The Impact of Nuclear Fusion

[@jonathanbauer2988]

When a speach impediment can fund his life successfully, based on a speach based job, it only goes to show how amazing humans are. You inspire me. Thank you sir.

[@omniXenderman]

Isaac: speech impediment? Fuck it you know what? I'm gonna talk to people about the future

[@usun_current5786]

Interesting thing is that for a not native English speaker like me it doesn't sound like a speach impediment, but like an accent. And therefore I see no issues in understanding it. So for international KZbin community it's not a hindrance.

[@karlkennedy4083]

There are plenty of accents that are alot harder to understand than Isaac's speech.

[@celeridad6972]

@@usun_current5786 I definitely thought it was an accent, myself being non native English speaker.

[@MrFrampo56]

@@usun_current5786 The fact that you have a spelling impediment is wonderfully ironic!

[@ianstradian]

The first video I watched I had to adjust to his speech impediment, but after two or three videos it sounds more like an accent now. I wanted to congratulate Isaac Arthur on having the best science videos I've seen in a long time. Keep up the good work sir.

[@viperswhip]

He doesn't mention it in his newer videos, I just assumed he was European and by the way, who gives a fuck, him mentioning it reminded me of this clip kzbin.info/www/bejne/oGHQZaWZrZWinJY

[@itspetz7421]

Ive watched alot of his newer vids and didnt know till now he has a speech impediment, always thought it was an accent

[@theCodyReeder]

Re-watching videos now. :)

[@JohnSmith-cw1lf]

Cody'sLab woah i was just watching your videos too haha cool

[@zackatwood2867]

Who'd a thunk it, Cody watches too?! Man you gotta make a how-to video for fusion. xD Great videos here with Arthur, found him two days ago, been bingeing since.

[@alexandercarvunaris846]

get through firs time.

[@tomasinacovell4293]

How insipid, credulous.

[@MRmeanmagicman]

Thank you Cody for bringing me to this channel! Your channel and this one are now my favorites on youtube!

[@onbored9627]

isaac, your channel is amazing. I have been searching for a channel like this for so long. Thank You for your contributions. they are greatly appreciated

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you Matthew, welcome to the channel!

[@matthewakian2]

I didn't realised you had an impediment. It sounds like a cool Southern drawl like Tom Hanks would do!

[@Mrbfgray]

Cuberth Yes he stands alone as THE best I have found on YT and there are some other very good channels. Amazing is not an overstatement.

[@88Superphysics88]

@@isaacarthurSFIA For many years (almost 25 years) I have been convincing scientists that thermonuclear fusion in the Sun occurs not in the core of the Sun, but in the solar corona !!! But scientists are very stubborn, and do not want to believe the obvious. Why are scientists not accepting new breakthrough scientific ideas? There is an assumption, accepted by most scientists, that thermonuclear fusion in the Sun occurs in the Sun's core. But no one has ever actually confirmed this. This is just a guess, the fantasy of an authoritative physicist. Scientists are currently using two methods to achieve nuclear fusion: inertial confinement and magnetic confinement. But there is also a third method of achieving nuclear fusion, this is the repetition of physical conditions as in the solar corona. Nobody is using this third method to achieve nuclear fusion? In 6 months there will be a small prototype of a commercial fusion reactor. A commercial fusion reactor in 1-2 years!

[@WolkeStreit]

"No seriously, the thorium car is so much absolute bull crap." This guy needs way more subs. xD

[@classarank7youtubeherokeyb63]

I feel like ThunderF00T's videos pale in comparison to that single line.

[@_Leouch]

and now he have :D

[@radiantsquare007jrdeluxe9]

@@classarank7youtubeherokeyb63 Issac author >>>>> thunderfoot

[@froztbytes]

Can you make a video on *The Impact of Graphene*

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Interesting thought, that might be a fun video

[@PalimpsestProd]

crazy idea: hack a chloroplast so it makes graphene instead of sugar. Not strictly possible but maybe a highly ordered structure with all the carbons on one side so the H and O can be easily stripped.

[@512TheWolf512]

CRISPR might just be able to do that, though we need to figure out how to program it for that purpose first

[@TheProtronic]

A researcher at the University of Trento sprayed some spiders with a carbon nanotube solution. Some of them began spinning webs 3.5 times stronger than before they were sprayed.

