The Map of Topological Quantum Computing - a NEW Kind of Quantum Computer

Visit Microsoft Azure Quantum here to learn about quantum computing for free quantum.microsoft.com/?ocid=2... quantum.microsoft.com/en-us/e... Topological quantum computing is a brand new form of quantum computing being developed by Microsoft as they enter the race to build the world's first useful quantum computer. In this video I visited Microsoft’s quantum labs to see how they are making their topological quantum computers and learn how topology helps their quantum devices avoid noise by harnessing the power of Majorana quasiparticles which are made from an exotic form of superconductivity where the electrons behave like there is a Majorana particle there which has the special properties of topology.
Get My Posters Here
For North America visit my DFTBA Store: store.dftba.com/collections/d...
For the rest of the world go to my RedBubble Store: www.redbubble.com/people/Domi...
I have also made posters available for personal or educational use which you can find here: www.flickr.com/photos/9586967...
Some Awesome People
And many thanks to my $10 supporters and above on Patreon, you are awesome!
Join the gang and help support me produce free and high quality science content:
/ domainofscience
Tut Arom
Anja
Jason Evans
machinator rimor
Mirik Gogri
Eric Epstein
Sebastian
Theodore Chu
My Science Books
I also write science books for kids called Professor Astro Cat. You can see them all here:
flyingeyebooks.com/book/profe...
profastrocat.com
Follow me around the internet
dominicwalliman.com
/ dominicwalliman
/ dominicwalliman
Credits
Writer, art, animation and edited by Dominic Walliman
I use Adobe Illustrator and After Effects for the graphics (for the many people who ask :)
References
“InAs-Al hybrid devices passing the topological gap protocol” journals.aps.org/prb/abstract...
“A cryogenic CMOS chip for generating control signals for multiple qubits” www.nature.com/articles/s4192...
Topological qubit noise levels - “Assessing requirements to scale to practical quantum advantage” chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/arxiv.org/pdf/2211.07629
Chapters
00:00 Topological Quantum Computing
02:01 Topology Explained
04:47 Resilience to Noise
05:51 Anatomy of a Quantum Computer
07:05 Chip Fabrication and Lab Tour
09:41 How to Build a Quantum Computer
11:21 Topological Quantum Computing Lego Explainer
15:40 Microsoft’s Results
17:50 Majorana Particle Explained
21:31 Sponsor Message
23:03 Thanks Patrons!

[@danielwoods7325]

Really liked this video because you don't often get explanations of all the jargon from someone who literally researched this and understands all the nuance. Great video!

[@kevinlittle4556]

The explanation of topological quantum computing was both informative and interesting. The use of Legos to illustrate its functioning was particularly enjoyable.

[@Katzeblow]

And then there's me still struggling to with algebraic topology

[@GabrieleMacchi]

Agree!

[@mightynxumalo7579]

Can't wait to play the next souls game with it.

[@monkaeyes3417]

Meme of $3000 pc playing bloons TD6 but its the future and ehhh idk where to go with this.

[@CoffeeTroll]

Can’t even play pong with them yet

[@markonfilms]

But will it run Crysis? 😂 It's so old it's almost not funny anymore. I guess now you might would say "Can it render a full Pixar movie in near real-time" lol

[@soyokou.2810]

Majorana, the Quasi

[@alexander8877]

It does not work for classical tasks

[@HarisAzriel]

Hi, thanks for the great video! I'm an undergraduate student in mathematics, and I aspire to one day become a quantum researchers. During the pandemic, I had been watching materials about quantum computing from Microsoft, and it had been one of my greatest source of inspiration to choose this field of study. I'm glad that despite the hype around AI these days, they still haven't give up on pursuing quantum. Sometimes I feel defeated because of how late I'm coming into this field, but this video has sparked back some of that lost motivation. I won't give up in my pursuit, and again, thank you for the awesome video!

[@En1Gm4A]

these maps are pure distilled understanding - thx a lot

[@pinhengchen]

The best introduction on topological quantum computing I have ever watched so far. Excellent job!!

