The Island of Shrinking Mammoths

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The mammoths fossils found on the Channel Islands off the coast of southern California are much smaller than their relatives found on the mainland. They were so small that they came to be seen as their own species. How did they get there? And why were they so small?
Thanks to Ceri Thomas for the mammoth reconstructions throughout this episode. Check out more of Ceri's paleoart at / alphynix and nixillustration...
Thanks to Julio Lacerda and Studio 252mya for the Palaeoloxodon illustrations. You can find more of Julio's work here: 252mya.com/gal...
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
Katie Fichtner, Anthony Callaghan, Larry Wilson, Merri Snaidman, Renzo Caimi Ordenes, John Vanek, Neil H. Gray, Marilyn Wolmart, Esmeralda Rupp-Spangle, Gregory Donovan, Ehit Dinesh Agarwal, سلطان الخليفي, Gabriel Cortez, Marcus Lejon, Robert Arévalo, Robert Hill, Kelby Reid, Todd Dittman, Betsy Radley, PS, Colin Sylvester, Philip Slingerland, Jose Garcia, Eric Vonk, Tony Wamsley, Henrik Peteri, Jonathan Wright, Jon Monteiro, James Bording, Brad Nicholls, Miles Chaston, Michael McClellan, Jeff Graham, Maria Humphrey, Nathan Paskett, Connor Jensen, Daisuke Goto, Hubert Rady, Yuntao Zhou, Gregory Kintz, Tyson Cleary, Chandler Bass, Maly Lor, Joao Ascensao, Tsee Lee, Sarah Fritts, Ron Harvey Jr, Jacob Gerke, Alex Yan
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References:
digitalcommons....
www.nhm-wien.a...
www.researchga...
“Extreme expansion of the olfactory receptor gene repertoire in African elephants and evolutionary dynamics of orthologous gene groups in 13 placental mammals.” Niimura Y, Matsui A, Touhara K. 2014.
web.archive.or...
www.sciencedir...
kundoc.com/pdf...
www.app.pan.pl...
www.jstor.org/...
citeseerx.ist.p...
Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands by Alexandra van der Geer, George Lyras, John de Vos and Michael Dermitzakis.
Niimura Y, Matsui A, Touhara K. 2014. Extreme expansion of the olfactory receptor gene repertoire in African elephants and evolutionary dynamics of orthologous gene groups in 13 placental mammals. Genome Res doi: 10.1101/gr.169532.113
www.nhm-wien.a...
"Sea level, paleogeography, and archeology on California's Northern
Channel Islands," by Reeder-Myers et al. 2015.
digitalcommons...
web.archive.or...
citeseerx.ist.p...
kundoc.com/pdf...
www.sciencedir...
natural-history...
www.nhm-wien.a...
digitalcommons...

[@Tetragonoloba]

Oh, just imagine seeing a bunch of tiny mammoths climbing around on lush mountainsides like goats. Totally adorable!

[@Cadwaladr]

Get back to work, Mr Barclay. Commander LaForge needs your help in main engineering.

[@maggiee639]

I wanna see that

[@morerobotwarscontent1476]

You'd probably just think they are far away.

[@mattv6262]

But they'll be holodeck mammoths.

[@raggedyanarchist]

Even tiny mammoths are the size of, like, two nightclub bouncers. (but I agree... CUTE!!!)

[@masonblank8196]

Do an episode on ice age Australia. Those rhino sized wombat, huge kangaroos and pouched lions need some love

[@dragonlord595]

Let’s not forget the three meter goannas and ten foot emu.

[@khameriengibson8834]

then the 27 foot komodo dragon looking things, then also dont forget same sized terrestrial crocs

[@Dudenob123]

Excuse me Wtf

[@ragedmaple1756]

Yo that sounds awesome

[@nyangata7278]

@@Dudenob123 Don't worry. That's everyone's reaction to hearing about anything in Australia!

[@WickedWildlife]

Could you do a video on the crocodylomorphs of the Mesozoic era? I often take my two crocodiles to schools and kids can’t believe it when I tell them how different crocodiles ancestors used to be! 🐊🐊🐊

[@itsvairen334]

Yeah, remember the Crocodylomorph that tried to be a whale

[@mojowarrior4578]

Yes , land Crocs . Kaprosuchus is my favorite. 👏🏆⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

[@Skidouche]

@@mojowarrior4578 Dakosaurus all the way

[@titan133760]

Or herbivorous crocodylomorphs

[@mojowarrior4578]

@@Skidouche awesome aquatic preditor no doubt, but Jurassic .

