The Supernova Apocalypse Equation | Because Science Footnotes

Kyle chats about the apocalypse, responds to your comments, and more!
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[@JROwensPhotos]

Kyle: "This plasma ball in the heavens. It's, like, the hottest, right?" Accretion disk: "Hold my beer."

[@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179]

Laughs in kugelblitz

[@nateg08]

Big bang singularity: "hold your own beer"

[@kesavanramesh5663]

"The sun is hot"-Because Science and the greatest scientific minds of history Me, an intellectual: the sun is a deadly laser

[@goingblargh]

People die when they are killed!

[@MultiverseOfInfinity]

@@goingblargh Every 60 seconds, a minute passes in Africa

[@linase.8566]

@@MultiverseOfInfinity It is cold when it is less hot

[@Apersonl0l]

I am smart and handsome (Get it?)

[@freenarative]

It's only hot if you hold it for too long.

[@kuparisiipi5173]

It always makes me a little bit happier when a person in an influential position casually mentions that they've reached for help from a professional. The topic of mental health needs to be normalized, since so many of us go trough these issues. Kudos, Kyle. This is one of the reasons why I like about this channel and community.

[@transgenderific1507]

But too many take it too far due to mainstream media. People use their disabilities as a badge of honor and attacking point when they do stupid shit in public. "I'M A DISABLES VET AND I CAN BRING MY DOG INTO A RESTAURANT AND HAVE IT SHIT ON THE FLOOR WHILE PEOLE EAT CUZ I NEVER WENT TO WAR!" Great example.

[@kuparisiipi5173]

@@transgenderific1507 That is what I am after with the "casual" and "normalization" part. The overly dramatizing or even monetizing of disabilities is the other end of the spectrum, and indeed can be just as bad influence on the overall view toward the issues. But when it's handled as a thing that happens, and can happen to anyone, maybe then people can come to terms with it easier in the sense of getting help. Bare in mind I'm coming from the pov of mental issues more that disabilities that would be more visible. Like in the case of the highlighted comment, anxiety.

[@ICCDZ]

I totally agree with you. It has to be something common, without implying anything, no exaggerating it and no minimizing it either. The fact that a third generation or "wave" of CBT exists is worth mention and can be spread out.

[@polterghost_]

"You know what is as hot as the sun? Me." Thats what I wanted to hear.

[@DrSlasher]

Exactly what I was expecting to hear. Either "Me" or a humble "You are!"

[@mrrandom1632]

Lmao

[@nLinggod]

Same

[@thaddeuspaulbrillantes2482]

The fact that Kyle referenced a Smash Mouth song other than All Star already made the video great.

[@sdfkjgh]

Thaddeus Paul Brillantes: But c'mon, there's really only 2 Smashmouth songs: All Star, and Walkin' on the Sun.

[@zzdesolatezz]

Ska music is the music of satan

[@sdfkjgh]

@@zzdesolatezz: Nope, just his older, hipster cousin, Skatan.

[@Azier18]

@@sdfkjgh beautiful 😏

[@hondaguy9153]

Why? They don't have many popular songs... Possibly only the 2 mentioned above.

[@pablofreitasmachado8076]

That half-life 3 comment broke my heart Kyle. I Want to Beleive.

[@L1DER32]

We'll have Half-life: Alyx in a month though) I hope... * Valve Time *

[@killerbun]

@@L1DER32 then half-life: Alyx 2, half-life: Alyx 2 episode 1, half-life: Alyx 2 episode 2

[@Hobbles_]

It still hurts every time, but at least we have SOMETHING Half-Life coming out next month

[@UltimateT105]

hay who knows we may just get hl3 now that valve got their game making gears turning again

[@jhcoverdrive9287]

And now that it’s out, even if it’s not called Half Life 3, it’s an amazing, new, full length Half Life game (enough commas?). It is very much an amazing game that’s worthy of the name.

[@haladmirknowsbest]

"the sun is hot" -Kyle, 2020

[@firebladetenn6633]

haladmirknowsbest this is a fantastic quote. Please don’t bring this back...

[@DemonicaaD14]

1:06 Me: I know the answer it's Quick Silver Kyle: rhymes with.. Clash Me: Damn

[@Ahab1765]

You had me at "You might as well be walking on the sun". Underrated song.

[@PlatinumRoseLady]

"And you know what else is hot" Um.... you?

[@jaroffarts7652]

"Life needs things to live"

[@jnhensley09]

You watch Critical Role too, don't you? 😁

[@CasaHouse2205]

YES!!!! Achievement unlocked! Thank you Kyle and team!