[@PatiparnPojanart]

This video is incredible! I spent a lot of time researching Majorana particles and quasi-particles with topological properties, and you managed to explain it all in less than half an hour. You're amazing! Now I can easily explain this topic to anyone. It's also exciting to see how Microsoft is turning physicists' decades-long dream of fabricating these islands into a reality!

[@michaeltheisen]

Another QC map! I love these because they help me visualize my favorite aspects of the field into a nice map! Its so clean and intuitive and really helps me organize my thoughts like one of those inspiration boards. Never stop making these maps! This is some of my favorite content on youtube!

[@fredericoamigo]

Man you’re good. Loving your work! Keep on making this wonderful videos!

[@dhruvbhardwaj-bk5cr]

Just freaking love this channel

[@Rockyzach88]

Describing an electron hole as a quasi-particle (collective behavior) is so intuitive. It makes me wonder why I never heard any of my teachers/professors explain it like that when that's quite literally what it is. Otherwise it just sounds like some wand waving explanation.

[@MultiRRR123]

Lots of things can be quasiparticles and high school/uni teachers never mention them! Magnons, and phonons are two other examples. There, the specific patterns of movement in an atomic lattice creates waves that can be characterized as particles with specific properties (spin, momentum, etc.) and they can even interact with real particles.

[@Abdul-qo6eb]

I can't believe i just understood topological quantum computing without prior background knowledge. You did amazing.

[@gustavmartin2]

Great video! I finally have an idea of what topological qubits and Majorana particles are. Very well explained, I liked a lot the Lego analogy. Now I have a better understanding of the work my son is doing at Microsoft Lab. Thanks!

[@javiercorrea9802]

Amazing video, thank you for making such a complex (but exciting!) topic so understandable. A treasure! Keep up the great work!!

[@shafiandpritha7701]

You have a great way of breaking down complex physics concepts 😊

[@bobovv6060]

That was brilliantly explained !! Such difficult , esoteric concepts to convey and put together but you did it really well. Thank you. Really excited now to follow how this develops

[@VMac-eg7fb]

EXCELLENT RENDITION, GREAT CONCEPTS!

[@seminaia2009]

This is amazing I am actually doing a PhD and my research involves topological superconductivity and modelling using DFT

[@doctor6932]

Thank you. I sincerely appreciate the time you spent to make this enlightening video.

[@Jm4steam]

Good video. Very interesting how this technology is progressing.

[@gianlucapetrignani7239]

super cool videos! I love it! keep going man

[@KelvinMeeks]

Really enjoyed this video. Very informative.

[@corsaircaruso471]

Love this video and these kinds of videos. I’d had a bit of confusing as to what topological qc was, so thank you!

[@tinobah6049]

Wow, this was so interesting. Thanks!

[@KnowLimitLLC]

Don't take this wrong, but all your videos, infographics, and other information has developed within me my first man-crush! Haha . I love how you chop up all the information into bite-sized chunks, how effectively you boil down the comprehensive study of physics, and how especially interesting you make the information. ❤

[@zain_x_alpha]

thanks for video on quantum computing after 2 years✨

[@giovannironchi5332]

I studied topology and homotopy theory and I am fascinated by technology. Thanks for this video!

[@MikeBroadfoot]

You really are a super quantum science explainer! Thanks!

[@tomsawyer283]

Great work!

[@AGI-Bingo]

You need to include Thermodynamic Computing Now haha. Love your channel ❤

[@user-jj7pt4mg8d]

So exciting to see the new development about QC. I have learned the MITXpro course named "Intro to Quantum Computing" last winter vacation and I am really passionate and confident about its future.

[@varunahlawat9013]

thanks for this video!!

[@nigh7swimming]

Brilliant explanation!

[@drewwilson8756]

Legos! What a great bump to the intellect of people everywhere.

[@OneLazyRacoon]

absolutelynflunked my maths exam today but a day when DOS posts is a good day so ir kind of equals out:))

[@magnusroos7493]

I really love this series. When will we have the map of psychology?

