m really glad you think so!! Appreciate it.

[@danielhay3385]

Fantastic video! As another person from Aotearoa I really appreciate how up to date your information and really thank you for your sincere and respectful approach! Very impressed by your pronunciation of Pacifica words and names as well! Every time you upload I'm shocked you don't have more subscribers and views because I really think you're one of the best out there!

[@TheTel]

Thanks, I really appreciate it! I had an advantage for this video in that I speak Tongan, so I hope it carried over to related languages somewhat.

[@jamietie]

You're one of my favorite channels - glad to see a new video!

[@Matika_awatea]

Greatest navigators of all time Polynesia baby

[@Joshua-bl3hs]

North 02 sent me. Can't believe I haven't seen your work before, but I'm glad now that I have! You earned yourself another sub, sir. Excellent documentary; I can't wait to watch your others! 🙂

[@TheTel]

@@Joshua-bl3hs thanks dude appreciate that!

[@miahconnell23]

I’m kinda jealous that you got to go to Tonga !! At 20 years of age, I worked on a factory-trawler in the Bering Sea staffed or crewed by workers from around the globe. T’was there that I met a Tongan guy, a Samoan guy, and a Hawaiian man all in the galley at the same time. Instead of sweatpants, the islander guys started wearing their local-group cloth coverings when changing out of rain-gear + work clothes. They could say some things to eachother that were mutually intelligible and that totally blew my mind. Public school hadn’t taught me that part of Samoa was U.S. occupied. The Hawaiian guy was older and had been to war before far from his home. He had respect from everybody & that makes me suspect that he was so high-status that he might’ve been fluent in the special sort of Hawaiian language reserved for people of king-type grouping and serious story-telling. Maybe that’s why he could say certain things and be understood by the Tongan guy and the Samoan guy. (?)

[@TheTel]

That’s an awesome story though- what port were you trawling out of? I’m in King Salmon right now, next door to Naknek which is a big Bristol Bay port. Funnily enough I met a half-Hawaiian half-Tongan guy here, who almost fell out of his chair when I started talking to him in Tongan. I’ve definitely noticed a lot of mutual intelligibility, for instance the quote at the start of the video is Hawaiian: “he wa’a he moku, he moku he wa’a.” But in Tongan you’d say something like “Ko e vaka e motu, Ko e motu e vaka.” There’s a speech register for talking with nobles and royalty that I don’t know at all called lea faka’eiki but I couldn’t say how that might help with mutual intelligibility.

[@miahconnell23]

@@TheTel the creator of this awesome video saw my comment and is in Alaska !?!? I was up there in the mid 90s working for American Seafoods on the Pacific Scout (destroyed) and the American Empress (sold to the Brazilian Coast Guard). We’d come & go from Dutch Harbor but one time the smaller boat stopped in the Priblov Islands, and I got swarmed by Arctic foxes. At the very end of seasons, we’d steam to Seattle. Wow: this is such a cosmic-coincidence: I’m super interested in ethnology & ethnography, but I’m not a professional, it’s something I’d love to go back to school for because when I’m working abroad coworkers & community present as excellent informants, and it’d be nice to capitalize on that since I’m muddling through languages and modalities different from my upbringing anyhow- respect & appreciation to you, good Sir !

[@johndoeyedoe]

This is so awesome!!! Some new information as well.

[@douggieharrison6913]

North 02 recommended your channel, it was good shit. Subbed now

[@dreamleaf6784]

I feel like this channel is going to blow up within a year. Ill subscribe to help out. Thanks!

[@JackClayton123]

Directed here by North 02

[@semiramis47]

AI free post - thank goodness

[@dakz.7698]

Great achievements of early ancestors of polinesians.