[@OldMate94]

"London appalling" im fuckin dead 🤣😂 i am laughing an unessecary amount to that 😂🤣

[@DaremoTen]

Though I know I should be wary Still I venture someplace scary Stellar science I turn loose! Betelgeuse! Betelgeuse! Betelgeuse!

[@matthewlofton8465]

yer sayin' it wrong, it has to be said as if to a lover! Beetlejuice, I set you free! And so this day will liver forever in infamy as the day Disney ruined Michael Keaton.

[@Googaliemoogalie]

@@matthewlofton8465 apparently it was spelt both ways. I don't remember which is correct

[@ER78A]

Thank you, Kyle

[@DametresLopez]

This guy has a very unique talent of making things that normally wouldn’t be interesting and make them interesting

[@HattaTHEZulZILLA86]

"The sun is hot" is what I learned today. The more you know...

[@alexandritegreenhouse305]

Hey Kyle, your show is great as are you. You mentioning in passing that you have/had anxiety issues and that you got help that was, well, helpful. Hearing you say that as the intelligent, charismatic, and funny person you are honestly makes me feel better in general. Thank you for being such a positive influence 😊

[@DaremoTen]

Somebody once told me the world was gonna- _SUFFER_ ! Suffer as I have suffered, feel my pain! Ah hahahahahahahahah!!!

[@edoverride7813]

I just wanted to give props to your editor, for adding sound effects. Effort is appreciated. :P

[@untipocualquiera9065]

I think it's ... Speedy Gonzales. I'm pretty sure about it

[@matthaeikellie8591]

Fantastic video as always. I'm very happy to see you back and I'm thrilled for another superhero episode

[@christophergillette7167]

Of the numerous health issues I have fought (and mostly beat) of the years, extreme anxiety was by far the worst. Getting help was not really optional: it HAD to happen. And thankfully it worked.

[@smokenchoken1736]

You just gained a +20 Charisma boost for the intro

[@fatbabyjake]

Love the channel and the footnotes are great as well. I love learning and that's what I come here to do.

[@kinpin555]

Welcome Back! hope ya'll had an awesome week off hopefully you did have a week off! well deserved after years of countless episodes! :D

[@Jedi_Spartan_38]

In Star Wars Legends, there's actually a learnable Sith power that allows Sith to literally create Supernovas... admittedly it requires Sith ships and artifacts to pull off and they need immense skill and control (along with the common sense of realising that creating one in 'close' proximity to 9 other stars) but it is something Sith could do.

[@calebhale9865]

1:11 "You underestimate my power!" It's obviously "The Smash," and "smash mouth" was a hint.

[@mynameisbub97]

I thought it was The Splash

[@rossking3872]

LOVE THE SHOW

[@barrybend7189]

Will we get a Gundam episode?

[@SolitarySword]

He's already mentioned a ring around the planet held by at least three pillars, sooooooo I'm gonna guess he's seen Gundam 00 But we'll only get a Gundam episode when we can come up with a proper question, and then spam him 'til he sees it!

[@barrybend7189]

@SsSs RoBbSs well we could do the whole Moonlight Butterfly? Or the Wings of light from Crossbone and Victory Gundam? Then there's the whole QEC system that is Veda from 00?

[@shiftysgamingvideolog7986]

How much energy in wing gundams buster rifles to destroy the ship before it hit earth?

[@alterkt3517]

yeah I would like a gundam episode, specially a 00 one. Solar Furnaces and Space Elavators is a good topic.

[@a-blivvy-yus]

Will we get one? I believe the correct answer is... MAYBE™ (I hope yes)

[@carlorado82]

Nova equals Death would be an awsome name for a heavy metal band.

[@alexandertownsend3291]

I would listen to that band

[@austin2994]

Big props on writing on the screen left handed

[@HighPhilosophy]

Damn it, i was hoping he would get to my comment on that episode. "Simple nova" hahaha classic.

