The Insane Evolution of: Flight

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Patreon: / realscience
Instagram: / stephaniesammann
Credits:
Narrator: Stephanie Sammann
Writer: Lorraine Boissoneault
Editor: Dylan Hennessy (www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1)
Editor: David O'Sullivan
Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (kpatart.com/illustrations)
Illustrator: Elfy Chiang (www.elfylandstudios.com)
Animator: Mike Ridolfi (www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster ( / forgottentowel )
Producer: Brian McManus ( / realengineering )
Imagery courtesy of Getty Images
References:
[1]
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
[2]
www.nps.gov/cato/learn/nature...
[3]
news.stanford.edu/2018/01/23/...
[4]
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
[5]
www.the-scientist.com/noteboo...
[6] www.nature.com/articles/s4155...
[7] pterosaur.net/species.php
[8]
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
[9]
www.discovermagazine.com/tech...
[10]
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/1...
[11]
www.science.org/content/artic...
[12]
www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas...
[13] asknature.org/strategy/respir...
[14]
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/1...
[15]
www.britannica.com/animal/bat...
[16]
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/p...
[17]
www.britannica.com/animal/fly...
[18]
www.livescience.com/biggest-b...

[@cleanerben9636]

I'm glad this includes insect flight because that is barely ever talked about and pretty much unknown

[@youtubestudiosucks978]

Flies and misquitos are true flies as they only have 1 pair of wings unlike other flying insects

[@bikesgoodgasbad]

@@youtubestudiosucks978 their rear two are just extremely reduced in size making it appear like they only have two, they’re adapted to act as counter weight gyroscope for balance iirc

[@bikesgoodgasbad]

@@youtubestudiosucks978 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halteres?wprov=sfti1

[@justincraig398]

I knew that insects could fly since I was a little kid. Not unknown at all.

[@cleanerben9636]

@@justincraig398 you know what I meant

[@sciencenerd7639]

I've struggled for so long to understand how breathing works with birds. Thanks to your animation now I finally understand.

[@robinsonray6766]

Pterosaurs, and dinosaurs in the theropoda and sauropoda clade all had the same method of breathing, so they all had phenomenal stamina. Other dinosaurs [ornithischians] and crocodilomorphs [including todays crocodiles] all have the same breathing method but with no airsac. Yes: crocodiles have extremely efficient respiration. For this reason it is believed that the ancestors of crocodiles {from the triassic} were warm blooded terrestrial animals. Another characteristic that points to this is that crocodiles are the only ''cold blooded'' animals with a 4 chambered heart. Aside from crocodiles, only birds and mammals have 4 chambered hearts.

[@polymathpark]

This channel always puts out 10/10 content. Great production.

[@Em4gdn1m]

Always. Great video production, excellent narration, and fascinating topics.

[@atmafj]

I agree

[@stefan_popp]

I'd give a 9/10 for the inaccuracies, pointed out by others. I have spotted some in about 1/3 of their videos.

[@polymathpark]

@@stefan_popp dang, oh well. I'll have to watch more scrutinously

[@marekdg]

@@stefan_popp ahhh thanks, already got a bit suspicious after seeing the credits list and not seeing a researcher or at least a fat checker role in the team 🤔🤷🏻‍♂️🤓

[@MaikelRonnau]

Could you add measurements in the metric system as well?

[@ONI_002]

yeah i always fing myself calculating the conversions in my head half the video

[@peterfireflylund]

Even better: instead of?

[@char1211]

@@peterfireflylund Why not both? Only using the metric system is more in line with the scientific praxis but it would make the video less accessible

[@peterfireflylund]

@@char1211 Qu’ils mangent de la brioche! ;)

[@char1211]

@@peterfireflylund Idk man, I don't think I'm strong enough to deal with ignorant peasants. At least they're tolerable if you educate them :/

[@CountCocofang]

Being able to condense such a complex and far reaching topic into a roughly 15 minute presentation is a phenomenal skill. Not a second wasted, every small tangent fits into the overarching theme and it all flows so naturally. Your incredible dedication and passion is awe inspiring. And you cultivated an increasingly amazing community with a wealth of knowledge where even minor mistakes get explained, so even reading through the comments on your videos is worthwhile.