[@TS-jm7jm]

any info on whether the spiders suffered health effects?

[@ianyboo]

Internet wisdom: "keep your videos to under one or two minutes because people have short attention spans and will click away..." Isaac Arthur: "Hold my beer..."

[@richarddeese1991]

Yeah! :D This channel is incredible. If I were a teacher, I'd show it in class, along with 1 or 2 others out the whole internet ["3Blue1Brown" & "ParallaxNick". And I'd maybe encourage them to watch "Seeker" & "PBS Infinite Series."] That's literally it. Isaac's channel is so well-researched, & so thorough & all-encompassing that it stands alone! Training young minds for the future! 𝑹𝒊𝒌𝒌𝒊 𝑻𝒊𝒌𝒌𝒊.

[@lukasstaar6860]

You surely mean "Hold my Matryoshka brain"

[@ApollyonZKX]

If it's interesting content, then yes it's worth sticking around

[@radiantsquare007jrdeluxe9]

well you could do that but if ya really want that KZbin money you should keep videos a maximum of 10 mins!

[@FilosofiadiCazzeggio]

Hold my bandwidth

[@cartesianoven2690]

This is the best channel on youtube. This might be the best page on the entire internet. I've been a subscriber for maybe a month. The ammount of time this guy has consistently put out outstandingly amazing content is brilliant. Isaac. We love you, please understand that your lack of confidence in your speech impediment is the most unreasonable and unbased statement of this channel. Its like a talented author apologising for his weird tattoo before releasing an amazing book. Too bad we wont ever meet, man!

[@tomormiston6592]

just to say that you've got a very good speaking voice. You're diction is clear and your pace good. Nice commentary to a complex topic.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you Tom!

[@Omti9]

Been wondering too what he meant with speech impediment? The fact he sometimes seems to use an L instead of an R? Because I wish I could present something this well. I'm not a native speaker and this was really easy to understand.

[@YodaWhat]

@@Omti9 Quite apart from the "impediment", there is also his sometimes-strange pronunciation. In this video, saying "jowls" for joules. Joules is usually pronounced just like "jewels", and comes from the name of the English physicist James Prescott Joule. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule

[@Pugetwitch]

actually, it's quite the opposite. this guy can't pronounce a lot of words correctly, and he has an horrendous case of rhotacism.

[@Pugetwitch]

as an aspie who did three years in speech class as a child and with linguistics as one of my special interests, I cannot deal with this type of narration. LOL. the person would be better off allowing a robot to speak on their behalf, because the pronunciation is so poor. OR, they would do well to take a toastmasters course and learn how to get rid of their innate accent, and to provide proper pronunciation of their R's and L's.

[@erictaylor5462]

12:00 My dad worked 20 years at an oil refinery as a technician.I learned a lot about how these fuels are made, from the lightest fuels, like propane and ethane and butane, to the heaviest bunker fuels (a viscus nasty fuel that needs to be heated to flow). The crude oil contains a lot of contaminants that are really REALLY nasty, environment destroying toxins. All of the things need to be removed and got rid of (or used in other processes) before the oil can be refined to make fuels. This process, provided we can use it would make the sweetest crude you can imagine ("sweet" crude oil refers to crude with low contaminants, not the flavor. It doesn't taste sweet at all, and is in fact quite toxic, so don't drink it)

[@SavedInProgress]

I find it so funny that you always comment about your speech, when it was EXACTLY what caught my attention and made your channel stand out for me initially. Answers with Joe first turned me on to your channel and I've been binge watching ever since!! LOVE it, all of it, everyone should watch your show!!!

[@Non-ya-business]

In light of the most recent news regarding nuclear fusion news, this is exciting to listen to

[@theonedad7071]

I was here when the future began. I was here. Remember me, remember us all

[@AlessandroRodriguez]

Isaac, I can't stress this enough, your channel is amazing. I have been almost mesmerized for the effort and thought put in your videos. Keep the good work!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you Alessandro!

[@charliemurdockmusic]

I can’t tell you how much I love this channel. It’s so great. The editing, the detail, the concepts. Enjoyable. Thank you

[@junglerat7247]

There's no channel that hits like the Megastructures playlist does.

