The Reproducibility Crisis in Science: How do Expectations Influence Experimental Results?

Рет қаралды 10,007

6 ай бұрын

Episode 4 of the online course How To Transform the Sciences: Six Potential Breakthroughs
www.sheldrake.org/online-courses
Around 2015, scientists were shocked to find that most papers in high-prestige peer-reviewed scientific journals are not reproducible. In one study of papers in prestigious biomedical journals, 90% could not be replicated, and in experimental psychology more than 60%. This crisis partly arises from systematic biases that Rupert discusses in his chapter on ‘Illusions of Objectivity’ in The Science Delusion (2012, new edition 2020; in the US this book is called Science Set Free), including the selective observation and reporting of results, and perverse incentives for scientists and journals to publish striking positive findings. The crisis continues to roll on, as shown, for example, by an editorial in Nature, December 2021, about un-reproducible results in cancer biology.
All this is relatively straightforward, but Rupert suggests that some experiments may also involve direct mind-over-matter effects. It has long been known that experimenters can influence their experimental results through their expectations, in so-called ‘experimenter expectancy effects’, which is why many clinical trials, psychological and parapsychological experiments are carried out under blind or double-blind conditions.
In most other fields of science, experimenter effects are ignored and blind methodologies are rarely employed. Rupert suggests that in addition to the usual sources of bias, experimenters may also influence experiments psychokinetically, through direct mind-over-matter effects. Scientists may be particularly prone to this source of error because most scientists believe psychokinesis is impossible, and hence take no precautions against it. They practise unprotected science. Rupert proposes experiments on experiments to test for the effects of experimenters’ hopes and expectations.
References
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A Dream, or the Astronomy of the Moon
Johann Kepler, published posthumously in 1634 by his son
sheldrake.org/somnium
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Rupert's essay The Replicability Crisis in Science
sheldrake.org/replicability
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Bad Pharma
Ben GoldacreFourth Estate, 2012
sheldrake.org/badpharma
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Artifacts in Behavioral Research
Robert Rosenthal and Ralph L. Rosnow, Oxford University Press, 2009
sheldrake.org/rosenthal
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Over half of psychology studies fail reproducibility test
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
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Differential indoctrination of examiners and Rorschach responses
psycnet.apa.org/record/1965-1...
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A longitudinal study of the effects of experimenter bias on the operant learning of laboratory rats
psycnet.apa.org/record/1965-0...
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Could Experimenter Effects Occur in the Physical and Biological Sciences?
Skeptical Inquirer 22(3), 57-58 May / June 1998
sheldrake.org/skepticalinquir...
____
Quantum‐Mechanical Random‐Number Generator
aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10....
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Dr Rupert Sheldrake, PhD, is a biologist and author best known for his hypothesis of morphic resonance. At Cambridge University, as a Fellow of Clare College, he was Director of Studies in biochemistry and cell biology. As the Rosenheim Research Fellow of the Royal Society, he carried out research on the development of plants and the ageing of cells, and together with Philip Rubery discovered the mechanism of polar auxin transport. In India, he was Principal Plant Physiologist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, where he helped develop new cropping systems now widely used by farmers. He is the author of more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals and his research contributions have been widely recognized by the academic community, earning him a notable h-index for numerous citations. On ResearchGate his Research Interest Score puts him among the top 4% of scientists.
#ScienceCrisis #Reproducibility #ScientificMethod #ExperimenterEffect #PublicationBias #PsychokineticResearch

Пікірлер: 116

@noonesomeone669 6 ай бұрын

The fact that raw data isn’t a requirement for publication in prestige journals is astonishing. Anyone with even a basic understanding of statistics can intuit the problem of biased data.

@jamesboswell9324 6 ай бұрын

Agreed. In the age of the internet there's no reason raw data couldn't be made publicly available for all published scientific research.

@Rawdiswar 5 ай бұрын

@@jamesboswell9324Open source science

@grahamdugan 6 ай бұрын

You’re a hero to me, and many others Dr. Sheldrake. Please don’t ever stop exploring and opening minds to new ideas!

@nomad9338 6 ай бұрын

Sheldrake is a real scientist.