[@DrDavidWilson_1x]

Here we have a very high quality informative video. I think the original Aboriginal population in Australia might have got there going south from Papua or thereabouts, but the proto Oceanic speaking Lapita peoples went in the eastern voyages and basically sailed the entire, vast Pacific Ocean as far north as Hawaii and in the south west Aotearoa (NZ) and islands like Rapanui and the Marqueas group to the far east. There looks to be shared genetic traits too so whether it was in South America or on a Pacific Island they definitely met and exchanged / traded with each other. When I was at high school the central east Polynesian area was thought to the ancesteral homeland / Hawaiki of our first people in Aotearoa, but Tonga and Samoa I gather are thought more likely now(?). What we call the southern Cook Islands have possibly contributed to that founding population, but most evidence, if there was any, may have been eroded. Anyway, the video was really good, and please excuse my amatuer ramplings. Thank you for uploading it.

[@fancynika9559]

I am a product of these voyagers from Micronesia & the man who revived wayfinding for the rest of the Pacific was from my island group.

[@MarkFranklin-ws5jf]

Yes, next I see Aunty Pua K. from Hilo, I'll say; long time no see, I thought you went back to Nukualofa!

[@fancynika9559]

@@MarkFranklin-ws5jf who is that?

[@JohnTune-u2x]

Mau didn’t teach the rest of the pacific 🤡 he taught a handful of modern day Hawaiians you micros always trying to say that about Mau

[@fancynika9559]

@@JohnTune-u2x if that makes u feel good about yourself thats ok. 👌🏽 lol

[@citrus_bees]

you just got a new sub! i came across this vid because of a post by north 02 and i’m so glad i saw that post

[@fuamatucrew8718]

This is awesome thank you n you got yourself another sub

[@TheTel]

@@fuamatucrew8718 thanks dude glad you liked it!

[@jamessteel1719]

Great video Sebastian, I'm signed up!

[@MossyMozart]

@The Tel creates videos that are gorgeous, sparkling gems.

[@Gary.S]

Brilliant

[@-Maeola-]

Excellent vid. I didn't know kumera came from south america!

[@jmjm1920]

All from Ancient Tongan Lapita Origin Settlement 😊

[@Arrendle]

Great video! North 02 says hi. 😃

[@free2trudge]

Dropped in from North O2. Great content! Figure I’ll stick around and subscribe.

[@TheTel]

Thanks! Hope you find some videos that match your interests!

[@flyingeagle3898]

great content. leaving a comment for the algorithm

[@TheTel]

🙏much appreciated!

[@andrewwood3597]

Very enjoyable and informative video, however, I'm wondering about the tale of moa bones left by early Maori being used as fertilizer by European settlers. I haven't been able to find any evidence of that although I see you have a reference. A few bones found in middens from around 1400-1500 but not huge quantities. Would be really interested in finding that reference.

[@sinclairmarcus]

Learned a lot 👍

[@alexandermold8586]

Hello fellow Peace Corps Volunteer! I just found your channel and it is facinating!

[@TheTel]

@@alexandermold8586 thanks glad you like it! Where were you a volunteer?

[@alexandermold8586]

@@TheTel currently I am in Cameroon. Though I am a response volunteer

[@sebastianwetherbee9465]

@@alexandermold8586 oh that's awesome, what part of Cameroon? I'm actually making a video about the ancient Bantu Expansion right now, which originated in southern Cameroon from what I understand

[@alexandermold8586]

@@sebastianwetherbee9465 I am in Southern Cameroon, specifically Ebolowa. I have tried finding local resources about this region's history but aside from two books at the local bakery, I haven't found anything sadly. I also have not been able to find any archaeological sites here. There are some in the North but that is off limits for safety

[@MarquezerrrFIGHTFAN]

Wow 👏 excellent video. The art, the music, storytelling, all so good. I’ve been living in Oceana for about Six years now. A few years in New Zealand, but mostly in Papua New Guinea where I live today. Am I understanding this correctly, that Polynesians come from some breeding with people from the New Britain Islands? So interesting!

[@KanakaBae]

Correct. All of Oceania has high percentages of Papuan Y DNA, except the northern Marianas., which is all Austronesian.

[@brianspendelow840]

Excellent video. It is really quite insulting how it used to be assumed, that the settlement of Polynesia was by accident.