[@Jotainkivaa123]

The other week I saw a video where some professor was explaining about a new reactor called sparc. Basically he was saying there's 2 ways to make fusion reactors better. Incrase size or increase the strength of the magnetic field that contains the plasma. Increasing magnetic field increases the efficiency to the power of 4. Size increase impact is just basic multiplication. Some superconducting company had made a new material that could run much higher amps, so they designed the sparc with them. And it would be way smaller than ITER. It also featured an easily changeable reaction chamber. Also, in one of the this week in science -things, a group of scientists had discovered that the density of electron pairs in superconductor had linear correlation with superconducting temperature. They had some special device to layer the samples and the samples they made were perfect to the atomic level. Which is not what the conventional theory from the 70's tell us.

[@JohnSmith-cw1lf]

Jotainkivaa123 nope dont believe you, dont care

[@HuntingTarg]

Wow, first real news in fusion energy I've heard since ITER - and _wow_ , somebody who's heard of ITER! THX, I'll look it up. And I sure hope they have a way to handle neutron flux mat'l. degradation. [edit]: Apparently they do. Looks very promising.

[@TennysonHull]

I love the way you speak, and find it to be both clear and concise. Thank you for sharing your time, effort, and thoughts with us to create such engaging and thought provoking videos. I hope that this sort of content will inspire people to get into fields relating to fusion and advance our efforts into solving this cosmic riddle.

[@dalsanto4]

Hi Isaac, I recently found your channel and have been really enjoying it. It's exactly the sort of thing I've been looking for. It's great hearing you really explain the tech and give your opinions, but i liked how in this video you also went into some detail on the effects that the tech would have on society. It's nice to see you citing academic journals rather than random internet articles. You also appear to keep up with all the latest technological news. Your visuals are also impressive. I'm curious where you find them... I like your voice, at first I thought you had an intriguing accent that I'd never heard before. Rather than explaining your speech impediment every video, perhaps just the on screen message would be sufficient? Many thanks for all your great content and hard work!

[@davio7031]

This, what you are doing... The cataloging and free propagation of big picture knowledge is how we progress our society. You are a noble man indeed, changing the world one video at a time.

[@kkaryk]

Finally something really good turned up in my youtube suggestions. You have awesome videos and deserve a lot more subscribers. Don't give up to the pressure to make your videos shorter, they are perfect just the way they are (maybe split them up to more parts, but don't make them shorter at the expense of the amount of information presented). I hate that nowadays most videos on youtube just barely touch the issue and don't provide any context, this kind of format is suitable for news reporting, not for getting at least a basic idea about the issue. Your videos provide interesting information with some context and some reasoning to back up the claims, all that while not being too technical so most ppl should be able to understand them just fine.

[@psyekl]

As someone interested in sci-fi and creating sci-fi settings, I can't thank you enough for your channel!

[@phuturephunk]

You know, I gotta say...I've never once had to turn on captions and I can understand everything you're saying. In fact, you have a very listen-able speaking voice. These 30 minute videos just fly by.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Some folks seem to have an easier time understanding me than others.

[@lunchbox1398]

I was gone for 3 months and only good thing out of it was that i can watch so many of them back to back ! I was so happy there are so many for me to enjoy ! Thank you !

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

+Lunch Box And apparently KZbin didn't bother sending me a notification for when you got back and submitted this, I'm sorry, I just saw it now, and I can't recall which books I recommended.

[@ImaBotBeepBot]

I love your videos It feels looking throw a book refering always to chapters etc, keep up the good work!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thanks!

[@IJustMadeAComment]

Melon 1000 likes, 12 dislikes - half of those from people who accidentally hit dislike and the other half from those working in the oil industry. I'd say you're doing something right, Arthur.

[@29loot]

I feel bad you need to explain your speech impediment everytime but I understand why you do it. I understand you and find your videos very enlightening thank you.

[@allanrichardson1468]

I think your speech is much closer to "normal" (whatever that is) than one of the supporting characters in The Big Bang Theory (whose name I forgot; he's a rival of Sheldon Cooper in the physics department). I myself didn't even need the captions. And you obviously know what you're talking about, however you say it!

[@adamc8370]

Allan Richardson ok so

[@celanis7164]

Thank you. A lot of people always scream that fusion changes everything. But they lack the emphasis on WHY it would change everything. You took the time to research and explain why fusion not only would create a gargantuan surplus of power, but also to new ideas how to use it to make our current world much more sustainable.