[@banemiladinov8202]

Unlike this comment

[@khango6138]

Excellent video! Although I do have a correction for the section that compares the leg segments of insects, crustaceans, and "arthropods" represented by the horseshoe crab. This comparison is confusing, because both insects and crustaceans *belong* to the phylum Arthropoda. For the horseshoe crab, they are members of the subphylum Chelicerata (which includes arachnids, and also belongs to Arthropoda). I believe the video's creator meant to compare the legs of insects, crustaceans to those of more basal arthropods? Or to those of Chelicerates. Second correction: birds are still dinosaurs, nothing has stopped them from being dinosaurs. The asteroid did not kill all dinosaurs, but neither did it spare all birds as seen with the extinction of Enantiornithes (the 'Opposite Birds'). :)

[@morkovija]

thanks for sharing didn't know about the opposite birds :0

[@Hollylivengood]

Also, birds don't beat their wings up and down, they beat them like swimming through the air. You can see a lot of videos slowed down so we can see how they move. It's like a butterfly stroke. like she described the old flying dinosaurs

[@Ratty524]

@@morkovija the K-6 extinction event was a blow to almost all life on earth. Even among mammals there was an entire lineage that was wiped out. Crocodile species used to be diverse but got reduced in the aftermath, and so on.

[@peternyikos8020]

​@@Ratty524 Could you tell me to what lineage of mammals you are referring?. There were lots of individual species and probably families that got wiped out within Mammalia, but I'm not sure which ones they were. There were lots of lineages of mammals that thrived during the Paleocene, including the multituberculates, pantodonts, tillodonts, and taeniodonts but these got wiped out somewhere near the end of the Eocene.

[@peternyikos8020]

I might add that the iconic Hesperornis and Ichthyornis and their closest relatives (which were closer to living birds than the Opposite Birds) also got wiped out.

[@xevious1538]

Insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and horseshoe crabs are all arthropods. Horseshoe crabs, along with arachnids and sea spiders are in a clade called Chelicerata. And at 1:53, the family tree shows bats being closely related to rodents, and more related to primates than they are to dogs and horses. Primates and rodents are Euarchontoglires more related to eachother than to bats. Bats are in the clade Laurasiatheria, and are a sister group to Ferungulata (a group that includes hooved animals, whales, carnivorans like cats and dogs, and pangolins)

[@unstoppableExodia]

I appreciate the clarification. I had BVB read somewhere that bats are more closely related to carnivorans and pangolins than they are to rodents and primates

[@Gustangela]

Thank you. I multiple instances they were referring to arachnids (chelicerata) as arthropods, and I was like "hmmm I I think they did a mistake here because they are all arthropods lol". Like at 6:15

[@Crakinator]

I think it’s so cool that a group of dinosaurs survived the mass extinction event and still fly among us. Some of them bare a striking resemblance to dromaeosaurs, which makes sense since the two families are closely related.

[@iceboorg9737]

Oh small criticism Id love to hear things like wingspan in meters as well I cant imagine anything when hearing feet

[@craigb8228]

But it seems petty like a correction of grammar.

[@nyko921]

@@craigb8228 No, not really. It would be more like asking someone to stop using foreign words because they don't understand them.

[@theflyingdutchguy9870]

1 meter is like 10 centimeters longer than 3 foot. this makes it a little easier over time

[@teej008]

Do you give these small criticisms to male KZbinrs? Seems like a dick move to me.

[@iceboorg9737]

@@teej008 just women obv Male youtubers can not describe something in a way i wouldnt understand (: Brooo what are u thinking

[@CHRB-nn6qp]

I've always loved the anatomy of Pterosaurian wings. The idea that their entire wing membrane was supported on just one finger is fascinating. Not to mention that it allowed for their hands to continue existing separate from the wings, which is the leading theory on why they evolved to be so much bigger than birds and bats; the Quad Launch theory. I wish they still existed, they were fascinating and unique animals :)

[@christophhanke6627]

8:00 when I was in my second-to-last-year in school I did a scientific Research paper in my biology class about this topic. There I also talked about the arboreal and cursorial theory and theropods. So this Video is such a blast to watch and to check in on this topic 6 years later

[@heidirabenau511]

Congratulations on 1M Subscribers, I have watched the first episode of the Nebula Original and can't wait for the next one!

[@highasheaven9239]

Really looking forward to the human series! Keep up the amazing work!

[@danielsee1]

While you wait. McDonalds.