[@veeza7001]

Another amazing video thank you for sharing :-)

[@jegrphy7610]

Hello 👋 Can you tell us which software you use to crate these maps? Thanks in advance

[@_TravelWithLove]

Thank you very much for sharing your insights and knowledge filled videos !! Intelligent and professional !! Outstanding !! Greetings from California … I wish you and folks good health , success and happiness !! Much Love ✌️😎💕

[@anywallsocket]

There’s a fascinating overlap between this idea and thermodynamic computing: in both cases your ‘bits’ are emergent or supervene on collective behavior of more fundamental parts. And in both situations this insures a certain stability or robustness, because, by design, the system ‘wants’ to maintain these collective states. In a sense, it seems likely that we will figure out how to overcome noise and build error-correcting quantum bits by building them ‘from’ the noise itself.

[@Mo.Faried]

I was banging my head against the wall to understand this till you explained it. I want to hug you right now ❤ 😅

[@KevinRiggle]

20:42 When you say that the Majorana particles exhibit topological properties, what does that... mean? The Majorana particle pairs are in some mathematical sense shaped differently depending on whether there are an even or odd number of electrons in them? Coming from complex systems theory, we often think of physics and atomic physics in particular as being the domain of both simple complexity, where analytic reduction works well, as well as the domain of disordered complexity, where predicting the motion of a small number of particles is difficult (the classic three body problem), but statistical aggregates generally work to derive the collective behavior of a system from the behavior of individual particles e.g. pressure in gasses or temperature in solids. Whereas it's higher scales where we tend to see ordered complexity where emergent behaviors, well, emerge. It's very interesting to me that at the subatomic level we're back to seeing emergent behavior like these Majorana quasi-particles.

[@justincloudy]

So, electrons odd or even for 2 of the possible states of a qubit, and the 'read-out' doesn't destroy the quantum information? Or it's necessary that the quant info is sent to both ends of the nanowire to not de cohere that info, or is it only to protect against noise? So, they will have another topology for the other states a qubit can be in, and then the combination of the two will work together?

[@chrisaassd]

Very nice

[@schunka1051]

super cool I'll try to do my PhD there

[@jefflastofka9289]

Great presentation - thanks! I'm wondering at about 13:00 what happened to the third "state" of the quantum device. I only see two states, so we're back to a binary computer it seems. I just discovered you through your math poster I saw at my local community college near San Diego, California. I'm going through your channel and site now. Thanks again.

[@bensimonjoules4402]

The "third" state, or the difference, would be the superposition of having an even or odd number of electrons, I think.

[@mduckernz]

The superposition of states is only useful when it’s combined with other qubits, arranged as quantum logic gates. Then the output is the finished product.

[@fire17102]

Have you seen Extropic's Thermodynamic Computer? Love your channel ❤

[@JamieBettison]

every time you say 'jiggling it' ..... phwoar x

[@Ramkumar-uj9fo]

As an aside: While both involve surface-level operations, RPA automates tasks while topological quantum computing utilizes surface electrons for quantum computation.

[@garretthiggins2152]

So the superposition we are taking advantage of is the number of electrons in the wire?

[@LucasOe]

17:46 Why is Atom Computing listed two times?

[@md.adnannabib2066]

So if i am correct quasi particle are analogous to molecule.

[@KStarGamer_]

I feel like there are two big things here that seem a bit unexplained: 1) So the state appears to be encoded by the parity of the number of electrons between the quantum dots, but this seems very binary (either 0 for even, 1 for odd)… how do you get the intermediate states necessary to be a qubit? My guess is that there is some non-zero probability the electrons are somewhat outside of the quantum dots a la quantum tunnelling. 2) What specific topological properties do Majorana particles specifically satisfy?

[@prof.mustafa.99]

We would like to receive map videos in the fields of astronomy, astrophysics and cosmology, thank you 🇹🇷 Türkiye

[@rcbturbine9]

Mind-blowing

[@3dVisualist]

Great explanation (and map), thanks! I know I'm missing a lot here but I don't quite see the advantage of these Qubits. The way you have explained it, they still have only two states - even electron number = zero, odd electron number = one? How does this differ from traditional 0/1 digital binary bits?