[@Traderjoe]

We are in a state of evolving knowledge. Just like our ancestors may have made assumptions about the nature of the world. We currently have a knowledge of the nature of the world and it may prove to be wildly off. I wouldn’t get too hung up on misplaced information that people had that was wrong. We make mistakes. It’s how we grow. There was nothing malicious about it

[@JaemanEdwards]

It could never be by accident. Finding land in the vast Pacific Ocean is like trying to find a needle in a haystack.

[@zeppelin_7245]

What's insulting about it? So many events in history occurred by accident.

[@DanZucker]

⁠@@Traderjoealthough I agree with what you’re saying in principle, in this case, it was sort of insulting and malicious because it stemmed from the racist notion that “those primitive brown people could not possibly have been the world’s greatest navigators.” Thor’s voyage on Kon Tiki and theory of colonization by drift from South America was taught in schools for decades. Imagine how insulting that would be for a proud navigating culture with a rich oral history whose whole identity is based on the ocean. With all that being said, scholars agree that some of the islands were colonized “accidentally” by pacific wayfinders blown off course by gales. But the point remains that the foundation of drift theory was that white anthropologists refusal to accept the incredible prowess of what Pacific Islanders could accomplish without compass and sextant

[@shantubesha]

Nice

[@agxryt]

Whats crazy to me isn't that they colonized these islands, but that they did it with primitive outrigger canoes. Basically a canoe, with a support log a meter or two on one/both sides of the boat, attached with wood struts. Basically a canoe with pool noodles. Over the ocean. Madness. E: or double hulls, i found out. Basically, two canoes with some distance between them, but a plank connecting them on top.

[@TheTel]

I dunno man I’ve watched an 8-year old Polynesian kid husk a coconut using his teeth, and crush a venomous centipede barefoot. I’ve played a lot of tackle rugby with Tongan people. I would not doubt their ability to swim if they hadn’t had their outrigger canoes.

[@tatimoa]

Please research about the vessels. Cannot believe they are still regarded as simple little outriggers

[@agxryt]

@@tatimoa I've seen recreations of them. They're not simple little outriggers, but in the end, they're still outriggers. Really well made ones

[@sunstrikersunchild233]

In tonga they had Kalia, bigger ocean going vessels, that carried more people.

[@KumiHufanga]

The larger double hull canoes could hold hundreds of people and their understanding of astrology was better than most of the known world at that time

[@josemacbeth1641]

Best video so far about Lapita Origin and Migration(Pre Polynesia). The Umu(underground oven), double hull canoes carrying 100s of people, similarities in language, Chicken brought from Asia to the kumara brought from South America and Samoa spreading East to the rest of Polynesia. As a Tongan our origin is from Pulotu Northwest of Tonga which goes with the Lapita migration but before Pulotu there's Tou'ia o Futuna so as Vahanoa. Hopefully Tu'i Tonga expansion did not have a cause in that long pause 🤔🤭😅 Thank you for the video from a Tongan's perspective.

[@TheTel]

@@josemacbeth1641 Thanks, I’m really glad you liked it. Appreciate the insights as well. Mate ma’a Tonga!

[@jaup2191]

In Ancient times Tongans didn’t call themselves as “Tongans” or “Kakai Tonga”. Thats what the neighbouring polynesian islands called them. another thing to point out is that if you ask the other polynesian islands (Aotearoa, cook islands, tokelau etc) where the origins of their people are they say “Hawaiki” , “Havaiki” or hawai’i. but if u ask the tongans where the origin of their people they say “Pulotu”.

[@josemacbeth1641]

@@jaup2191 True. Other Islanders it Tonga because it's the old Polynesian word for South and the Tongan capital is Tongatapu meaning Forbidden South. The rest of East Polynesia came from Samoa during AD era spreading all over. Tongan origin is during the BC era from Northwest of Tonga matching the Lapita migration.