[@michaelfutch2598]

Thanks for the info on insects and pterosaurs. It's been incredibly hard finding anything on their development of flight.

[@Brambrew]

I heard a theory that insect flight originally evolved from swimming paddles Insects evolved wings to help them escape water by paddling or gliding across the surface Some insects, like stoneflies, still somewhat show this behavior But evolving wings further for flight has much more utility than skimming across the surface of ponds or lakes

[@BlessingsMate]

EVOLUTION designed this?? A basic summary of what that means... In the beginning was nothing but then it somehow became as big as the universe. Then there was dirt and water but then somehow it became alive. Then there was an organism but somehow it had the structure and information to reproduce. Then one decided to be a male and somehow another organism became female and somehow at the same time, with fully functioning structure and information, they reproduced. Then they grew branches, then arms, then fins, then legs, then wings, and breathed water and then air and now we see them all perfectly mutated to flourish in their ecosystems! Seriously, Have you considered how a butterfly came to be? What came first, the egg? caterpillar? chrysalis? butterfly? What mutation could cause a crawling creature to suddenly hang upside down, dissolve its organs and appendages and 2 weeks later emerge as a flying creature? And then find another butterfly to reproduce? Truly a fairy tale! How did the grub get these incredible organs? Mutations don't give new information, they corrupt existing information. It is glaringly obvious we are part of creation. The world around us is so incredibly complex that design is the obvious, logical and scientific conclusion. Jesus was a real historical figure who claimed to be God. He also confirmed that he created the world and was coming back a second time to reward and judge the world. He proved this by rising from the dead and fulfilling many prophecies. He also foretold what would happen before he would come again. These things have been coming to pass more and more. He loves his creation and has a purpose for everyone of us! But the evil we see in the world is not from God. We have a cruel enemy and you can see the devil's handiwork more and more. Please look into this urgently and with honesty. God is not a policeman in the sky, nor is he a genie that grants wishes, he is a loving Father who is caring and merciful and rewards those who seek him. Do not decide who God is by looking at religious people, you must decide who God is by reading what he says about himself in the bible. Then you would have judged fairly. Start with John or Luke. These are eyewitness accounts of what Jesus said and did. There are many resources to answer your many questions. Especially on creation and evolution see creationdotcom. Seek the LORD while he may be found, call upon him while he is near (Isaiah 55) For since the creation of the world, God’s invisible qualities-his eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse. (Romans 1:20) To realise that your life is precious, you are loved, and you have a purpose, is real freedom and responsibility. There is an epic heavenly battle for your soul! You're never alone, reach out from wherever you are, Jesus is there, trust Him.

[@zy9662]

This video is truly amazing, honestly I didn't expect you will cover so much depth and breath since you also covered pterosaurs, whose info is not so easy to find. Would be interesting to research which kind of breathing they had. The insect segments part was also a nice inclusion as was the microraptor mention and the nice touch on the timing of the Archeopterix discovery and Darwin's book. Congratulations

[@thewisefool4049]

"Would be interesting to research which kind of breathing they had" They had unidirectional breathing like birds. All archosaurs use the same breathing system outlined in this video, so that includes pterosaurs, dinosaurs (including modern birds) and crocodilians.

[@brandophiri3618]

I learn a lot from this channel. Keep up the good work

[@yahdonisrael3883]

Well u learning wrong she said land animal to sky animal, evolution evolved from sea ta sky den land🤦🏾‍♂️Dis world is dun 🔥

[@alexfox2038]

@@yahdonisrael3883 Dude, where are your citations at? Any basis for your claims?

[@nighteule]

@@alexfox2038 Either a bot or a troll, don't give it attention

[@danielrose2146]

I'll bet the feathers on the raptors are used for sharp turns and braking....and perhaps that eventually led to smaller raptors that expanded on those early concepts. 🤔

[@SillyNep]

that and probably temperature regulation the same way mammals have! Like Yutyrannus which lived in colder regions and was covered in like a feathery fuzz.

[@Andianco]

@@SillyNep That´s probably right since pterosaurs had some type of feather covering as well, so they probably evolved in some ancestor for temperature regulation.

[@anaran4811]

I just love this channel. As someone who's into science but doesn't have a background in biology, it's a great starting point to satisfy my curiosity.