@marykayryan7891 6 ай бұрын

In obstetrics, many practices that have been shown to either have very little effect or actually have negative results are still practiced despite all the contrary data. (Two examples are continual fetal monitoring causing immobility on the part of the woman and birth in a recumbent position, both of which have been widely shown to lead to poor labor and delivery outcomes.) So this claim to be "evidence based" is nonsense. Why do they keep employing these practices? For many reasons. One is that they have been "defined" as "best practice" prior to better data and the new data is ignored because law suits are still following these outdated practices as "best practice." But another is that they have convinced the child bearing population that highly technologically controlled births are "safer" and, well, "just better all round" than trusting to a practitioner with years and years of experience.

@3g0st 6 ай бұрын

Harriet Washington's book Medical Apartheid opened my eyes wide on this topic too.

@fraserreal8496 6 ай бұрын

Another well-aimed arrow into the hubris of materialistic 'science'. Thank you Dr. Sheldrake.

@richardhall5489 6 ай бұрын

One of the reasons for working with the experimental data as it is (rather than filtered for hypothesis confirming data) is that it can lead you to a truer understanding of the science. When i was studying civil engineering we had a compulsory lab experiment using a model of a filter bed that allowed us to measure the reduction in flow as the filter clogged. I could see that a group of students using the the equipment before me were complaining about the set up and tweaking their results to match the linear relationship that thought they were supposed to find. When I did the experiment I simply recorded what i saw and actually ran the experiment for an extra hour or so then went to the library and did a bit of research. It turned out that what initially appeared to be a linear relationship was in fact logarithmic and that the equipment was doing precisely what it was supposed to do. I have a theory why I behaved so differently to the other students.

@AnHebrewChild 5 ай бұрын

and what would your theory be?

@stevebaldwin2374 6 ай бұрын

Can see why the establishment dislikes all of his critisms.

@amanitamuscaria7500 6 ай бұрын

It is utter common sense to me. I began to realise this when I did a psychology degree and realised that the lengths psychologists go to, with double blinds etc and that hard science does not do that. It is wonderful that Rupert speaks openly and does his bet to uncover these things. I bet some of his colleagues just love him. *sarcasm*

@yp77738yp77739 6 ай бұрын

Psychology is the peak of pseudoscience.

@marykayryan7891 6 ай бұрын

I suggest that everyone read Witchcraft and Oracle Among the Azande, by Evans-Pritchard. In it he explores systems which ignore any data that contradicts the system. I read it in my University when we were looking at the biases of science.

@TylerClibbon 6 ай бұрын

great video, we need a bunch of high profile debates on this topic, rupert you are the one to do it!

@traceyoung5592 6 ай бұрын

That was quite the can of worms! I really really wanted this to be an amazing video and I was not disappointed!

@omrigivon3725 6 ай бұрын

Thank you for remaining truthful all these years, and thank you for all the groundbreaking work🙏❤️

@Anders01 6 ай бұрын

I love science but I find it important to recognize its limitations. It is considered that the writer acknowledges Goethe's sentiment about how science is only looking at the surface of reality. This is true about science even today.

@googleaccountuser3116 6 ай бұрын

And closer and closer to the truth and when we get closer we try to get closer. 😌

@earthstick 6 ай бұрын

How can anything from CERN be independently reproduced? Even if experiements are conducted by independent scientists, there is only one large hadron collider. The results may just be a quirk of the equipment. And if the experiments could be conducted on any lesser collider, then we would not need the large one.

@stevenverrall4527 4 ай бұрын

Rupert, in the field of particle physics, the LHC Higgs boson detection is not what you should be picking apart. Instead, look into the proton charge radius scandal. You should find plenty of juicy material on that issue!

@davidlebaron378 9 күн бұрын

Rupert is so refreshing. So thorough and his personal experiences are so diverse that we are honored in that he learned and grew into his truth like what a scientist should do. He bridges many great things together. It is like he is a poet in his descriptive words and deep personal experience. We are in his debt and can never pay him for what he has done and is doing for all of us.

@yp77738yp77739 6 ай бұрын

I like him, we need more neurodiverse scientists. They are more likely to generate that one flash of inspired genius (amongst a lot of tosh too).

@marykayryan7891 6 ай бұрын

At the school I taught at, I was banned from touching ANY equipment that had an electronic component (copiers, projectors via laptops, sound equipment etc.) because it was well known that if I came in contact with any of these, they would mysteriously stop working. It got so bad, I was not allowed in the room where the copiers were when people were using them. All projectors, laptops etc. had to be set up in advance by someone else and if I only pushed the forward button, they might work...for a while. Also happens to all my phones and scanners in grocery stores, although both of those have improved over time. I once had a phone reset itself to Chinese characters. The store thought I was just stupid and had done it by accident and did not know how to undo it. It took the woman at the store, 45 minutes to get it to work right and then only after I left the store.