[@MostlyIC]

close but no cigar, in the introduction it was explained that a quantum bit can be more than just 0 or 1, it can be anything in between, and that's what makes it different from a classical bit which can only be 0 or 1 and nothing in between, but then you go on to describe an example of a topological qubit where there is either an even or odd number of electrons in it, well that's either even or odd but nothing in between, so you've lost out on quantum-ness. I think you went too far in dumbing this one down for the audience ?

[@mememealsome]

Typically with qbits the physical system can only be in two states. The low temperature and insulation from the outside world allows the circuit to exist in a superposition of 1 and 0, meaning they’re (sort of) both with some probability that they appear to be a 1 or 0 when measured. To do a quantum calculation they run a set of operation, measure the 1s and 0s, repeat, measure, repeat… eventually they have enough measurements to calculate the probability of the superposition before it collapsed and that’s the actual value of the qbit.

[@MostlyIC]

@@mememealsome as near as I can tell you are agreeing with me, the video does not explain this subtlety of quantum computing, and actually very few explanations that I've come across do. I still find it mind boggling that people think quantum computing is efficient when you actually have to repeat the computation so many times before you get a statistically meaningful result.

[@michaelcolbourn6719]

Id love to see some more maps of maths like a more detailed map of pure maths and mathematical logic, applied maths and statistics

[@senvo28]

Amazing 😍

[@cem_kaya]

Can this be extended to qutrits ?

[@Miguel_Noether]

As good as it gets, 👌

[@mattewlefty991]

Every video I watched about quantum computing explains how such computers encode the quantum bits into physical media (and you did it well) but never explains how they do computation (and imo that's the most interesting part). Are you working also on that? Thanks

[@MichaelClarke1646]

Check back later for the next map. I'm sure it will be a doozy.

[@user-pd8oo2rs6j]

Hello sir since there are a lot of people from different countries around the world that follow you and want to learn English I hope that you make a vedio about the map of English language.

[@Juxtaposed1Nmotion]

How do they keep vaccumm fluctuations from disturbing the chip?

[@Kaybarax]

The fact that I understood everything, yet I have no diploma in physics. I'm just a physics enthusiast who has personally been studying 100s of hours beyond the last mini-physics class I had to do in uni, in my CS undergraduate study!

[@Ctrl_Alt_Sup]

Is it possible to use AI to optimize the structure of a Majorana particle?

[@MrBleachFix]

Great explanation. Why are we still only interested in 0 and 1 though? I thought quantum computers used 4 states per qubit. I haven’t caught up on this stuff for a few years.

[@nandishajani]

I have one question. Why we have Majorana particles in the pairs of 2. Why can't we have them as a collection of lets say 20 50 or 100 ?

[@ShonMardani]

Every computer is a quantum computer, computers compute the Quantity or Quantum of values. Semi conductors of the computers in ROOM TEMPERATURE have reached their operating frequency's speed limit. Transistors are ionic switches that with higher frequency of switching they get hot and create errors / noise. The most practical way of cooling the processors is with Heat Sinks and Fans which we have been using. Quantum Computers are the higher frequency computers with liquified gas cooling pipes. Concept and the technique of parallel processing is as old as the invention of IC (integrated circuit). We can connect multiple fan cooled regular computers in parallel to achieve the same performance of a Quantum Computer, all we need is a synchronization algorithm to compensate for network latency, same as the one for supper computers.

[@JuliusUnique]

9:09 yeah, it is common for atoms to have dislocations, in which an entire row of atoms shifts, which is normal when many tiny balls are next to each other, in this case those tiny balls are atoms

[@Rockyzach88]

Legos are a gift for science and engineering lol. I had to make a presentation about chemical inhibitors for the company I worked for at the time and I used legos to describe the process. It worked great.