[@kaitlynboss3497]

Thank you for finally explaining how air sacks in the bones helps birds fly. It’s because with them they can constantly take in air which makes sense why that would help.

[@BlessingsMate]

EVOLUTION designed this?? A basic summary of what that means... In the beginning was nothing but then it somehow became as big as the universe. Then there was dirt and water but then somehow it became alive. Then there was an organism but somehow it had the structure and information to reproduce. Then one decided to be a male and somehow another organism became female and somehow at the same time, with fully functioning structure and information, they reproduced. Then they grew branches, then arms, then fins, then legs, then wings, and breathed water and then air and now we see them all perfectly mutated to flourish in their ecosystems! Seriously, Have you considered how a butterfly came to be? What came first, the egg? caterpillar? chrysalis? butterfly? What mutation could cause a crawling creature to suddenly hang upside down, dissolve its organs and appendages and 2 weeks later emerge as a flying creature? And then find another butterfly to reproduce? Truly a fairy tale! How did the grub get these incredible organs? Mutations don't give new information, they corrupt existing information. It is glaringly obvious we are part of creation. The world around us is so incredibly complex that design is the obvious, logical and scientific conclusion. Jesus was a real historical figure who claimed to be God. He also confirmed that he created the world and was coming back a second time to reward and judge the world. He proved this by rising from the dead and fulfilling many prophecies. He also foretold what would happen before he would come again. These things have been coming to pass more and more. He loves his creation and has a purpose for everyone of us! But the evil we see in the world is not from God. We have a cruel enemy and you can see the devil's handiwork more and more. Please look into this urgently and with honesty. God is not a policeman in the sky, nor is he a genie that grants wishes, he is a loving Father who is caring and merciful and rewards those who seek him. Do not decide who God is by looking at religious people, you must decide who God is by reading what he says about himself in the bible. Then you would have judged fairly. Start with John or Luke. These are eyewitness accounts of what Jesus said and did. There are many resources to answer your many questions. Especially on creation and evolution see creationdotcom. Seek the LORD while he may be found, call upon him while he is near (Isaiah 55) For since the creation of the world, God’s invisible qualities-his eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse. (Romans 1:20) To realise that your life is precious, you are loved, and you have a purpose, is real freedom and responsibility. There is an epic heavenly battle for your soul! You're never alone, reach out from wherever you are, Jesus is there, trust Him.

[@differentfins]

Very well done! Entertaining and educational. BTW my favorite part was the dragonfly casually getting out of the way from the frog. Swing and a miss lol.

[@Mike-oz4cv]

Small creatures have such a high surface to mass ratio that flight is actually quite easy for them. On a breezy day it can actually be hard for them to stay on the ground.

[@JesseP.Watson]

Interesting point, so rather than developing flight, in their case it may have been more a question of a means to control flight. With that said, to be quite honest, I do think there is something missing in the theory of evolution as it currently stands, much as I try, I find there are just too many cases where an incomplete mutation will give no advantage or actually act as a hindrance against selection and no more so than in development of the wing. Add to that the behavioural changes that must accompany those physical mutations and, aye, there's just too many very serious issues there without any satisfying answer for us to be able to treat evolution as a working theory that describes how species are created in its current form.

[@IzUrBoiKK]

Aaah, a new vid. Thanks guys, I've always loved your videos.

[@gefginn3699]

Great post my friend. I always enjoy tuning into your newest post. 💛

[@sneedfeed7204]

Extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs* Avian dinos are still thriving

[@Anuchan]

Excellent content. I'm looking forward to your next series on humans.

[@doglabdogtraining-gus.8873]

This channel has some of the best content, thank you.

[@benjaminlessard8710]

I love this channel. I am always waiting for the next video, I am hooked.

[@freddyjosereginomontalvo4667]

Awesome channel. I love this kind of content. 🌍💯 Good job

[@jimmij3894]

So did spiders start making webs to catch flying insects or were they catching something else like pollen?

[@keith8554]

Love when you and real engineering drop on the same day

[@kowloonbroadcast]

seriously y’all, this is probably the channel with the best accompaniment music in all of KZbin

[@cesarvidelac]

We live in times when information is widespread as never before, yet ignorance reigns as never before. People openly believe in such things like plain earth and creationism. We need this science to be shared more than ever. Thanks so much for sharing. Subscribed.