@stumccabe 6 ай бұрын

What about the computer you used to write your comment? How many computers do you magically destroy per year?

@marykayryan7891 6 ай бұрын

@@stumccabe Fair question. Two parts to the answer. The effects above have gotten much less as I have aged. At 70, I seem to be much less destructive. (Less energy, I suppose.) And, for some reason, computers aren't "destroyed" by me. Computers are more complex than copiers, I suppose.) Even my phones mostly work now, except they reset settings without my help or permission a lot. Computers used to go a bit haywire and just not function well. ( It was very difficult for me to complete on-line forms, for instance, because when I pressed "enter" at the end, they would just disappear. I used to have someone else press the final button. Maybe it's genetic. My father stopped watches, as, coincidentally did my x-spouse. Even pocket watches. Odd because in my father's time watches were not electronic, but now they are. My x-spouse has the opposite effect on most electronics. He waves his hands over them and PRESTO! they start working.

@earthstick 6 ай бұрын

You coud be a very valuable person in the coming future. Get yourself to London and take a tour of all the ULEZ cameras.

@earthstick 6 ай бұрын

@marykayryan7891 To affect electronics, you just have to infulence electrons. They are very small and negatively charged.

@yp77738yp77739 6 ай бұрын

It’s called being a clumsy clutz. My wife has this strange ability too, everything but cast iron will break in her charge.

@JimmyMarquardsen 6 ай бұрын

There is nothing so magical as self-assuredness in one's own self-importance. Because everything you do and say will be magically amplified by this state of mind. Not least the illusion that the magic doesn't work.

@earthstick 6 ай бұрын

I was taught at school to write science in the passive voice, and criticised for it ever since.

@JerseyLynne 6 ай бұрын

HELLO RUPERT watching from Bisbee, Arizona on the Mexican Border.

@koroko999 6 ай бұрын

Hi from Ayr in Scotland

@acetate909 6 ай бұрын

Say hi to Doug Stanhope for me.

@JerseyLynne 6 ай бұрын

@@koroko999 I was looking for a Scottish greeting and it was a wee bit hard to find!

@colingallagher1648 6 ай бұрын

thanks for all your stuff

@robsmith1a 5 ай бұрын

It is completely true about how we remove ourselves from the report when writing up experiments. I had never thought of this until you just mentioned it - it is so automatic to do this from the way I was taught. I haven't worked in a lab since the 1980s but I structured mr system specifications during my IT career very similarly to writing up experiments because the structure seemed natural and logical to me.

@raymondlee9115 2 ай бұрын

Experimenter effects can be examined by comparing two diametrically opposing or competing set of expectations (hypotheses). Instead of comparing hypothesis A to a null hypothesis, which is the typical benchmark for determining "significant" effect, compare hypothesis A to hypothesis ~A OR hypothesis A to hypothesis B. That is, evaluate the findings of a critical experiment/test where one theory favors A with another theory that favors ~A or B. Such strong inference studies are found in biochemistry and can be readily applied to the physical, biological, and behavioral/social sciences.

@loveserendib04 6 ай бұрын

Quite brilliant.

@quantum_tarot 5 ай бұрын

The double slit experiment: observer or scientist in this case , find what they expect , created outcome by the observer because the subconscious is working , mind over matter , yes! I don’t believe it but I know it . What we expect will turn up, but if you doubt you will never find what you are looking for . Thank u for your video , always very pleasant to listen to you 👌✨🎄✨

@AnHebrewChild 5 ай бұрын

Yes, this effect-of-expectation occurs in the scientist, and not just by "placebo" in his or her test subjects. Once you think about it, this seems so obvious.