[@Phlebas]

It might be some time before we see another video on mammoths, but when we do, I'd love to see a short on the Wrangel Island mammoths up in the arctic. Fascinating thing about them is that they went extinct about 4000 years ago. Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Indian civilizations were thriving at the time. Or to put it another way, we have _written_ history that predates the extinction of these mammoths. On another note, they were initially suspected to be a dwarf species like the Santa Rosa mammoths, but it turns out they were the same species as the mainland mammoths. Also, they were only isolated for about 6000 years, which isn't really enough time for a large animal to speciate.

[@ultrak0w]

Yeah, but weren't they nonetheless smaller, but not small enough to constitute a divergence in speciation ?

[@Phlebas]

@@ultrak0w My understanding is that they're considered to be a distinct "race" of woolly mammoth. Distinct in some ways from the mainland mammoths, but not so distinct that they wouldn't have been able to interbreed with them. Though more interesting stuff, as I was looking this up, they apparently had a whole host of weird genetic conditions. I guess 6000 years of isolation on a small island leads to some inbreeding (I now have the image of deformed mammoths tooting out "Dueling Banjos" with their trunks in my head). Also, according to geneticists, their hair would have been cream-coloured.

[@jAv33n]

Just wanted to let you know that they finally did a video on the Wrangel Island Mammoths. It was released today.

[@Phlebas]

@@jAv33n Thank you for the heads-up!

[@PintoRagazzo]

Damn son. Clairvoyant as hell.

[@Danfish42]

I LOVE THAT YOU DID THIS EPISODE!! I've been enjoying Eons since the beginning but those islands are near and dear to my heart. My dad is the archaeologist at the museum in Santa Barbara (he's why we know about those humans who showed up 13,000 years ago) and I knew the main pygmy mammoth expert too (credited in this video!). I spent a huge chunk of my childhood visiting those islands. On certain parts of Santa Rosa you can walk through areas where mammoth bones are sticking out of the cliffs if you know where to look. Today I still visit to scuba dive and just explore/have fun; I'm trying to visit all 8 islands...I haven't been to San Clemente yet! Even today, the Channel Islands have other unique animals such as dwarf foxes and larger island jays. I'm so glad you featured this beautiful and amazing place!!

[@jrry]

I read the title as “shrieking mammoths” and kept thinking “okay they were small, but why were they screaming?!” My bad

[@valiroime]

“Do you know what that sound is, Highness? Those are the shrieking mammoths, If you don't believe me, just wait. They always grow louder when they're about to feed on human flesh! If you swim back now I promise no harm will come to you... I doubt you'll get such an offer from the mammoths.” Vizzini - The Princess Bride... Probably 🦣 🦣🦣🦣🦣

[@colleentrou4965]

@@valiroime THANK YOU FOR THAT!! 💕

[@DinoBot65]

Could you make an episode on Entelodonts and call it "When Pigs Were Predators"?

[@DragonoidBerserker1]

XD

[@eons]

Ooo I like it! (BdeP)

[@DinoBot65]

PBS Eons “(BdeP)”? I’m an uncultured swine who doesn’t know what that means.😂

[@ryandika7443]

Do you think caveman hunt entelodon and make them extinct?

[@Ezullof]

Why do people only want to watch the same thing over and over? There was already a documentary and countless videos on youtube about Entelodonts with titles very similar to this.

[@Olhar.Internacional]

The tree that appears in the thumbnail is an Araucaria heterophylla. This genus became extinct in the northern hemisphere after the Cretaceous. Now you see this species (and many other in the genus) everywhere in the world but until Captain Cook arrived on Norfolk Island in the late 1700's this Araucaria species was confined that island only. Unless new discoveries and fossil evidence emerged since 2012, I don't think these trees would've coexisted with those mammoths...