[@thevoiceofthelost]

ive seriously learned more from your channel than i did from anywhere else. i hope to see millions upon millions of subs one day, and i definitely hope to see fusion within our lifetimes. it would change everything.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you! And yes, it would be a huge game changer and I think we've got good odds of seeing it :)

[@thevoiceofthelost]

Isaac Arthur i hope so, it would certainly be an amazing thing to see. c:

[@sapiensfromterra5103]

I think its a rather great thing that you explain the key energy sources to the whole colonization subject, before going on with giant structures

[@STWLandO]

Dude I absolutely love your voice, it's unique. I've never had a problem understanding you and your videos give me peace, inspiration, hope, and education.

[@pillbox1240]

We all love you Isaac! Thanks for all these videos!!!!

[@the_kingslayer]

The best channel on KZbin, Isaac Arthur you have taken my imagination on a ride into the cosmos thank you

[@Sin526]

Finally! Someone echoes my long held thoughts to a wide audience and does a damn fine job to boot! Well done sir!

[@scottywilliams2900]

This is the second time you've mentioned your speech to help with anyone who has a problem with it you are the one of the smartest people I've seen on here and if they focus on your speech and not the material they dont need to listen anyway

[@pbonline1977]

hi Isaac, amazingly intrigued by your channel and awaiting each and every update with wonder. keep up the amazing work !

[@gdexter9620]

Excellent videos - miles better than any science documentaries on TV I've ever seen. Fantastic pace and depth.

[@jeffsanders4081]

Isaac, yet another excellent video, Thank you!. I would love to see an episode on molten salt fission reactors in general and Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactors specifically. It would be great to see fusion developed but right now it is just too hard for us. I once heard the difference between fusion and fission described with a miniature golf analogy. Fusion is like putting a golf ball up a steep hill into a hole that is hardly any bigger than the ball. If it is not hit just right you will never get it in and, to boot, half of your golf balls keep disappearing. Fission, on the other hand, is like putting the ball into a 3 foot wide hole and every time you get one in two more balls pop out! I am not a fan of light water reactors(good for submarines but not much else) but the idea of MSRs has me excited. Rather than being a high pressure, low temperature reactor like light water reactors, MSRs are high temperature and low pressure. Safety is inherent in the design rather than something that has to be an active measure and we can do so much with high temp chemistry that is not practical now. There are some technical hurdles to overcome (Lithium Fluoride salts are a teeny bit corrosive) but ORNL had one working up until the early 70's that ran on Uranium. The LFTR reactor utilizes Thorium as a fertile fuel that is bred into U233 (through Protactinium) and proposes to use some nifty chemistry to separate the newly bred fuel out of the breeding cycle and inject it into the fission cycle.And the planet is just lousy with Thorium. Its just about everywhere, even the moon! I truly believe that had we pursued this back in the 70's we would have a different world now. Thanks for letting me bend your ear (eyes?) on this.

[@_tyrannus]

I just came across your channel and don't worry, to my French ears you're an order of magnitude more understandable than Australians. :) Still turned on the captions for the spelling of technical terms, it's great that your channel has them.

[@lookwhatididtomyid]

I', very impressed with consistent quality of videos you keep coming up with. Good work.

[@ShinForgotPassxXx]

I watched many of your vids and while I can say that I do not understand everything I really do like how you present and narrate them. Subscribed to you, liked the video and hope that this helps you keep making more such educational and interesting vids.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

+ShinForgotPassxXx Thanks, glad you're enjoying them, welcome to the channel, and yes subscriptions and feedback from the viewers definitely keeps me at this. :)

[@Onthedouble2nowhere]

this channel is amazing and picks my brain and explains in a very easy way to understand, everything, keep it up, it's awesome. Also I don't tacky understand how people can't understand you

[@elliothelm2906]

Man I'm new to your channel and you could be a lecturer. I've had teachers who couldn't dream of getting this much infomation across, in a engaging and easy to understand way. Let alone in 20 minutes! best nuclear fusion video I've seen. thak you! your videos are way to good. please keep making videos!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thanks, the vids do tend to aim at maximum info packing :)

[@CarloRizzante]

Beside really enjoying all your videos, Isaac Arthur, I also understand what you say fairly well, and I am Italian (my English is far from perfect). I never had to use subtitles.