[@heaven1189]

@@josemacbeth1641I’m Tongan and found out from my elders during my genealogy that we came from Fiji and Melanesians. Makes sense look up Enele Maafu Tongan prince and Fijian Chief was in charge of Lau island which is currently in 2024 apart of Fiji but back then was apart of Tonga and the king of Fiji was defeated by Enele Maafu using his Tongan influence to help Fiji

[@heaven1189]

@@josemacbeth1641also back then Tongan and Fijian higher ups would intermarriage a lot so technically all Polynesian and Melanesian are the same race which is a mixed race. The term Poly ,Micro & Mela • “nesian” was created by racist white colonizers so it’s not a legit DNA race or a country

[@amaellio1131]

@North02 sent me👋

[@jonfetzek3053]

Hi from North 02

[@navajo6931]

Don’t forgot Jarai people we are Polynesian too Jarai language Nima / five Jalan/ road or trail Kao / me Bonga or bunga / flowers Akan / fish

[@-wotiu_77]

All the Pacific islands, Hawaii, Rapanui, etc .. Are the highest peaks of what is the sunken Continent of Lumerria...

[@tysonessenmacher2091]

This is great, than you.

[@st4r444]

Here before polynesian science say they're from south america, landed in antartica and we wuz everything and went to the moon.

[@GrandM4R371-p5o]

Your ancestors were pink people aye😂

[@GrandM4R371-p5o]

We know we have connection to the americas and it shows on alot of our islands..dont talk for us we dontt need whit people to re write our history you already corrupted it.

[@st4r444]

@@GrandM4R371-p5o I'm not even close to white

[@KNoerai]

Our ancestors did reach South America though. Some of our people stayed there and intermarried and some of them came to our islands. The genetic evidence is there in pockets of Polynesian communities in The Marquesas and Easter Island Secondly Distinctively Polynesian Rocker Jaw remains have been found in South America. Just last month a research paper was publicized confirming that Polynesians conclusively did all of the above.

[@mal_3157]

Amazing but not surprising the Polynesians were descended from modern Southeast Asians/Malays, who were excellent navigators in their own right.

[@Kingfifita676]

Tongan - KAINGA (extended fam) Samoan - AIGA (family) …

[@patrickrussell6216]

The Olmecs heads in South America look vary similar to Polynesian features,

[@eeeaten]

no. they are native american.

[@geofflewis8599]

and Austronesian languages used to be call 'Indo-Malay';, 70 percent of Indo-Malay comes from Sanskrit, Pali and other related India dialects..

[@AseriKasa-h6y]

Sign Abraham tribe circumcision custom ancient times

[@johndoeyedoe]

7th generation descendant of Fletcher Christian and Maimiti. We have lost most of our culture and only have a few true tahitian words left in our dialect.

[@TheTel]

That’s an amazing heritage. Its very sad to hear about the loss of language speakers though, I hope there are efforts to preserve what is left, though I know that’s easier said than done.

[@tatimoa]

Why keep bringing up thor hyadal when his theory is rubbish

[@TheTel]

Since he still has a conspiratorial following I wanted to take the chance to criticize him

[@johnkangas6594]

I've been living on Kauai Hawaii for 16 years now and I'm shocked that the archeological community ignores what can be found all over the island. Your title is a little misleading. It should have said "re-settled". kzbin.infoUgkxyOrAcfhUamRDTvOvNoqfmWFeQahAYJlw?si=o8zQP7p9LtN8dfTR

[@johnkangas6594]

The Wichman family run the Kauai historic society and are a prominent family on the island. kzbin.infoUgkxHTTYJuArlUUq54w6_I9bAvuBggMMgZKy?si=mdLV2QQB_lMDhHc8

[@johnkangas6594]

When I say Kauai is covered with ruins, I mean RUINS. They are so old they almost look natural. Two temples have been found in 300' deep water between Kauai and Niihau. There's a story about a gentle giant named Puni who lived on Kauai and would sculpt the cliffs. There's still thousands of acres of ancient terracing that has survived. kzbin.info_-kFMjpNr70?si=kSy3XNojyeinKIpa

[@oemolokupano4512]

Please read the book "the Seven Daughters of Eve" from the international renowned DNA-expert prof. Bryan Sykes. In this book there is a a chapter concerning the origin of the Pacific Peoples.

[@-wotiu_77]

Within that triangle was Lumerria..it was destroyed, an now the seafloor .... 263k ya ...

[@_.Marz._]

Makes you wonder why the French were really out there 💣 the Pacific Ocean floor all those years.