[@sandro-schmitt]

Pois é, eu também me encanto pelas araucárias. Infelizmente a mata de araucárias ainda não é reconhecida como um bioma brasileiro, e perde muito em fama e cuidados de conservação se comparada com a Mata Atlântica ou o Pantanal, o WWF lista elas como se fossem parte da Mata Atlântica, que é tropical, o que dificulta o controle ao pôr tudo no mesmo balaio. Mas em termos de clima, são as nossas florestas temperadas, e são lindas. Elas e os ipês já foram muito mais comuns no final do Pleistoceno quando a temperatura era mais fria. Sobre a questão dos mamutes, realmente não coexistiram, mas na região pampeana e nos planaltos brasileiros existiu outra espécie de proboscídeo até no máximo uns 10 mil anos atrás, um mastodonte próprio aqui da América do Sul (Notiomastodon platensis). Temo pela extinção das araucárias ! O inverno não é o mesmo sem termos uns bons pinhões para pôr no fogo !

[@katyungodly]

@@sandro-schmitt *cries in frustrated english*

[@sandro-schmitt]

@@katyungodly Learn Portuguese, like I learned your language too. More than 250 millions of persons are using this language today ! But you can use the "Google translate" ! Strong hugs to you, chinoca !

[@napoleonfeanor]

@SANDRO SCHMITT It is just rude. The OP, despite being lusophone, commented in English, the language of the video.

[@NicoLReino]

One of the things I love the most about this channel is that you use the metric system. We the rest of the world appreciate it ❤️

[@ChadDidNothingWrong]

Though on temperature, celcius with an American accent demands specification of the unit, which always feels redundant to me unless they just say "degrees-c", but then noone ever does that. Distance you gotta specify anyway so it makes no difference, but temp man, that damn temperature. Small thing I know, but time is precious in any production. kinda like, when like someone says like too much, like, kinda like this.

[@lifeinvictory]

I think an episode on Multituberculata would be cool. Wikipedia doesn't really make it clear how different this mammalian group was from the rest, and the fact that they split off from the rest of mammals so early, 166 million years ago, I find fascinating. I'm interested in the differences and similarities between them and other mammallian groups.

[@Leomoon101]

Don't rely on Wikipedia. Search for actual scientific research or journal. They may give you better and reliable information.

[@lifeinvictory]

​@@Leomoon101 Well obviously, I'm just pointing out that the most common source many people have for this data, wikipedia, is unclear on this stuff. Trust me, as someone who loves music, and knows a lot about various music genres, I'm very aware of how lacking wikipedia is.

[@Magmafrost13]

I think its also worth mentioning the Wrangel Island mammoths, who survived up until 4000 years ago (yeah, there were mammoths around when the Great Pyramids were built), and suffered a catastrophic genomic meltdown as a result of their tiny population

[@hafizajiaziz8773]

Now that you've talk about dwarfism, you should talk about Homo Floresiensis. The Human Dwarf.

[@ryandika7443]

Why did people that live in island like in japan and indonesia didnt became smaller like homo florensis

[@alexandercolefield9523]

@@ryandika7443 1. human divergence is relatively recent from an evolutionary perspective, and 2. humans have boats and thus there is usually a continuous gene flow between many island chains and the mainland

[@natanshick]

You just got gnomed!

[@028TuvaluanHero]

Polynesians as well are huge buggers.

[@swirvinbirds1971]

@@ryandika7443 Those are BIG islands and a thing called boats.

[@ethansloan]

SantaRosae sounds like a Christmas-themed wine.

[@stanleyc2978]

It... it isnt?

[@purplexninjamom]

It should be

[@kyle857]

lol

[@pallian3870]

It sounds super cheap too

[@hiramgarcia9934]

Lol I’m from Santa Rosa

[@KINGBADASS100]

Videos on island gigantism & dwarfism? Cool!

[@SikWidiT390]

Yeah and the mechanisms and theories of what drives the changes. Is it ONLY oxygen content and temp?

[@jeetkunedojuggernaut]

Edward Cortes of course not.

[@theamazingandtalentedblake8296]

LORDBADASS I wonder if gigantism and dwarfism has something to do with Lilliputian

[@misterbadguy7325]

@@theamazingandtalentedblake8296 Lilliput was a big old satire, so probably not.

[@theamazingandtalentedblake8296]

Mister Bad Guy if you’re wondering what that is it’s the name of the country in Gulliver’s travels

[@AliceInChains.]