[@theflyingdutchguy9870]

awesomely religion is declining. wich is logical sinds we know from history that religion isnt a good way to explain things. much better to ask questions instead of just assuming things. first step towards knowledge is realising what you dont know something.

[@cesarvidelac]

@@theflyingdutchguy9870 True! It's a shame spirituality doesn't work that way. A faith without question is just fanaticism.

[@thegameranch5935]

What is plain earth?

[@7inrain]

@@thegameranch5935 A translation issue. He probably meant flat earth.

[@baraamando8115]

It’s so funny how people can watch this video and believe in evolution. Literally every single thing that was said disproved it lol. Oh yea wings developed randomly and it happened on 4 different occasions.

[@dondraper3871]

For f**** sake... Can someone give the Real Science team a pulitzer prize for the insane clear and insightful work they do on such complex questions I did not know I had!

[@alexisgrey6469]

True. I think i learned more here than my 6 yrs in highschool.

[@robkirchhof133]

absolute full endorsement 💯

[@joshuaspiceland]

This was AWESOME!!! great content

[@stoneyjonez]

this is seriously my new favorite youtube channel

[@mux2000]

Please add verbal or on-screen metric equivalents when mentioning measurements in usian units. The internet is international and some of us don't know what a foot is, or it takes us a while to calculate what it means and makes it hard to follow the narrative. Thanks!

[@dancingnature]

A foot is about 1/3 of a meter . An inch is about the length of your longest fingertip . A yard is about the same as a meter but a meter is longer by about the length of your index finger. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius. Subtract 27 from the F temperatures and cut the remainder in half. This only works between or 32F - 104F and isnt completely accurate but will tell you if you need to take a sweater ( jumper) with you😊

[@mux2000]

@@dancingnature see, this is exactly the sort of thing that doesn't help. If I have to stop the video and take out a calculator I've already lost the plot

[@cleanerben9636]

also on birds and maybe even Pterosaurs; perhaps sexual selection of the best jumpers played a part? Higher jump=more attraction so staying in the air longer to transmit the display could be beneficial.

[@gelraldoldo5152]

Thanks for the tip

[@glaz5220]

Congrats on 1 mil subs🎉

[@joeshmoe8345]

Your content is really really good. Thanks for sharing it with us G.

[@asjenmensink2740]

One thing though horseshoecrabs are arthropods but so are insects and crustacheans, chelicerate is the word for the subgroup.

[@sadwest1]

wild that they were able to find the homologous structures between insects, arthropods, and crustaceans through observing phenotype +investigating genotype

[@benjamindover5676]

I'm so glad I'm subbed! Thank you.

[@thenaiam]

I was thinking of what to listen to next. Reached the end of the video, and I'm opening up the Nebula app now to listen to the Becoming Human series.

[@Subfightr]

Omg, my beautiful pterosaurs. How incredible it would be to see them today.

[@Subfightr]

That mega finger just kills me

[@theflyingdutchguy9870]

@@Subfightr 😂😂 yeah bat wings seem very normal compared😂

[@theflyingdutchguy9870]

would be pretty scary tho. maybe we would have never made it out of the jungle then. altho giant eagles did hunt our children in the past

[@MrEnte3000]

Why is the Horseshoe Crab labeled as Arthropod when all three of them are Arthropods?

[@williamchamberlain2263]

It's arthropod-iest

[@Shaggleforder]

I would include also the family of flying fish... I've read that they can glide for distances of few hundreds of meters spending close to 1 minutes outside of the water, and I find that amazing for a creature unable to breathe air!

[@kerrykrishna]

Outstanding doc in every way.

[@louisrobitaille5810]

11:40 Birds are dinosaurs. Dinosaurs didn't go extinct.

[@Dionyzos]

Would be cool if you would at least show metric dimensions in the video if you don't mention it.

[@leonstevens1382]

flight is flight whether self-propelled or not. Again I refer you to Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary p. 1023, which defines “wing” among many other things as “any of various organic structures esp. of a flying fish”. Don’t try to reinvent the English language. There is no such thing as a “true wing.”

[@Shootskas]

This channel is outstanding!

[@mathmusicandlooks]

Fascinating content, but it also makes me grateful I’m not an archaeologist or paleontologist. It seems that all of our best hypotheses for most creatures’ origins necessarily rely on correlation implying causation and are fully vulnerable to survivorship bias. It might be the best we could do in those particular fields for now, but I’d find that insanely frustrating.