[@zaczane]

Random Smash mouth references are always appreciated 👍 keep it up kyle

[@browncapman]

Those stupid puns you made at min 5 made me like this

[@Eitan.moskovitz]

Hi kyle, love the show. There is an old Jewish joke who go like this (apologize for the rough translation): Onse upon a time, the wise man of Hellem close himself in his room. For seven days and seven nights he didnt come out. Seven days he do not aet, for seven days he do not drank. His friends was worried, and they asked him what he up to. And he said: "I am thinking. What if all the seas of the world would became one giant sea, and all the trees of the world would became one giant tree, And all the men of the world would became one giant man, and all the axes of the world would became one giant axe, and the one giant man will take the one giant axe, and will chop down the one giant tree, and rhe tree will fall to the one giant sea.." "And?" His friends asked, "what then happen?" "Then", he told them, "I am thinking how high the splash get". If you are still with me, I think you are the perfect man to answer this question. Because science. Love the show by the way.

[@DL6778]

Love the show Kyle, and love the way you think. Yes we have no way to prove or disapprove anything can go faster than the speed of light because we cannot see it with the machines we have because there’s no way in our technology could measure, currently. Maybe in about 20 to 30 years we might be technologically advanced enough to be able to see objects that go faster than the speed of light but currently we can’t so there’s no way to prove or disapprove just because you can’t see it does it make it a fact. Just because we also have not figured the way to mathematically prove something can go faster and Lake also does not mean it isn’t possible we just don’t have the mathematical equations to prove or disprove it fully currently.

[@grayrook8637]

So thank you Kyle and Tom Snout for that, shit has been depressing lately *coughaquitalcough* so it is nice to know that some people still have the notion life is actually worth protecting.

[@awesomehpt8938]

“The sun is hot”. Stop now kyle you’ll end on a high note

[@pascageorge950]

Hey Kyle (or should I say Conchikyle), I thoroughly enjoy the show ! (Big Mythbuster and MTG fan) Regarding your statement "There is NO realistic amount of shielding" well... I give you the anti-neutrinos (you know, the evil twin of neutrinos). As per observed sources of anti-neutrinos, the main source we know of is Nuclear Fission. As observed during the Cowan and Reines experiment (Energy (>1.8 MeV) + p + Ve → n + e+). Estimations show that ~4.5% of the Energy from Fission is going to anti-neutrinos, rest is heat. Now the problem remains of creating sufficient anti-neutrinos, right? Well, considering the fact that, the "Wall of Death" of Neutrinos heading to Earth will interact with matter in it's way, it can also trigger Nuclear Fission if it hits the correct heavy nuclei material. So, placing something like deuterium or U(238), Pl(241) , would cause a fission reaction, releasing anti-neutrinos. Assuming we equal the energy you calculated for the neutrino field would need the same amount of anti-neutrino energy. A brief calculation would be: E_neutrinos = E_antineutrinos=4,5%*[(M-Mp)c^2] where M is the original mass and Mp is the remaining particle mass. Solving for M would give the approximate mass of heavy nuclei material. (It's late here in Romania so i'll let you complete/correct the math!) The Fission reaction itself would melt the Earth and would make for a spectacular light show, but we would be shielded from the Neutrinos! Cheers !

[@Zurkan0802]

Es ist immer wieder lustig dich Deutsch sprechen zu hören xD It is always fun to hear you speak german :P I didn't recognize "Gedanken" but "Dankeschön" was very good. The most english speaking do not get the "ö" right but you did which is nice.

[@JonLupen]

Hey Kyle, love the show and you're awesome too, because you, unlike some viewers, are able to distinguish the boundary tones that dictate grammatical functions in coda position was well as pragmatic context.

[@JockMcBile]

LOVE IT.

[@andrewrichbell]

OMG! I knew something was funky when I did that equation. I assumed I was just over thinking it. 'Always check your units!' it's one of the first things we learn at uni. 🤦‍♀️ Well done that commenter.

[@austinhoward6557]

You talked about books during your live show reminded me about when you talked about Spillover by David Quammen and got me to buy it, and like 5 other books about disease. Which with all that knowledge has helped me understand and not freak out about living in Xi'an China as much. So thanks for a great book recommendation, and I'll match it by saying you should totally read The Tangled Tree, by David Quammen. It talks about the history of evolutionary theory, in addition to the current information about it. Awesome book, 10/10, wish I brought my copy of it and Spillover with me so I could have something to read being stuck in my apartment.

[@AstaoftheBlackBulls]

I super wish this was in podcast form on spotify.

[@Intabih]

Conkcequences. New word. Thanks!

[@NinjaBearFilms]

Missed you last week

[@samcochran8203]

Kyle: "I'm using physics to say that if The Flash can travel as fast as all the comics and movies say he can" Me: WHAT ABOUT THE ARROWVERSE?!!!

[@zenketski]

40 seconds in and you make a Smash Mouth reference. I didn't think that I could love you any more than I already did.