[@elliotthayes2808]

Hey Issac, this is probably one of the best videos iv seen to date on fusion! Thank you for sharing you knowledge

[@abah2077]

Isaac. This is truly mind blowing. i'am going to share this channel with hundreds of people. Thanks for this Amazing content.

[@horacecarter2081]

You speak very well! Its easy to understand you and rather peaceful.

[@Anonnymouse53]

Mate your channel is awesome. Real fascinating, mind broadening ideas but no crazy woo woo.

[@123Widowmaker]

your channel is amazing, I've been addicted to it. you really deserve even more subs, Ive been telling all of my science-interested friends about you, thank you so much for these videos.

[@billthecat2410]

Dude, I really do love your vids. Keep the dream alive. I told a friend about your site and he really got into them as well. I keep praying I'll live to see fusion become mainstream because we despt. need it if we want to clean up the planet and help everyone in all countries to open up develepment. The world needs it and we should be putting all our effort into this tech.. Clean, safe power and open up the return to space development.

[@richardpearson9605]

Brilliant video, with some fantastically thought-provoking ideas. I hope to incorporate some of this thinking into my research into the commercialisation of fusion. Thanks for making this!

[@rtleitao78]

things i really like about your videos. the intro about the speach impediment is great, and the cc tip helps a lot. the Elmer Fudd reference made me laugh. Once you get used to the speach impediment things start to get interesting. ive even dropped the cc now, it is more of a nuisance than a help and i understand you just fine. i think sometimes the videos are a bit "out there", but hey, that is the realm of theoretical future inventions. it has to be like that. and as long as it is based on sound physics, pretty much anything is allowed. keep up the good work.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thanks Rodrigo, and yeah folks mostly get used to it after a while, though presumably only the ones who can tolerate it long enough to do so :D

[@JumboG2]

Cool video, lots of good information. Glad I subscribed

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

+JumboG2 Thanks, I'm glad you subscribed too :)

[@93Snips]

Great video, really like the way you break it down into multiple examples.

[@Kerrsartisticgifts]

I'm loving all theses video's, your voice sounds nice and clear to me, more like an accent than a speech impediment which is actually how I often refer to my own accent.

[@PyroPattie]

currently watching every video from this channel chronologically, its just amazing, even 7 years later :)

[@SangoProductions213]

Wow. You've gotten so much better at speaking. Very well done man. So many people would have just given up and said that they just aren't built for this type of work. But you kept with it, and your passion shows. Have a great day.

[@emperorcorning8329]

Love your videos and love the idea of (a) fusion reactor(s). Great video and keep up the great work!

[@thisisnotjustaphoneitsmyph3328]

I love your accent, don't change it! It is good to be an individual

[@Perserra]

Issac, would love for you to do an updated version of this video, longer and with updated graphics!

[@TopRPDRvideos]

Thank you so much for the subtitles, it really makes a difference for non native english audience

[@ssun190]

Hi @Issac Arthur First, your videos are amazing. I have learned so much about so many different topics through your videos. I'm a particle physicist working at CERN and I know/are friends with a lot of scientists who work on fusion. Fusion is not getting a lot of funding though, especially in the US. The total world investment into fusion R&D is lower than Toyota spends on R&D into cars. That's a single car company and not even all R&D funding into cars. That is not an exaggeration, both are only about 7-9 billion dollars. Right now fusion reactors cost too much. It doesn't matter if you have an unlimited supply of energy if per unit that energy costs more than burning fossil fuels. The reactors are several (~3-4) order of magnitude too expensive in terms of cost per MW*hr. Superconductors are very expensive and the manufacturing costs for the magnet coils are also extremely expensive. The question is can you build reactors at cost less than traditional power plants. It doesn't matter if the hydrogen (deuterium) fuel costs almost nothing and can be distilled from sea water if the reactor costs too much. A reactor will not run forever due to radiation damage from the neutrons in the reaction. You'll have to replace the coils/walls after a while. So the cost per reactor really matters in terms of cost per MW*hr even if you have > 10 factor of energy out vs energy in. It's really a question of cost per MW*hr of electricity and right now the costs are so high you might as well just build solar panels until the cost of superconductors such as 2nd generation ReBCO superconductors come down due to better manufacturing techniques and mass production. Plus there are problems like finding materials that can withstand the heat deposited on the first wall and plasma instabilities. It's a much harder problem than anyone imagined 50 years ago but we're close. We have broken through 1 to 1 energy in vs energy out already, but only for short bursts, but you really need about a factor of 10 to 1 for an effective powerplant. The question is not whether we can produce fusion at greater than 10 > 1 ratio. We are quite sure this is achievable and is the target of ITER. It's mainly a question of cost. Fossil fuels are just really really cheap. All these problems have potential solutions. I think we have to decide as a society whether technology that has the potential to take us to the stars and power the entire world for generations to come is worth more investment than R&D into an established technology like cars. But cars make money now... And fusion might not even for 100 years. So that's the real question in the end. -Sun