[@Davethreshold]

The macro shots in this video are just GORGEOUS. If only they had fossils for every 50-100,000 years, I bet they would know exactly how everything evolved. I have Nebula and Curiosity. Guess what I'm going to watch next?❤

[@BlessingsMate]

EVOLUTION designed this?? A basic summary of what that means... In the beginning was nothing but then it somehow became as big as the universe. Then there was dirt and water but then somehow it became alive. Then there was an organism but somehow it had the structure and information to reproduce. Then one decided to be a male and somehow another organism became female and somehow at the same time, with fully functioning structure and information, they reproduced. Then they grew branches, then arms, then fins, then legs, then wings, and breathed water and then air and now we see them all perfectly mutated to flourish in their ecosystems! Seriously, Have you considered how a butterfly came to be? What came first, the egg? caterpillar? chrysalis? butterfly? What mutation could cause a crawling creature to suddenly hang upside down, dissolve its organs and appendages and 2 weeks later emerge as a flying creature? And then find another butterfly to reproduce? Truly a fairy tale! How did the grub get these incredible organs? Mutations don't give new information, they corrupt existing information. It is glaringly obvious we are part of creation. The world around us is so incredibly complex that design is the obvious, logical and scientific conclusion. Jesus was a real historical figure who claimed to be God. He also confirmed that he created the world and was coming back a second time to reward and judge the world. He proved this by rising from the dead and fulfilling many prophecies. He also foretold what would happen before he would come again. These things have been coming to pass more and more. He loves his creation and has a purpose for everyone of us! But the evil we see in the world is not from God. We have a cruel enemy and you can see the devil's handiwork more and more. Please look into this urgently and with honesty. God is not a policeman in the sky, nor is he a genie that grants wishes, he is a loving Father who is caring and merciful and rewards those who seek him. Do not decide who God is by looking at religious people, you must decide who God is by reading what he says about himself in the bible. Then you would have judged fairly. Start with John or Luke. These are eyewitness accounts of what Jesus said and did. There are many resources to answer your many questions. Especially on creation and evolution see creationdotcom. Seek the LORD while he may be found, call upon him while he is near (Isaiah 55) For since the creation of the world, God’s invisible qualities-his eternal power and divine nature-have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse. (Romans 1:20) To realise that your life is precious, you are loved, and you have a purpose, is real freedom and responsibility. There is an epic heavenly battle for your soul! You're never alone, reach out from wherever you are, Jesus is there, trust Him.

[@beinleif524]

Why not mention flying fish? Seems highly relevant and yet another branch

[@AlbertaGeek]

Gliding is not flying.

[@williamchamberlain2263]

@@AlbertaGeek not _yet_

[@beinleif524]

Indeed not yet

[@beinleif524]

Seems pritty close in evolutionary terms to me kzbin.info/www/bejne/h4KVep1nqdiepNE

[@salmaislam3415]

Also flying squirrel

[@mostlyokay]

Please include metric units as well, even if just in a graphic. I can't picture 11 feet

[@halluminium]

amazing video as always

[@shannonmcdoobins3105]

I feel like bats are the mammal versions of pterosaurs

[@theflyingdutchguy9870]

flight has evolved such a crazy amount of time. its such a succesfull adaptation.

[@jondunmore4268]

I'm evolving to fly right now.

[@KooriPlays]

HUGE congrats for reaching the 1 MILLION subs!!!

[@unstoppableExodia]

About bipedal locomotion i really want to mention that for all the benefits we humans got from freeing up our forelimbs for using tools and such it did have the downside of opening us up to back problems that quadrupedal animals don’t deal with. Overall it was a worthwhile tradeofff but back pain really sucks especially after standing for too long.

[@afhdfh]

I'm a little confused. Why do you differentiate between insects, crustaceans and arthropods? Arthropods encompass the two other groups. This doesn't make any sense at all!

[@Raylor]

Honestly, you are educating so many people. I sometimes wonder, Isnt KZbin enough to live and enjoy life? arent the ads on youtube enough for this channel to just release content instead of locking it behind a paywall. the content is amazing. just let everyone who wants to learn through your creation, this video, its only way is to consume it now. why lock it, if youtube doesnt pay enough, then, perhaps we need to just Subscribe to help out with the content. I wont pay just to see the video, i want to pay so that everyone else can see it. education is important for all of us.