[@VR_Wizard]

So the information of all 3 or 4 q bits is combined in a new form of Information that is spread over a distance into 2 seperat regions that I think i understood. These 2 regions are independent from one another and therefore rubust to noise, i also understand. But if I measure one of the two regions or in other words dissrupt one of the two regions I would know the state of the q-bits because I measured them. I thought that is the problem with q-bits. Noise in my understanding is like measurement and they can only compute when they are not measured. I though they colapse into a state of 1 or 0 when they are measured. In the time they are undisturbed they can be in every possible state and do all the calculations. Or is measuring one of the two regions not telling me anything about the q-bit because it is the combined signal of all the q-bits and therefore doesn't count as measuring them? But if mesuring is not a problem what do we mean by disrupting one of the two regions?

[@vinniepeterss]

top notch!

[@JuliusUnique]

but if they only measure if there are odd or even electrons, where is the inbetween?

[@35saipur]

Y el mapa de la inteligencia artificial?

[@josh10665]

Are majorana particles non-abelian anyons?

[@hekewa]

Nice!

[@NHCH]

This resembles a lot the development of the blue led. Obviously much more professional

[@elijahcherweznik3505]

I'm a bit confused how having a wire with some number of electrons on it can work as a cubit, how is that different that having a chain of tiny gates in a traditional computer?

[@nunya___]

7:45 Atom Computing is listed twice.

[@gurkdoinwork]

Killer video. Obviously you don't want to step on MS toes, as they both hosted and sponsored this video. So there is something I'm wondering still about this topic: your personal opinion. Do you think this tech will make them the quantum computing leaders?

[@vmiguel1988]

This video was too short, I have so many questions!

[@user-xq2we4ke5t]

I highly encourage you to read 'majorana returns' from Frank Wilczek, it is very readible and enlightening

[@Juan-cl7un]

The problems that can be solved on quantum computers can also be solved on classical computers; any computable problem is computable regardless of the computational method used to compute it. What essentialy changes is the algorithmic complexity of the computational method being used.

[@bullpup1337]

thats still being debated

[@muhammadsami7409]

Do the map of economics pls

[@DudeWhoSaysDeez]

What was your Ph.D in exactly?

[@vinniepeterss]

love it

[@jonaspiva41]

is it not massively similar to annealing machines? majorana particles sound like they would be more susceptible to noise vs "atomic" or holy grail qubits, like if D-wave isn't good enough...

[@framegrace1]

Was about to comment, I think I know what they were smokeing when naming "Majorana" a "quasi particle" (nod,nod,wink, wink).... And turns out is the name of the guy who found them

[@HugeRademaker]

Surely there will be a Start-button.

[@carlosjosericorodriguez6240]

Do a map of *LAW* for lawyers

[@galg4590]

But will it run Crysis on maximum settings?

[@emuschemre]

Could you make a map of human Knowledge. Or knowledge in general

[@HugeRademaker]

Electrons all have the same electrical charge, so how will they stay happily close together while being trapped?

[@JuliusUnique]

I still dont get how they can have values between 1 and 0 if it only measures odd or even which are 2 states, if anyone can explain it to me I'd appreciate it a lot

[@user-qq3xs9hb5w]

Can you make a video about evolution of human and animals ❤❤❤❤

[@LoneCoast]

Cant wait to play vanilla Minecraft with it.

[@stefanbergung5514]

Since quantum physics is based in Stochastics, can you make a map of the branch of math with it and game theory? I finished a collage course in it and know feel Less knowledgeable. And it's apparently normal.

[@gordonshumway6265]

Quantum physics is not necessarily based on stochastics. That's just the Kopenhagen interpretation. The wave-like behaviour of matter on small scales is far more defining. Mathematically, I would say quantum physics is more like linear algebra ..

[@stefanbergung5514]

@@gordonshumway6265 When a large electron cloud collapses opon being measured, it Behaves like a probably distribution. It doesn't matter, if it actually is one. Like gravity and centrifugal might not be primary forces (they are inertia resulting in acceleration in another reference frame), but they Behave exactly like forces and therefore Are Real forces.

[@LukasSmith827]

lesss go!

[@bijoychandraroy]

we are in the inflection point of history