[@bobross7005]

Awesome comment. Thanks!

[@MarcErlich44]

Isaac, great video! I can't wait for the Rogue Planets video to hit KZbin! Thanks for making these!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

+Marc Erlich That should arrive considerably sooner then the last two vids ;)

[@matheuspinho4987]

12/15/2022 and Nuclear Fusion is already a reality today! 🍾🥳

[@mariolis]

Fusion Ignition is a great step , but only a step , towards commercial fusion , there are still many problems that need to be tackled still , we are allowed to celebrate , this was a huge milestone

[@robertwalker6684]

I think you sound fine. Good videos. You should do one on the Emdrive

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

+Robert Walker Thanks!

[@LukeLane1984]

Me too, can understand you just fine. Thanks for making these videos!

[@LukeLane1984]

Me too, can understand you just fine. Thanks for making these videos!

[@cosmodeus1720]

His voice is endearing in a way :)

[@kibbkibbie2222]

Waited a very long time for this, a job well done :))

[@petersmythe6462]

Fission is actually pretty energetic as a power source. Remember that the project Pluto reactor was light enough for flight and had a power output of around 600 MW.

[@tristansmith4060]

details?

[@talltroll7092]

@@tristansmith4060 It was supposed to be put in a cruise missile, and use the heat from the reactor to generate thrust, rather than burning fuel. They did a couple of tests, then realised that ICBMs were a much better idea, and shut the program down. There was also a US and a Soviet program to put nuclear reactors on aircraft, but neither got very far as there are huge problems with the concept (how do you shield the reactor, what about crashes, how do you keep the other maintenance issues under control etc), and again ICBMs turn out to be a much better idea.

[@141sharon270]

This was a really interesting video. most people don't know the difference between fusion and fission, me included. i will surely recommend this episode. Thanks for great show.

[@mongevoador]

Isaac, your power of thought and of expression is mind-blowing. You expand my vision of life in a minute, man. Thanks for sharing this. I have a 3 yr old kid and I can't wait to share my vision of the Universe with him. When I watch your videos, I feel like a 3 yr old kid, amazed at science, at knowledge, at the Universe.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thank you Alexandre, I really appreciate that.

[@fruitpastel8894]

Only just stumbled across you Isaac, your inspirational and its great to see some real vision put into your videos. Keep up the good work from just another stranger!

[@esecallum]

The reason fusion/Iter will always be 25 years away is because it's the wrong shape.What shape is the sun? a sphere. right? what shape is ITER? a dumb doughnut.With a sphere the particles can either can go outward to decrease pressure or inward to increase pressure. A DOUGHNUT IS THE WORST SHAPE POSSIBLE SHAPE AS THE SLIGHTEST KINK IN THE DOUGHNUT SHAPED plasma and the fusion peters out as the plasma ribbon hits the container. 6 degrees of freedom for the particles.In a sphere it is 2 degrees of freedom.Even the inventor Robert Bussard admitted it was a dumb design.Get an elastic band and try to keep every bit of it perfectly horizontally circular against the force of gravity.You can't as it will always sag.

[@davidwalters9462]

On vertical agriculture...the energy costs for red LEDs is very small. About a 1/3 of the cost for full wavelength lighted by LEDs. Plants really only use a very small proportion of sunlight. Work is underway to narrow this for LEDs which will lower the energy usage costs even more. This based on existing grid. Supplemented by solar the cost can drop. The cost supplemented by Gen IV reactors to fusion it's very, every cheap.