@justmeeameet 6 ай бұрын

Question to gpt: is there any mention of the placebo effect in ancient Indian literature? The concept of the placebo effect, as understood in modern medicine, is a relatively recent development and is not explicitly mentioned in ancient Indian literature. However, ancient Indian texts, particularly in the realms of Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine, do contain concepts that could be interpreted as akin to the placebo effect. In Ayurveda, the holistic approach to health involves a deep understanding of the mind-body connection, and treatments often focus on the psychological and spiritual aspects of healing along with the physical. The belief in the efficacy of treatments, the rituals of medicine, and the therapeutic relationship between the healer and the patient in Ayurveda could contribute to what we now understand as the placebo effect. For instance, the ancient Ayurvedic texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, while they do not specifically mention the placebo effect, do emphasize the importance of the patient's belief in the treatment, the role of mental and emotional states in health, and the therapeutic impact of the healer's presence and demeanor. It's important to note that while these aspects of Ayurveda and other traditional Indian medicinal practices might resonate with the concept of the placebo effect, they were part of a broader, holistic understanding of health and healing, different in context and application from the modern placebo effect as understood in clinical medicine. Would appreciate commentary/inputs for more exploration down this rabbit hole

@gratefulkm 6 ай бұрын

GPT How do you feel ? "I dont know " GPT do you know anything ? "no i just repeat the lies im fed"

@jaydenwilson9522 6 ай бұрын

We stole everything from the Indians pretty much… Ganita > Mathematics

@LakshmiiSharma 5 ай бұрын

Most disease are psychosomatic , unfortunately we are living in worlr of materialism dogamtism

@johnmorgan5495 6 ай бұрын

Great explanation even I could understand it, Thank you !

@anhumblemessengerofthelawo3858 6 ай бұрын

Francis Bacon was one of the founders of modern science. He said that we have to take nature and put her on the rack. At his time, a punishment for stealing was to be put on a rack in public display. Bacon said that nature doesn't give up her secrets easily, just as Heraclitus said "nature loves to conceal herself." What Bacon suggested was that we must _torture nature_ with mathematical equations in order to force her to speak to us. Think about it this way. Right now you have millions and millions of school children doing what is called operational math. On a blackboard, as it were. Now what do you do in voodoo? What do you do in sympathetic magic? Say there's someone you want to get even with, and so you make a doll that ... _symbolizes_ ... him. And you operate on the doll, you stick pins in it, you twist it. and in _voodoo_ this is supposed to have some effect on the object of which the symbol is. Modern mathematical science is in principle not falsifiable. These inventive theories have put nature on the rack, and they torture nature, and force her to respond. That is what is going on. That is the problem we are dealing with. That nature responded to a theory is not confirmation the theory was valid, in principle. You _forced_ nature to respond, you see.... It became very seriously a problem with Descartes, of course. Let no one think they understand science until they have searched every last DARK CORNER of that man's philosophical vision. We live in that shadow! I suggest reading a book for anyone interested called Greek Mathematical Thought and the Origin of Algebra by Jacob Klein. Leo Strauss said it was the most important book written in the 20th century.

@sciagurrato1831 5 ай бұрын

If Strauss said X, then the truth must -X.

@bethanyhunt2704 6 ай бұрын

I'm a kinesiologist, and we fully understand that it's the intention and belief of the patient that matters most in any healing. The process, or "treatment" is just a prop for the egoic mind to hang itself on, because it lacks the faith in the power of the soul's intention. When I started treating myself with kinesiology, I used all sorts of props (flower remedies, crystals, affirmations etc) but now I always and only work with intention, regardless of how much my mind wants an external treatment in order for it to "work".

@alentjes 6 ай бұрын

A thought closely related to this, is the known issue of inventors of Zero Point energy devices having to be in the vicinity of their inventions for them to to work. This indicates the Zero Point, the Vacuum, operating in a subjective manner or being a subjective 'non space'. This would mean that our reality enables the subjective to become objective to the subject. So the energy being drawn from the Vacuum is facilitated by the inventor intending it to happen - his or her imagination IS the energy channelling device - into the machine that is powered by it. The machine is objective, a material object subject to the laws of physics, but it is built with the intention of receiving the Zero Point Vacuum energy as channelled through the inventor. One could say that machine is powered by the imagination of the inventor and the inventor imagines an energy source in the Vacuum (nowhere, the nothing). This kind of understanding - if it is an understanding and not just fanciful imagination - could lead to a new form of machine building: subjective operation machines. These machines do what we imagine them to do but only in our vicinity, as our imagination is the channel through which the machines operate. We have to abandon the concept of objective machinery being the only way in which machines can work. The original modality was one of imaginative reality. Our current modality, since the Iron Age, is one of causal technology. We are right now transitioning to correlative technology with AI and biological (xenomorph) technology. The future will bring us back to imaginative technology again and this will open up the possibility of the technology instructing a new world view of imaginative reality. Perhaps.