You know you're a nerd when a new episode of PBS Eons makes you squeal with happiness 😂😂😂

[@joekeating3329]

So true, love this channel

[@wildnye]

Absolute best part of the day whenever it happens, no shame here!

[@Star-to2qy]

Same, also love your icon xD

[@sallymay3643]

So! ☆

[@sapphirII]

I didn't but it was how I felt.

[@yuridi927]

insular dwarfism was the subject of my degree thesis, in particular about Foster's rule in dinosaurs. I loooooooved this video, as always, terrific work guys ❤🦖

[@Danquebec01]

Can I ask a question? I don’t know if you have the answer but… Why resources are considered to be less on an island than on the mainland? Let’s say you have 10’000 animals that occupy 10’000 km2, shouldn’t that be the same as 100 animals that occupy 100 km2? A density of 1/km2? And if that animal can survive with 1/km2 of land, it’ll certainly reproduce until it effectively occupies 1/km2, unless there are predators. But then the reason is predators, not availability of resources. The fact that smaller mammoths can reach higher places is also a factor, but that’s not related to the size of land you occupy.

[@yuridi927]

@@Danquebec01 well, virtually the mainland might be considered geographically limitless; Foster's rule is for islands smaller than a certain area, small enough to have a number of maximum resources that might be considered limited. The main point of insular dwarfism is the ecological advantage of having a faster and less expensive reproduction cycle, since a big size is very energically expensive to reach it would be useless to spend all this energy when there are no predators in the area. Being smaller means less food required, so a herd of smaller animals would have more food proportionally than a same number herd of normal/big size animals: that means less competition between the same-specie animals and bigger growth of the population, so an overall better fitness. I hope to have answered in a short way but clearly.

[@Danquebec01]

@@yuridi927 I just can’t understand the idea of an area being limitless. Even though the Americas are big, there’s a limit to its grasslands. There will be a very big number of mammoths, but it should reach that limit, save for loss to predators. Should there be no predators to mammoths in the Americas’ mainland, wouldn’t they become smaller?

[@yuridi927]

​@@Danquebec01 yes, limits on the mainland exist but are usually vaste enough for a population, to not be considered a real limit. Probably without predators herbivore animals wouldn't have reached such sizes but, since there has never been a land without predators, we will never know for sure. if you have other questions i will be glad to answer you tomorrow - here in Italy is 3.30 am - i'm going to sleep, goodnight 🦖

[@RaeMachiavelli]

@@yuridi927 How you found any constants or trends that can account for island size correlating with decrease in animal size?

[@819jt]

This was probably the most interesting and informative twelve minutes I ever watched on KZbin. 👍So glad you guys are here. Thank you.

[@MistikaManiac]

The same thing happened with the sauropod dinosaurs! Europasaurus holgeri lived 154 million years ago on a series of islands that ended up becoming Germany. It was only 20 feet long. It would be super cool of you could throw it in the next video, maybe at the end ot something!

[@Freshie207]

Or the famed Hațeg Island dinosaurs that lived 65 million years ago, they had a little sauropod (Magyarosaurus) and a little hadrosaur (Telmatosaurus) showing island dwarfism along with an enlarged hypsilophodont (Rhabdodon), an early example of a secondary flightless bird (Balur) and a gigantic Pterosaur (Hatzegopteryx) showing island gigantism.

[@psykkomancz]

@@Freshie207 That island deserve its own video for sure!

[@EG-hy9mv]

@@Freshie207 wasn't rhabdodon a rabdhodontid?

[@Freshie207]

Rafique'sTube Correct, Hypsilophodotids is an unnatural Clade now but I gotta admit I still use it because it describes a distinct morphotype, plus I’m just old 😛

[@sohopedeco]

Is there anything similar for acquatic animals stranded on lakes?

[@seannotconnery8191]

Look up the Baikal Lake Seal. I’m fairly certain they’re smaller than their relatives, but that might have to do with the extremely cold temperatures. As far as whales go I don’t believe there are any cases of breeding populations of whales living in lakes. That being said, Balugas and other small cetaceans sometimes travel up rivers to hunt for food so the possibility is still there, however unlikely it may be.

[@lobomonos5009]

@@seannotconnery8191 How does being smaller help with cold temperatures? I thought more blubber would keep it warmer not colder.