[@danielt6928]

Iv watched way over half of your programs available on youtude and I think that iv discovered the first sort of mistake. Around one minute theres an orbital ring around earth and its missing a leg to be symmetrical. Im not criticizing the work you put in im saying how do you make so many high programs so flawlessly. I really enjoy watching and learning the point of view you present is one I thing only you can pull off. Please keep up the fantastic work.

[@ariangorman2325]

Who downvotes these videos? I freaking love this channel and all of the great work!

[@TechNed]

Re-watching this. Wish I could like it twice.

[@Washedup007]

Great Video! Its amazing to me how much of a fundamental change fusion power could be to the world economy. Keep up the great work!

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Thanks!

[@aecrim1969]

Hi Arthur! Thank you for your awesome videos! I noticed you mentioned about your speech impediment in few of your videos. Just want to let you know some of us consider it pretty cool. Without it, something will be missing from your videos. I subscribed at the first video.

[@jammerbammer1]

These videos are fantastic, I thought you had a little bit of an accent and didn't even realize you had a speech impediment, no need for CC here. I have subscribed to your channel and will be watching all your videos. Thanks for taking the time to make them.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Welcome to the Channel Jammer!

[@IH8coleslaw]

I've watched a lot of your videos and thought about them when I read the news today. Germany is testing a fusion reactor. They said they tried it before with Helium fusion because it fused at a lower temperature but it produced less energy. Even though it produces less power, it seems like fusion temperature is the Achilles heel of this program. Do you think Helium fusion might actually be what jump starts this energy revolution?

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

+IH8coleslaw I ended up discussing helium fusion in the newest video on moonbases (link below) because of the helium-3 thing, but to clarify, they weren't trying to do helium fusion in the German reactor, they were trying to contain helium plasma as a test for hydrogen because helium is heavier so the atoms move slower at the same temp, good diagnostic tool to tweak things in preparation for hydrogen. Hydrogen isotopes fuse at lower temperatures than helium because with only one proton causing a repulsion between atoms they are easier to cram together, helium fusion needs much higher temperatures than hydrogen. kzbin.info/www/bejne/aKvEeqxniaaFhqc

[@allanrichardson1468]

Wouldn't be the first time Germany had to switch approaches and start over. During the war, Werner Heisenberg, who was a patriotic (and non-suicidal) citizen but not a real Nazi, tried to build a reactor using heavy water as the moderator when his initial experiments showed that graphite (carbon) absorbed too many neutrons. Thanks to bombers and resistance fighters bombing the dams and other hydro plants, they never got enough heavy water to build a reactor, so they never got the fission related measurements to start designing a bomb. Meanwhile, Fermi built his graphite pile in Chicago, in less than a year after Pearl Harbor, and the US and UK built the bomb. Fermi figured boron contamination killed the graphite idea, so they purified the graphite to be almost boron-free; Heisenberg never thought of that (or did he just not write it down?). Today's German scientists have the benefit of collaborating with the world, rather than fighting it, so this project should go much better. More power to them ... and to all of us as well!

[@johnczaia9124]

Super interesting and well presented! Thank you for this, Sir!

[@B0bb217]

Jeez, where do you find your research material! Your channel is awesome, this is my favourite video on your channel.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

Years and years of reading articles and debating the topics with folks and brainstorming :D At least for this one. Glad you enjoyed it, it happens to be own of my own favorites but tends to be in the mediocre middle with most of the audience.

[@richarddeese1991]

Thanks for a great video! I have to say I'm still very skeptical about fusion power becoming a thing anytime soon - like, in my expected remaining lifetime of (maybe) 30 years. It just seems like such a hard thing to do. You basically have to take the concept of a whole star's mass pressing inward, creating all that heat & pressure, & find a way to build that like a ship in a bottle - or in this case, a star in a bottle. Just creating that much heat & pressure with relatively little mass, & in such a tiny space, seems like a really big ask. But I do think it's ultimately possible. I just don't believe we currently have anything like the ability to create & contain such power at this time. And by the time we *_can_* do it, we'll probably have quite a few other technologies that have improved enough to make the hassle of fusion less worth the trouble. Thanks again, Isaac. 𝑹𝒊𝒌𝒌𝒊 𝑻𝒊𝒌𝒌𝒊.

[@michaelherold181]

You have improved so much its barely noticeable

[@Karina-winsmore]

Watching your videos fills me with hope. Hope that humanity might make it after all.