[@andrewreed4216]

1. An ancient city has been found in Tonga with ground penetrative radar. 2. I know Polynesians with ancient ansestry from the America's.

[@TheTel]

I think the Tongan city thing you're thinking of is the pair of papers I cite in the video. As far as Polynesians with ancestry from the Americas, that should also be about another paper I cite.

[@kevincurrie2052]

When you look at the words used for things like canoe and paddle, they all come from Asia. It’s only the few words like kumara that are from the Americas. Why ancient Polynesian people would get as far as Rapa Nui and then go that’s it mates there’s nothing past here seems unlikely.

[@-wotiu_77]

Rapanui survived the destruction of Lumerria, an was submerged in the Genises Floods, 11.5k ya ...

[@johnmay1109]

Possibly, or perhaps likely that previous settlers on Pacific islands would have been wiped out by a mega-tsunami, thus leaving a vacuum for refugees from Chinese Imperial expansion leaving in seacraft from the mainland. Odds are that another tsunami will eventually repeat the cycle. The evidence for this hypothesis is in huge boulders flung high above sea level on some Pacific islands.

[@puhigeoffreywaynefuimaonok8656]

where is Lemuria this colonial history not ours

[@eeeaten]

lemuria is made up nonsense from colonists

[@KNoerai]

Prove the Lemuria was an actual thing. The SEA origin narrative for our ancestors is proved by genetics and linguistics bro.

[@horsekfobster7823]

⁠@@KNoeraiIt’s funny how you suddenly listen to scientists when you were in another comment thread crying about Tonga being the origin of Polynesians. Hawaiki doesn’t exist prove it exists 😂

[@puhigeoffreywaynefuimaonok8656]

@@KNoerai not sure how that can ever make sense

[@KNoerai]

@@horsekfobster7823 because Genetics and linguistics are better evidence than pottery shards and general archeological speculation. Or did you not take general ed long enough in school to learn that kasele 😂 And Hawaiki is real dumdum that's why multiple islands were named after it. Tahitian elders point back to Savai'i.

[@TooBased4CA]

So this is where bongo drums come from

[@heaven1189]

Polynesian and Melanesian are racist names given to us by white colonizers . Before that we was all one race. Melanesians are the OG of the pacific they the first group to migrate out of Africa and into Australia & Papua New Guinea hense why they kept the same genetics as Africans (Afro, Dark skin, wide nose, etc) because climates are similar. That’s why when they migrated into Oceania first being Vanuatu and Fiji than later they voyaged out to Tonga than Samoa than Hawaii than Rapa Nui later. Polynesians are the youngest “nesian” and are the most mixed which is why some of us look Blasian and some of us look straight black like our Melanesian forefathers

[@-wotiu_77]

The Lapita polynesian, especially the Maori languages .. have similarities.. An are Ancient Greece language..32k ya... So is the Japanese .. Altho' neither is 💯% Both came out of Hollow Earth simultaneously..

[@jimkiklaeskah9740]

FACT: Tonga is the earliest known polynesian settlement. Oh boy, are the Samoans in for a surprise😂😂 “Cradle of Polynesia” MY ASS😂😂

[@vincentleapai5409]

Kefe who give a farrk about toga Elo

[@KNoerai]

Tongans like you have this weird superiority complex so you go around telling off other Polynesians about your alleged supremacy. Our ancestors did not view themselves through the national boundaries we have today. Rulership was based on clan and personal lineage,not national boundaries in those days. If you weren't a direct royal family member in Tonga,you were treated like trash and worse off than anywhere else in Polynesia lmao. . Also nearly all other Polynesians reference Hawaiki as their homeland. Nobody says Tongatapu. Science is always changing and you can't find conclusive evidence in a climate like ours where record keeping in the physical sense wasn't the best. The rest of Polynesia will continue compiling our stories together and as usual scientists will gradually confirm what we already know ,while prideful and nationalistic tongans like yourself will keep telling the world you're important.