@AnHebrewChild 5 ай бұрын

Interesting. I'll have to look up zero point energy devices.

@carolberry2239 6 ай бұрын

Excellent !

@davidrandell2224 6 ай бұрын

Any accelerometer- slinky, water balloon,phone app- PROVES the earth is expanding at 16 feet per second per second constant acceleration: gravity; d=1/2at^2 major part of the Atomic Expansion Equation. “The Final Theory: Rethinking Our Scientific Legacy “, Mark McCutcheon for proper physics.

@JohnKuhles1966 6 ай бұрын

The New Normal is never ever what it claims to be

@SigmondMouse 6 ай бұрын

I wonder if Rupert has just read The Expectation Effect by David Robson

@KarmikChannels 6 ай бұрын

Thanks Rupert!

@michaelwallace4298 Ай бұрын

It is far worse than not publishing negative reports - when Prozac was tested, 5% of the CONTROL group experienced a desire for suicide. A small percentage of these exhibited the desire to kill others. But the results of the control group are not required to be presented, only the efficacity of the drug on the people with depression. How much of the gun violence problem is triggered by people on, or coming off, anti-depressants? Prozac is handed out like sweet mints over there.

@Sirinxa 23 күн бұрын

I agree with you, I had read years ago, here in italy, similar studies on suicide/murder related to the use of some psychotropic drugs. My mother has been working in a high school for 35 years: in the last 8 years she has observed a steady increase of adolescents using anxiolytic, antidepressant or mood stabilizing drugs. 17/18 year olds already addicted to psychiatric drugs. In the last 3/4 years even more than before. It's a dramatic situation, these pills are prescribed too easily. (I live in northern Italy).

@Pegasus4213 6 ай бұрын

(48:07) It's not a 'Can of worms!' Rupert. it is opening to the truth about the very nature of reality; which is obviously NOT an objective to consciousness reality!

@jamesconway9277 Ай бұрын

Beliefs determine perception. To prove this large groups of people could take a survey of "star no star" where a picture of a star circled is seen or not. It would be necessary that some circles have no star in it and tell those taking the survey these are included in order to make individuals more honest if they see no star in the circle. Afterwards the stars that are not seen could then be used to see if professional observers had the same experience and know what main beliefs maybe the determining factors. Only afterwards could a theory of why this occurs be determined.

@Yogaleif 6 ай бұрын

That bird that sings so lovely in the background, is it a robin readbreast?

@AnHebrewChild 5 ай бұрын

I'm wondering this same thing! It is a beautiful sound.

@Killahcombo 6 ай бұрын

I don't think that using the passive voice is due to the "objectivity dogma". I think there is a new credo in science - "to prevent any possible personal offense whatsoever" - so people start hiding behind objective claims, to escape and prevent any possible criticism or accusations of "bias". There is this new sense of entitlement and responsibility that creates its own bias. And there are many people in science, that simply don't belong there and are more susceptible to such frauds, which is also a result of this "new bias". These people use science as authority to command social outcomes, and they don't really care about the factual reality. I'm kind of not surprised, that a low prestige branch such as "para psychology" is methodically closer to the truth, than a lets say "very privileged social scientist", who expects by default to be loved by the media and journalists "for doing the right thing" and focusing on his research to get exactly this attention. Obviously, internal expectations and external attention can change outcomes very profoundly. Science is in this bad state, because of its destructive credo to appear "pleasant, helpful and unconditional affirmative or positive" by any means. Getting rid of bad scientists has become a kind of new fear - to exclude someone from the "scientific endeavor of mankind." because this would contradict the DEI credo - diversity, equity, inclusion. Everyone is included, no one is judged, everyone feels entitled and the more you apply and comply, the more entitlement, authority and influence you may expect, the more attention you will generate, the more unscientific you will become. And the more you get apart from the real nature of things, which of course is easily questioned by any kind of skepticism, which again leads to the bias, that "it's better to hide behind objectivity, to be protected of any personal attacks". In a sense, attacking your paper becomes then an attack on the world, and you don't need to feel shame if you were wrong. The passive voice is probably a strategy of avoiding the pain and blame of being possibly wrong.