[@FireflyJuu]

@@lobomonos5009 You read it wrong :P They meant that their relatives are larger probably because they live in colder climates and therefore need more blubber

[@meghanparris8203]

@@seannotconnery8191- I want to know how the seals got there in the first place, ya know?! lol

[@phoeix940]

Here in the Philippines, there is a sardine which turned into a freshwater one as it became isolated from the ocean. It's called tawilis and can only be found in Taal Lake. :)

[@brizzyizzy]

Very interesting video :) Can you do one on Australian Ancient animals in particular the massive marsupials!

[@ryandika7443]

Do you mean diprotodon?

[@WickedWildlife]

Izzy D I agree!

[@darcylubans9102]

Definitely!!!

[@KarlBunker]

"Pigmy mammoth." There's a joke in there somewhere.

[@Ratchet4647]

KarlBunker oxymoron!

[@sneeringimperialist6667]

Then come up with one before you waste my time...

[@davidstoyanoff]

Jumbo shrimp

[@ellemiller3268]

Ratchet4647 oh lol at first I imagined a dude saying “Pig me, Mammoth” & the mammoth hands the guy a pig. I then realized what you meant.

[@theasinclaire52]

We should call them "Mimmoths".

[@andrewk9267]

"Join us in a few weeks" just fossilize me until then, thanks

[@chaegibson720]

Andrew K that makes no sense

[@andrewk9267]

@@chaegibson720 no u

[@NinaNooneknows]

Like, full fossilization? Getting replaced by mineral matter? Okay then...

[@Never_heart]

@@NinaNooneknows it makes sense if they are a Pokemon

[@voctur]

The mammoths arrived to the island because they were carried by african swallows

[@999titu]

That movie dude

[@Loreman72]

WHAT is your favourite colour?!

[@MintySweetea]

Are you sure it wasn't European swallows?

[@unexpected2475]

No they weren't! African Swallows are nom-migratory!

[@McShaganpronouncedShaegen]

Are you suggesting that coconuts migrate.

[@Aeturnalis]

Can't watch this show when I'm tired lol this lady's soothing voice puts me right to sleep

[@paulfitzgerald7047]

There is also the Sicilian Elephant, which was dwarfed by insular dwarfism. Evolution is a neat thing. Thank you PBS Eons as always!

[@mullac1992]

This is fascinating and all, but can we just appreciate the giant swan that's about to attack a MAMMOTH at 1:30?

[@GotamaFusion]

It's a drawing plus that mammoth is a small type you dumb dumb🧑

[@adnelg319]

@@GotamaFusion You also seem to forget that it was still 2m tall, not a small animal.

[@sureillbethere]

It is a biggie ain't. 😄

[@feedstacker]

When Swans attack

[@slwrabbits]

Hope that species of swan is extinct now. I would not want to meet one. Modern waterfowl are large enough just as they are.

[@alanchoichang8336]

yay, thank you guys for a new episode. i always love watching pbs eons.

[@camdentucker8961]

i went to santa cruz island for a field studies collaborative through my high school and i gave a presentation on the pygmy mammoth!

[@nellieprice4035]

Thank you guys so much. Im a loyal fan because you guys listen to us in the comments.

[@SonicSanctuary]

everytime we get to ice age mammals i repeatedly find myself saying, "we killed them all didn't we....."

[@jpe1]

SonicSanctuary I’m not certain, but I believe that there is no scientific consensus on the megafauna extinction in the new world. Two things happen at more or less the same time: the climate changed (warmer, ice age ended) and Homo sapiens spread far and wide across all of the Americas. Hard to tell if the extinction was human caused or climate change. And I’m not saying that the way some people deny climate change today, I mean it’s hard to tell.

[@andresvillanueva5421]

No, we didn't. Do your research and stop being one of those "HumAnS kiLLeD EvERytHinG."

[@abyssstrider2547]

@@andresvillanueva5421 Why won't you admit it?

[@andresvillanueva5421]

@@abyssstrider2547 There's nothing to admit. We didn't kill everything, period. You're all brainwashed by the politically correct mainstream media into demonizing your own kind. Pathetic.

[@rizizum]

@@andresvillanueva5421 I might sound stupid, but we're in weird times, are you joking or being serious?

[@angrybirds719]

The work that goes into this videos is amazing! I love this channel.