[@horsekfobster7823]

@@KNoeraiCry about it. Google “Largest empire in Oceania” and the only result is Tonga 😂 Google “Simon Fraser University Birth of Polynesia” and it’s an archeological/anthropological study on how Tongans created Polynesian culture 🤡

[@zm1172]

​@@KNoerai#FACTS AND #TRUTH WILL ALWAYS TRUMP FAKE SCIENCE AND FAKE HISTORY. IT'S TOO BAD that MANY (NOT all) Tongans ARE SO BLINDED by THEIR NEED TO BE on Top. They'll be in for a RUDE AWAKENING when ALL THESE LIES GET EXPOSED! WAIT AND SEE.👍🏼 TRUTH ALWAYS WINS OUT.

[@Aaroniusnz]

The Tui Tonga would have somewhat banned the eastward expansion at the time they were in power, and when the Tui Tonga fell to the Tui Manu’a, that gave the opening for eastward expansion of what was known as the Ma’oli of Mulufanua/Manano - who eventually became the Maohi of Havaiki, Maoli of Hawaii , Māori of Rarotonga, Aotearoa, and Rapa Nui.

[@JP-tb8pq]

Fell to the Tui Manua? Tui Tonga comes from the Tui Manua.

[@Aaroniusnz]

@@JP-tb8pq I meant malietoa dynasty my bad

[@Aaroniusnz]

@@originalclaymoreboy728 I meant malietoa, was replying at 3am 😂

[@Aaroniusnz]

@@originalclaymoreboy728 the maoli tribe from manono is who lead the eastward, northward and southward discoveries

[@JohnTune-u2x]

@@JP-tb8pqTonga was proven to be older than Samoa 🤡. Google “oldest Polynesian settlement” and “oldest Polynesian artifacts” only result is Tonga. Then Google “largest empire in Oceania” only result is Tu’i Tonga

[@im_tasialo]

“wa’a”= “va’a”

[@Tera4m]

50% Samoan, 50% Māori,, 💯% Hebrew 4 Life House of Joseph via both Tribe of Ephraim & Manasseh Tribe #BirthRight #DoublePortion #DoubleBlessings Pukana, Blahhh,,😝😜😛 Shalom & JAH Bless…

[@eeeaten]

hebrew hHHAHAHHAHHAHAHHAHAAAAAAAAAAA

[@Tera4m]

@@eeeaten: What tribe are you from again🤔

[@Tera4m]

Our Fathers are buried under the Moai, #HotuMatua who #HotuRoā is descendent of 😝😜😛

[@eeeaten]

@@Tera4m nah bro who told you that? maori (and easter islanders and hawaiians) are from tahiti and the cooks. not the other way around. certainly not middle eastern, that is religious fantasy.

[@Tera4m]

@@eeeaten: Not even ao🤦🏽‍♂️

[@-wotiu_77]

Rapanui is the highest peaks of the part of Lumerria that survived, the island of Mu ... the Ancient Ancestral Home of Today's Maori an the Japanese pp These Maori an Japanese fled to Hollow Earth... Other survivors fled to what today is Sth America today the American Continent .. 11.5k ya ...

[@Nas-pq7tb]

How you figure that, einstein

[@-wotiu_77]

@@Nas-pq7tb It's not easy telling .. of the app' 180/200million ppl who know that, I an maybe 2others, I've seen are willing to divulge this .. Certain information is Power.. LoL ... whatever that means.

[@Nas-pq7tb]

@@-wotiu_77 all theory mabro

[@-wotiu_77]

Pangea Disconnected, an relocated only 11.5k ya.. Believe it or not see if I care ..😜..

[@-wotiu_77]

Hawaii, Fiji Islands, French Polynesia, all Sth Pacific Islands Same Highest Peaks of Lumeria..

[@Sharon-yk7xm]

The Giants The Egyptians and the Celts then the Maori that ate every thing and distoryed the bush

[@bodybalanceU2]

maori didnt eat everything - wow ignorant BS rant - maori were the first people of nz and celts never went anywhere - tryhard europeans that want to be the first in everything - pathetic

[@NasinuWarrior85]

You lack purpose; mission; tribal ties. Kinship.

[@benmaugaotega]

Excellent work. Mālo le saíli ámakaga ò ẞămoa ma le aku Polegi. 🫡).