[@poopsled]

While we are on the topic of scouring world's you should do an episode on the world eater virus from warhammer 40k. Lore wise it consumes all biological life and creates methane (or something similar). When the atmosphere is filled with enough gas a lance battery (big dumb space lasers of the imperium) is fired to ignite the atmosphere and leave the planet a lifeless rock. You could talk about the microbes that might do something like that, the stoichiometry of being able to ignite the atmosphere (I know you've already done a similar video), if there is enough bio mass to achieve enough gas to do achieve the correct saturation. I think you could have some good wholesome evil villain fun with it. Seriously thanks for putting so much work into your show. Your enthusiasm is infectious and I really appreciate it.

[@Modhunter42]

3:33 "...but the first thing I thought of was running out onto my balcony and being like Ahhhhhhhhhhh" Dreams dashed. It's over. There's no way to take it over when it's all gone. That wasn't the plan...

[@JubeiKibagamiFez]

I'm not british, but I love The Clash, anyway. I applaud you as well.

[@Patrickwardt]

Of course the Flash should be red. Don't ya know? "DA RED WUNZ GO FASTA!"

[@beardlessdwarf1047]

kyles impression of a the gungan boss was not what i thought i needed today... i was wrong.

[@GrandpasMagic]

Science aside, The Flash most certainly CAN run faster than the speed of light. You can't just ignore the lore of the superhero in the name of science. btw, love the show! keep up the great work and keep that wonderful hair wonderful.

[@vimorrah]

In the event a super nova is sending neutrinos our way, I shall announce my undying love for Kyle Hill's brain. Should death come for us all, I will be petting my cat during the last eight minutes.

[@TheAleutiansolution]

Kyle should do an episode looming at all the gadgets and stuff in “Wild Wild West”

[@IAmKnightsDawn]

Someone clip / rotoscope and Photoshop Kyle screaming ahhhhhh on a balcony for 8 minutes.

[@braingasim]

Nothing travels faster than the speed of light with the possible exception of bad news, which obeys its own special laws.

[@BH-rx3ue]

you know what would be great? an episode on negative mass.

[@mynameisbub97]

Ahhh finaly a someone talks about my favorite speedster The Slash!

[@JacobsenBros]

Finally! My Tuesday is complete! Last week it was not because you forgot about all of us to throw axes with some babe or be on Ninja Warrior or something!

[@ValndrisaValkina]

9:00 to 9:06 is HILARIOUS!!!

[@zijoh2914]

Bet he's going to talk about the Doppler effect love the show

[@Rakaaria]

Watching someone speak german always makes me happy! (Nativ german here)

[@skylerreed8425]

Just when I had hope for half life 3... my dreams have been destroyed.

[@jonathanmatthews4774]

By neutrino's no less.

[@thelivingglitch307]

Half-Life Alyx

[@jhcoverdrive9287]

You should play HL:Alyx when you can...it IS amazing :)!

[@geniusmp2001]

I'll prep my "objects in mirror are bluer than they appear" joke.

[@GameTimeWhy]

The king of puns strikes again!

[@isaacthek]

Correct. The flash would blue shift as a result of his speed (when he travels toward you). Though technically he'd be traveling so fast he'd be past visible light. Which means he's possibly killing people with gamma rays merely from arriving on the scene...

[@sacrilegiousboi]

It's about dash from the incredibles? Nailed it.

[@squiggs928]

Glad ur back Kyle. How did the renos on the lair go? Sharks with frickin laser beams on their heads?

[@kieranhagan895]

Hi Kyle, I have only just started watching Because Science and I think it is a great show, how do you get the thought experiments? Do people send in messages or do you think of them yourself? Thanks Kieran

[@MrCreamster20]

Kyle, did you even see my comments on the 2 previous videos??? It's an interesting concept to say the least that somewhat deserves atleast some discussion given it "potential" to be destructive

[@vampujazz9454]

Aren't you going to pick those markers up Kyle? Manners maketh Man😂

[@gopinath1954]

Hey there Kyle, what you are saying is that when flash travelling away or towards the observer at a some fraction of light speed, the light that is bouncing off of the flash would act weirdly , the properties like wavelength or frequency would change thus dooplershifts the visible light to bluish,if flash is running towads the observer or red if he is running away, even more the light would be not in the visible spectrum.

[@JohanJPPersson]

I have noticed that you usually misspell (?) a metric symbol: kilo. It is a lower case "k" not a uppercase. So kilogram is kg, not Kg. And kilo electon volt is keV not KeV (Kelvin volt?). More info about those symbols can be found in wiki en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix. Keep up the good work!