@davelowe1977 5 ай бұрын

This business of changing the data to fit the model is deeply concerning. It might have started with theoretical physics but it's spreading to other newer fields like climate science. Basically, any situation where the model is more sensitive to its tunable parameters than it is to the validity of the measured data is not going to produce a definitive scientific result, but a sure fire political result.

@kentvanschuyler9520 5 ай бұрын

Godspeed and protect you and yours good docteur+++ Teilhard de Chardin for all Glory to God+++

@I_dreamed_my_name_was_Brandon 4 ай бұрын

Cavendish experiment comes to mind

@alextrezvy6889 5 ай бұрын

There is evidence the (percepted) quality of food depends on the mood of a cook. Even if he or she uses the same components.

@AnHebrewChild 5 ай бұрын

Yes, this is something I've thought for a long time. It's also, I think, why mom's sandwiches (made with the secret ingredient, love) taste the best. Do you have a few resources you'd recommend to look at some of this evidence? Thank you.

@dynamike201 6 ай бұрын

Quite fittingly irresistable to a biologist to experiment with the can of worms.

@truBador2 Ай бұрын

Rupert is outstanding in his morphogenic field! Descarte says, I stink, therefore I am. Prove him wrong,

@pappapiccolino9572 3 ай бұрын

After many years of watching Rupert, I still feel conflicted about where I stand with him. I honestly cannot figure out if he's a genius or a goof. I've seen clips of him from 40 years ago with David Bohm, Krishnamurti, his good friend Terence McKenna. I've seen him with allies like Deepak Chopra, foes like Michael Shermer, as part of various panels, his discussions with Mark Vernon, and many many others. I own a few of his books as well as Merlin's book on fungi. As much as I like and admire some of his approaches and ideas, others drive me mad. His fondness for religion, albeit a uniquely Rupert take on Christianity, is a particular problem for me. Anyway.......

@dadsonworldwide3238 6 ай бұрын

Ben Franklin mechanics & technicians have absorbed this all through the 1900s and we destroyed the ben Franklin systems unity or even way for them to speak the same terminology, even though they work with similar elements under different states they can't share a rationalized view of these systems Newton showed us that if we determine value here we push infinite sums of approximating complexity there. Just look at the academic structure itself, its top down simplicity pushes complexity down upon many different disciplines that within each 2 competing archytypical cults form. Cults within cults forming at a high rate of speed. 1900s structuralism under war time powers politically imposed physical prescriptions trapped us back into Platos cave mystified by shadows on the wall in America despite its antithetical to its very founding principles triality of self escaping the chaldean mind model but yet being very aware human dashboard must navigate in it. It never can be removed from the detection

@GnosticChef 6 ай бұрын

🙏🏽✌🏽

@jonyspinoza3310 6 ай бұрын

🌞

@johnkraner2892 3 ай бұрын

Rupert, you are a rare gem of knowledge and wisdom in Scientific and Spiritual thought. Which is why it is horrifying that you are so indifferent or perhaps even complicit in the destruction of British culture and its peoples. Your country is being flooded by increasingly hostile and violent migrants who have no thought of becoming 'British' citizens. Time is fast running out. Your cherished beliefs will soon be swept away. Speak out.

@PravdaSeed Ай бұрын

🧞💞💫💞💫 Rupert you are the Best 🧞💙 🌍🕉️☯️☸️🌍

@googleaccountuser3116 6 ай бұрын

I experienced some things. It prevents me from being religious. It prevents me from being an atheists. I like science. Some times there is light, some times there is darkness. A rainbow of colors in between. I saw the present. It just took a while to become present for all. Planck was right, there are hard limits set to what we can measure. 🤔

@aoae-hf3rz 6 ай бұрын

this is why i stopped going to school and stopped reading non fiction when i was 14, so i could have real experiences, and know they were true, not prompted into me, not suggested into perception. God told me to do this.

@andrewmurray6352 6 ай бұрын

Just a note to say that school children are called 'pupils', not 'students'. Students go to college or university, pupils go to school. A fascinating and important talk nevertheless!

@docpaul 6 ай бұрын

Ironically, Sheldrake mentions the “reproducibility crisis” in science as an example of how science is unreliable, but none of Sheldrake’s own contentions have ever been replicated.

@TylerClibbon 6 ай бұрын

theres literally a replications tab on his website

@carolberry2239 6 ай бұрын

So Kantian.. but not true for sheldrake.