[@travelers8607]

I just want to learn about giant Cave Hyenas from the guys best suited to educate me about it. :(

[@ryandika7443]

Cave hyena is same species as spotted hyena but cave hyena are bigger and live in europe during ice age

[@andresvillanueva5421]

@@ryandika7443 Not the same species.

[@Keepit-qk3eg]

Deno Valenti yes they are they are the same spieces dna wise 💯

[@travelers8607]

You see?? This is why we need a PBS Eons episode on the matter!

[@Keepit-qk3eg]

Travelers sir I researched it myself u can do it to but ima tell u Rn u gone be mad when u find out the truth

[@MrStensnask]

Hi, Eons. Suggestion: when you make quality videos about certain biological rules or principles - like this one on Foster's Rule - you should include it in the description so that the video is easier to find when you google material on that rule or principle :) please, upvote this comment so that the team can see. It would be very helpful to students, teachers and enthusiasts alike.

[@RoKappa]

Holy Shrink! I am from Cyprus and didn't know that once elephants and hippos lived here. That's very interesting and exciting. Thank you PBS!

[@celtgunn9775]

Great episode, I love learning new things from EONS. 💞

[@adamthespinygiant]

Can you sometime do a video about the short-faced bear? (My favorite prehistoric mammal)

[@WireMosasaur]

I'm always learning interesting new things with Eons, I think I could probably count as a very enthusiastic accumulator of all knowledge zoological/biological but I'm always being taught something new here, I love this channel! :D

[@VictoriaFaye09]

I love the music on this video! A little different than the usual and super cool.

[@dontask8979]

Best videos on KZbin.

[@xLolwat]

I've been following this since the beginning, and I have to say, even if each video is really, really good, I need to also compliment the music used, it's so nice!! I always find myself paying attention to the music when I rewatch because it's so good. Such a good soundtrack.

[@ejnarsorensen2920]

I think I heard that the last mammoths to go extinct were dwarves on Wrangel Island in Russia

[@blackforest_fairy]

partly correct... the last mammoths lived on wrangel island but thy were not dwarfs. just degenerated

[@ethanrowe6914]

Extremely well put together video! I enjoyed the in depth look at the evolutionary history of Mammoth species throughout recorded history

[@tobo7580]

"are they related to other mammoths?" my brain: yea.... After all they were....mammoths....

[@raizin4908]

True. Besides, literally all living things on Earth, from humans to cats to plants to bacteria, are related in a very literal sense if you go back far enough in time. Of course the real question is, are they _closely_ related to other mammoths?

[@TylerBaraby]

The implied possibility being they evolved separately into two different species that could be considered mammoths.

[@raizin4908]

@@TylerBaraby But in modern biology terms like "mammoth" and "dog" and "dinosaur" are almost always defined as all descendants of the latest common ancestor of certain species. In other words, you generally don't call two things by the same name if they aren't related. If a species were discovered that is very similar to mammoths but it evolved from another branch of the mammal family tree, then you just wouldn't call it a mammoth.

[@tobo7580]

@@raizin4908 bingo

[@kellywolstenholme8134]

Raizin When they wonder if they were related, they likely mean measurably. Like, I might be related to a scorpion, but if our DNA were tested, it wouldn't show a connection. The connection is just that we have DNA at all.

[@Chiikasaurus]

Yay I'm so glad you did a video on the Santa Rosa mammoths! They're some of my favorites.

[@doomcurse1986]

On the shrinking of island creatures could you do a third follow up on the tragic tale of Europasaurus and it's island?

[@j1j250]

Great to see the Channel Islands talked about by one of my favorite channels

[@elizabethhutt7743]

Pygmy....Raccoons????? *runs to Google*

[@crabbycrab8635]

Pygmy tree sloths?

[@thehorseformerlywithoutana2522]

Those are just babies. What you should be worried about is the momma.

[@verdatum]

OK, wow. I've watched every episode of PBS Eons, but this one blows me away. The idea of both pygmy mammoths and columbian mammoths living together is unlike anything I learned about when I took biology way back when.

[@Stayseated80085]

Can you talk about animals with color changing pigments. How that's come to be. I.e. Cuttlefish, chameleon

[@ironrider64]

A Teaser of the Next episode?!? UNHEARD OF! Revolutionary! I love it

[@purplefire2834]

2:28 So uh... No one's going to mention the cursed giant ground sloth?