[@luedog8385]

It didn't happen no such thing as evolution

[@TRUE_GAP]

would you be willing to make a video on the chrysopelea ornata/flying snake its one of my favorite animals and it would be cool to learn more about it

[@jakemj03]

Some of the best content on youtube!

[@victoriaeads6126]

My beloved Emma, A Black East Indies duck, is excellent in flight, even though she has never had reason or opportunity to fly more that a few tens of meters. Flight is AMAZING. I find myself fascinated by Emma, our peafowl Charming, Fred, George, Rani, and Reggie, and how different their flight is to both Bonnie and Claudia (our coturnix quail) and that of local bats and insects. Excellent topic!!

[@varunprakash6207]

0:52 Bird flying visuals ♥️ mind blowing Evolution of Flight ✈️ Insects 🦋 wings Charles Darwin - The survival of fitness The transformation from ground to sky 13:06 Bat climbing tree 🌳 15:21 Eagle 🦅 largest wings

[@Overthought1]

Wow, I nominate this as the best Real Science vid ever made! Well done!

[@justinhoward6384]

Really glad I found this channel

[@glennbabic5954]

Air is just another medium like dirt, another fluid like water, it's not surprising life would evolve to move through it easily. It just seems miraculous to us because we are earthdwellers

[@andytheindividual3862]

So aliens are evolved humans that adapted into space ?

[@markzuckergecko621]

I remember in one of the old Ratchet and Clank games, one of the planets has flying whales. At first I kinda laughed at how ridiculous it was, but after I thought about it for a minute I was like hold on..... I guess that could actually be possible, on a planet that has an atmosphere with the same viscosity as water on earth.

[@gpaull2]

Even earthdwelling evolutions are miraculous to me

[@glennbabic5954]

@@markzuckergecko621 Yep, water and air aren't just different density fluids, we and whales are buoyant in water because we are less dense. Flying whales would need very dense atmosphere and low gravity.

[@adamplentl5588]

@@andytheindividual3862 what a retarded question.

[@dice3000]

As an average person who's not that interesting in biology I always end up fascinated

[@greenguitarfish]

Examine the counter perspective so your not just hearing from one side. Here are 15 PH.D scientists with a very different opinion. kzbin.info/www/bejne/qXSuYqR8o6eSsLc

[@deivclayton]

Great video. I wish it would have done a better job with answering the question of how mutations adapting for flight can go from the awkward and not helpful stage of evolution to the advantageous stage. It's always been my biggest question about evolution. But it is amazing the various adaptations for flight that do exist.

[@Goregreet]

This channel is absolute GOLD

[@chaser107]

At least put on a graphic for metric if you insist on using feet

[@mrtianflo7728]

I can hear Meg Griffin

[@iracingrookie3301]

Hands down my favourite channel

[@matthewexline6589]

Can you please explain better what you were talking about at @10:51 in the video about how the robot test showed better running while gliding than flapping?

[@bobtibet3954]

i love your content. i have a little critik point. could you use also the metric system. its totaly okay to say feet etc beause amaricans cant imagen better. but only 3 countrys use that system and the rest of the world dont know what 6 feets are.

[@gpaull2]

Most of the world is fluent in both, or at least able to figure it out. It’s the imperial countries that need all the help they can get. 😂

[@beyond-journeys-end]

Thought the same except i belived there to be more then 3

[@DustyHoney]

Idk if you’re actually American, but most Americans do know the metric system. It’s taught to us in school from the time we’re in first grade lol.

[@gpaull2]

@Hannah Winterhalder Is it the imperial that you can use without your head 😮😂

[@Last6_Months]

The video made me believe in creation more than before, to be honest

[@FreedomAnderson]

How?

[@Last6_Months]

@@FreedomAnderson I don't remember the specific parts of the video, but defects, which the early forms of adaptation would be, would usually be eliminated from a population, rather than proliferated. The assumption that the theory of evolution makes is that every single micro mutation had to be beneficial, which I don't believe to be possible. Also, evolution is also studied as fact rather than what it is, a theory - so a lot of inductive reasoning is used. It's like a detective who assumes someone committed a crime and only looking for facts that confirm their assumption. I know microevolution happens, but macroevolution leaves me skeptical.