[@TruckMechaAddicted]

Could hydrocarbons produced in this way (11:18) release in the atmosphere the same pollutants of current fuels (paticulate, NOx) Could CO2 emissions be restricted from the reusing for fuel production?

[@TechNed]

Another informative and thoughtful presentation. Thanks.

[@DreamskyDance]

Have you thought about doing another fusion video for update how things have progressed ( its 2018 now ) ? I only recently discovered your channel so i am watching a lot of old ones. About fusion i remember that few months ago there was all over news that there is a new type of reactor in germany, built like some kind of spiral torus that can theoretically sustain itself for longer...

[@just.s.]

Isaac, I don't find your speech "impediment" very difficult to understand. You're very humble about it. Your videos are very informative, and I often watch them without captions, and don't even realize it!

[@morningstar9759]

Great vids, as always. Keep them coming!!!!

[@TheMrMeff]

When you find a channel with tons of awesome content.

[@DMPhil]

Isaac, I noticed that you mentioned the long history of scientists claiming that fusion was 20 years away, and then ended the video optimistically saying that fusion was 20 years away. LOL! I am sure that was a joke. But we have 12 years to go and science has made some stunning advances recently. I hope your prediction is spot on. I just discovered your channel. I LOVE IT!!! Keep it up!

[@ApEnNy4YoUrThOuGhTz]

Great vid as always!

[@WilliamSlayer]

My god. Being a science fiction fan I have heard about Fusion reactors for the longest time but never realized how incredibly cheap and easy it would be to fuel them if we can just get the technology up and running. How is it that industrial Nations like the United States, China, and Russia, have not dumped more money into research for this! Whichever country puzzled this Limitless source of power out first would be the new SUPER Super power! Thank you very much for dumbing this down to as close to layman's terms as possible for folks like myself Mr. Arthur!

[@spaceman6463]

Matthew Dunigan Having nuclear fusion wouldn’t make the next super power

[@Barskor1]

Low cost energy production in a closed loop vacuum system: You have a water tank filled with degassed deionized water, the water then goes through black pipes held in glassed-in insulated boxes so sunlight is captured to heat the water "it can get hot enough to boil at sea level" the piping then goes to a spray nozzle where the hot water instantly vaporizes the steam then goes to a turbine that drives an electrical generator, after the turbine the steam and any water that condensed in it travel at a downward angle through a pipe with a condensation coil around it to a large vacuum chamber that has heat transfer fins inside this preheats water from a large reservoir tank that then feeds to the starting tank. The constant rapid condensation of the steam combined with a volume of the vacuum chamber being 3x or larger than the volume of steam produce at any given time maintains the vacuum level so the process continues.

[@DrayseSchneider]

Have you ever considered doing a video on Generation IV Fission Nuclear reactors and how viable they'd be in futurism concerns? If you did, would you cover topics such as the availability of the fuels, waste issues, medical and industrial nucleonics and energy poverty to name but a few? Perhaps you have and I just missed it. I haven't finished watching all of your videos.

[@isaacarthurSFIA]

No I've not spent much time on fission, it's a worthy topic but not really one I feel I'd have much to add to.

[@Orcawood]

Amazing content really put things in perspective. Thankyou

[@blackhand7294]

I am bummed that the links that appear in the videos no longer work :( but great youtube channel, the entire channel is helping me design a game with realism.

[@HawkGTboy]

I’m late to the SFIA party but I’m loving this channel. I’ve often wondered “okay, so what would fusion power DO for us?” and this was the answer!

[@insomniac3011]

I think Iter is at least going to prove the concept of fusion, they say it will get 10x more energy out than what they put in, which sounds amazing to me. But even if they only get 11% of what they say they will get, then thats still above 100% and proves fusion works!

[@Rick_1337]

You don't sound "strange". You sound interesting and extremely intelligent. Thank you for providing these

[@epicfailled]

3:30 if deuterium is 1p 1n 1e each and a carbon atom is 6p 6n 6e each, how is that 6 deuterium atoms are heavier than 1 carbon atom?

[@jungtarcph]

Best video I have seen so far from Isaac

[@jonathanobrien-os9xq]

I will not turn on closed captions I understand and like your speech pattern,makes me pay attention...thank you Isaac.