[@FishiestFillet]

Has to be my favourite channel on youtube. Thank you for your content

[@eddydogleg]

Would lower ocean levels mean a more salient ocean there for higher buoyancy?

[@theboredprogrammer1114]

The tiny mammoth sketch brings smiles to me. So effing cute!!!

[@RXTRUX1]

It's interesting how small organisims get large on islands and large ones get small.

[@chulupytheone]

Thumbs way up for using metric system and for having such a good content 😊

[@RanEdgar-ok3wk]

It just depends on what country there from on what system they use and some use both

[@veo_]

YAY! I love EONS!

[@vickiignaszak5041]

Insular dwarfism is so cool. As an anthro major my main exposure to the concept is from learning about Homo floresiensis. I love learning about other instances of this evolutionary phenomenon! Awesome video

[@camelopardalis84]

Has really nobody said it yet? *PUPPY-SIZED MAMMOTHS!!!*

[@basiec.9705]

Marie Lastname If I could like this more than once, I would

[@camelopardalis84]

@@basiec.9705 Well, you *could* do it using alternative accounts. Create some before, if necessary.

[@GemmaBee14]

If you had a 1,700lb puppy.

[@camelopardalis84]

@@GemmaBee14 Did you actually learn how much they weighed? Is it possible you watched the whole video and remembered that fact? Are you really such a NEEEEEEEEEERRRD?!?

[@BlueUncia]

I don't know of any dog that's 2 meters tall at the shoulder ...

[@ZestyCrab]

I love the connective tissue to what you're going to talk about next video.

[@veggieboyultimate]

Whenever I see a pbs eons video, I click it Can u also do the origins of archosaurs?

[@marcotedesco8954]

OMG so you're going to talk about the Gargano? Just when I thought I couldn't love this channel more 😍

[@joaopedromistrello7813]

You could also talk about komodo dragons in your next video. By the way, I loved this one!

[@ilenamay]

Thank you for refering to my own beloved island, Cyprus!

[@derrickbonsell]

Interested in a video about the divide between crown group and stem group mammals.

[@Klondike877]

This channel is a gift!

[@johnnylama7803]

Love your videos

[@lucasborgesdossantos9768]

That's the first time I can say I'm happy for having a two parter thrown at me! Amazing video!

[@phillipsmith5013]

Thank you for including the metric to standard conversion .

[@RaphaelWiggum]

Heh, "standard."

[@brianlevine871]

Having a mammoth that's not only small, but also capable of climbing steep hills is amazing. If they were alive today, I'd love to see them up close and in action.

[@audrey4506]

I want to see the domestication of horses!

[@michaelhalim511]

I just want to say that this girl is awesome and beautiful. Keep up the good works

[@joanhall3718]

I wish you had included human island dwarfism, Homo floresiensis.

[@JL897139]

I was just studying a biogeography book, nice timing! I knew about this from the book but this was very informative. Looking forward to the moas!!

[@cnhnx]

No mention of Homo floresiensis AKA The Hobbit as example of island dwarfism?

[@brandonshmandon1799]

LLK CNHN They’ll probably get their own episode one day

[@kevinhasenflue6489]

I seriously said to my self the other day “it would be nice if EONS posted a video about that island with the last mammoths”. Thank you

[@lukasmeggs5857]

@8:18 basically the elephants visiting their own version of the Shire

[@kitsune_sun]

the tiny mammoths are so cool!! Am from SoCal and never knew that they lived on the channel islands!!! so cool!!!!!

[@kenxclout]

How much does Manny the Mammoth weigh? Enough to break the ice.....age.

[@sallymay3643]

That's funny

[@Wolfeson28]

It's just all his fur. It makes him look...poofy.

[@alterherrentspannt]

Thanks for this video on when sea level was 400 feet lower. Let's learn more about how sea level has changed.

[@HarryRunes]

Wasn't this similar to the small elephants on Crete?

[@mojowarrior4578]

Yeah pigmy elephants, it's in the Gilgamesh epic too. 👍

[@horse14t]

Dwarf Sicilian Elephants too.

[@ElMoppo1]

Happened all over the Mediterranean.

[@victorfergn]

@@ElMoppo1 the Mediterranean is a bathtub though, you can't compare it to the MIGHTY Pacific

[@hamstsorkxxor]

@@victorfergn The Pacific is unrelated anything mentioned, why even bring it up?