[@ericpeterson9110]

@@Last6_Months "evolution is also studied as fact rather than what it is, a theory" Evolution is both a fact and a theory, they arent exclusive terms. Evolution is the phenomenon that we factually know has occured, and the theory of evolution is the mechanism and esplanation for that phenomenon. The theory of gravitation doesnt mean that gravity's existence is some unproven assumption.

[@Last6_Months]

@@ericpeterson9110 I said micro evolution is a fact. Macro evolution is still theory. Gravity is a fact, the mechanism by which it operates is a theory

[@ericpeterson9110]

@@Last6_Months Exactly. You understand what the therm theory means but refuse to use it correctly. When you say Macro evolution is "still a theory" you might as well say gravity is "still a theory".

[@winkipinky]

Great documentary and I like your voice too. Thanks

[@nicholauspalmer7177]

This is awesome... can you do an episode on the fossil record/evolution of the platapus?? It's like a beaver and a duck and scorpion all in one!! It's weird!!!!

[@FlushGorgon]

A lot of mistakes make this video unreliable.

[@senghkawn315]

can you make a list of mistakes from this video please?

[@bjarnes.4423]

Please use metric. Especially since you have "science" in your channel name

[@DustyHoney]

It really bothered me when they didn’t talk about how birds have pneumatized bones.

[@adondiklon9217]

Didn't see the video yet but it seems like it's gonna be amazing!

[@cliffhall5602]

Excellent work.

[@AGO1896]

As a scientific channel, start using the Metric System, please

[@csmic-phantm8095]

Quite beautifully stated, and equally fascinating- It can be truly fascinating, each & every dynamic of the evolution regarding life on earth within & of itself. One must simply bring themselves to this channel specifically, in order to take a proper look, and to of course, have a most proper listen, as well. 🙏☯️

[@JeffreyShao]

This video is very well made ngl

[@mariyaandriyanova5299]

Small note on 5:08 - the front leg pair by lions and elephants is not homologous to human legs (it would be human arms). But I´m very excited by the chanel!

[@MOHAMMED-gi2uh]

your channel is under rated I didn't even feel bored even for a sec

[@kiosy8]

Congrats on your 1M sub!

[@GOOD_FARMER]

Congratulations for 1million subscriber's. ☺️

[@yanni-barimwald834]

Thank you for your videos

[@jamiepender6667]

I love this channel

[@Kehlen578]

11:56 contrary to a common misconception, bird's hollow bones are not lighter (they are thiner but denser). They mainly help for air intake.

[@toast_on_toast1270]

I really like your scripts for these videos: they always get a great balance between accessibility and interest, never feeling too dumbed down just to be relatable, nor too technical and difficult to follow for the average listener. For instance: "if you look out the window today, you'll see many different creatures, who have taken to the skies to exploit new sources of prey". Its a subtle thing, but a lesser writer would have stopped after the first two clauses, leaving only a blindingly obvious statement only for the purpose of moving the script along, but adding nothing and unintentionally insulting the listener's intelligence (I've seen it many times on KZbin). You, however, use it as a way to introduce a main idea for your video, priming your audience to think about the core questions it will attempt to answer. Well done.

[@Awakeandalive1]

I'm curious as to why your evolutionary chart showed crustaceans & ticks as forming their own off-shoot while other arachnids were lumped in with insects...

[@thomaswade3072]

"where no creature had gone" Bacteria beat your birbs by a few hundred million years.

[@davids82605]

There were four independant flight evolution as you magistrally showed, but how many other gliding evolutions that could or could have led to actual flight? The modern-days sugar gliders, draco lizards, even some flattening snakes, all three having completely different methods, and in the past one possible drepanosaur, Hypuronector, some draco-like creatures like Mecistotrachelos and Weigeltisauridae, and the most astonishing one for its completely different, unique and never seen again gliding solution, Sharovipteryx? This could be an awesome video, and you are clearly one of the few best suited to amaze us on the subject!

[@jondunmore4268]

I think in 1,000,000 years, the flying squirrels and gliding lizards of today will have actual powered flight - nothing stops evolving - we are looking at a miniscule eyeblink of history - everything around us is still evolving, including humans. 1,000,000 years from now, every animal will look totally different (except for cockroaches).

[@MxIzmir]

That was fascinating

[@andregustavocarneiro]

Thanks!! Is amazing