[@isaacknott8583]

10/10 best eons episode

[@tsar_zo8007]

Again, As a devout Christian, I've been following this channel since it's "creation" XD Btw, Miss Fossil Liberian, Love you!

[@robinhood3899]

I will say I am excited for that episode of big island animals

[@iainhansen1047]

If only they could have been domesticated

[@samhudson8836]

Iain Hansen we wouldn’t need cars with them 😂

[@jupiter1390]

@@samhudson8836 But we'll need to deal with elephant poo stacks

[@THEE.apples]

@@jupiter1390 Just like we deal with cows, horses, pigs, camels etc poop stacks.

[@dustintroxel6044]

Was thinking the same thing. Oh what I'd give to own a pygmee sized woolly mammoth...

[@CJCJCJCJ]

@@jupiter1390 Free mushrooms. No downside there.

[@gigakoresh]

Thanks for adding the most important ingredient!

[@hypercumstone44]

Can you make a video about synapsids (mammal like reptiles)?

[@tylerbozinovski427]

Except they weren't reptiles though.

[@coryjenkins4179]

Thanks for sharing this great story and video.

[@kelseyt3807]

👏🏻puppy👏🏻sized👏🏻elephants👏🏻

[@theamazingandtalentedblake8296]

Kelsey Jarchow just like in journey 2 the mysterious island

[@sendmorerum8241]

More like cave bear sized, but okay

[@RanEdgar-ok3wk]

They were actually the size of a bear ;w; ish, still huge

[@douglasengle2704]

Thank you for the video. I did find the chart showing Younger Dryas period and modern times temperature and the RATE of accumulated ice at 10:16 mistakenly labelled and confusing. The chart does not show an ice age. As prominently labelled it shows a correspondence between lower temperatures and LOWER accumulation of ICE per year. In horizontal blue letters the ice accumulation is simply labeled "Accumulation of Ice and Snow" with the corresponding blue line on the chart showing the accumulation of ice went DOWN during the Younger Dryas period along with temperature. The Younger Dryas period is frequently referred to as a mini ice age which one would obviously expect to find more accumulated ice not less. Detailed study of the chart shows the right side in perpendicular dark letters lists the vertical axis scale as "accumulation, in meters per Year"; however, the label does not specifically list ice and snow. We have to assume that it is for ice and snow while the other vertical scale is for temperature which which I assumed was average air temperature, although ground temperature would actually be more relevant for accumulation of ice. In order to have a mini ice age while significantly LESS ice is accumulating per year during the colder Younger Dryas period compared to higher temperatures climate periods with HIGHER ice accumulation there would need to be significantly higher ice lost during some time of year in warmer climate periods than ice lost during some period of the year in the Younger Dryas period. There is no representation of meters of ice lost during the year. If one really want to know the rate of ice gained it would be the net accumulated ice per year which is the amount of ice accumulated minus the amount of ice lost per year, but that does not really give a strong indication glaciers. What we really want to know is how much land is always covered by ice at all times of the year. I believe I've seen this same chart used in other videos with no reference cited for its origin and no credit given to its author. The different text styles and colors don't match and that maybe an indication the chart has been modified from its original creation.

[@Antenox]

Have you ever actually gone swimming in the channel between California and the Channel Islands? Let me tell ya, it'll definitely cause some shrinkage.

[@OzAndyify]

Yeah, but these guys were mammoth to begin with.

[@ChadDidNothingWrong]

not if ur a blubber butt like those mammoths

[@purpleplusgold]

I was really hoping this would be about Wrangel Island, but this turned out to be even more interesting!

[@akumaking1]

Can you cover the history of cats?

[@dewtech5681]

Great video, can’t wait for the next episode

[@scottpool4777]

Know that I didn't know that mammoth could shrink now I know.

[@LuinTathren]

Wonderful video as usual! Can't wait for the follow up!

[@kaiserbraune5177]

1st

[@indipindy16]

you are the genuine first, well done

[@crabbycrab8635]

Reply got more likes?

[@LonelyGamr]

I could listen to her all day

[@camdenwood7805]

Deinogalerix! FINALLY! cant wait for next episode!

[@suly3243]

Beautiful episode.