[@Merdragoon]

It's going to be a interesting next episode and curious to see the answer to that one. Because in a way it would also talk about the logic behind the original comic of Sonic the Hedgehog of how he became from a brown to a blue one through his speed and if that will be true or not. If he debunks the Red situation and it's a different color all together, like say green (or colorless, my guess is going more for the colorless route) then the blue would be debunked as well as you could easily apply the same logic to that.

[@sylviancreedmarsh9171]

"[Half Life 3] will never happen." You wound me, Kyle.

[@genemydraws4170]

I think that's the worst way someone ever pronunciated my name. I love it

[@brockmckelvey7327]

If photons spend tens of thousands of years in the sun before leaving, how small are they and how many of them are there!?!

[@nikiwismann]

Kyles back at it again with that sweet german pronunciation. Love your "Gedanken".

[@sethbrooks8889]

Dang it Kyle, that's a really good song now I have to stop your video and listen to it. Be back!

[@richardlucier1889]

Question for Kyle: On shanghai noon, jackie Chan's character bends bars with leverage and a wet shirt. is water being a polar molecule the reason for the increase in tensile strength of the shirt? Also, Lovely Smash Mouth reference :) keep up the great work

[@bahubalitheleon6555]

One of the few.

[@loesitv1259]

Seeing/hearing kyle talking german as an native speaktet is hilarious

[@casswedson2892]

Hey Kyle, love your spanish accent

[@kasiah4431]

Hi Kyle! Love the show! Can you explain how weeping angels from Doctor Who would work in real life? How something can know you look at it? Thx

[@paramountx]

5:44 lol when there is nothing to say lmao

[@Arejen03]

The sun is hot, you know what else is hot? me

[@unknownyoutuber2007]

Preemptive correction: The color of The Flash is dependent on whether he is moving toward or moving away from you. He would redshift or blueshift, depending on your frame of reference with regards to his movement. If, however, you too were a super speedster and matched his speed exactly and traveled in a parallel line with him in the same direction, he would apparently the same pallet of different colors as though you two were standing still. This is because there is no elongation or compression of the light waves coming off of him, since you two are effectively within the same frame of reference. HOWEVER it is possible that the two of you could appear INVISIBLE to one another because if you are traveling faster than light, you are moving perpendicular to the light coming off the body faster than the light can reach your eyes. Therefore, you'd never see each other. The same thing happens when two fighter pilots go supersonic and match travel speeds; They can't each each other because they are traveling faster than the soundwaves being emitted by each of them. ;)

[@unknownyoutuber2007]

*"he would apparently"* *"he would appear"* Got danged autocorrect. How can something so advanced be so stupid!! Gaah

[@unknownyoutuber2007]

*"They can't each each other"* *"They can't hear each other*" Phone, stop. Just stop. Pls. Sthap.

[@Tardigraado]

Kyle: "It'd be easier to get half-life 3, than it would be to get something to go faster than the speed of light" - WE HAVE HOPE!!! Kyle: "Both of those things are never gonna happen" - God dammit...

[@skylx0812]

Since it was a franchise HL3 simply would have ended on yet another cliff hanger to string everyone along. The kids that took over Valve were agists that pushed the old HL writer who was the soul of HL out. Its better that we never got anything at all it would have been a bastardized pandering version of the original. The VR prequel says as much. Art shouldn't be a never ending fever dream. Thats what they would have done to it. Let things die a dignified death and move on.

[@sdfkjgh]

skylx08: "Art shouldn't be a never ending fever dream." *Tom Waits would like to have a word with you...*

[@deinonychus1948]

fun fact; the Clash is actually one of Spidermans old villains before he realised how to be a proper hero!

[@sparkyplayz9510]

Crazy to think this was the last Footnotes episodes...

[@RexYoung206]

Reminds of the serendipitous coincidence that, from a POV at the Earth's surface, the Sun and Moon appear to be approximately the same size. :)

[@supernerd1999]

My brain is trembling

[@IAMDARTHVADERBITCH]

If you're doing a thing on the flash next, I'd like to point out that there was one comic. He had a whole session with a therapist and simultaneously saved the city from a nuke (I think). Even if he can't travel faster than c though would the human brain be able to pick up "the slight flicker" of him blinking out and back in. I know you know what blinking is, you play magic.

[@IAMDARTHVADERBITCH]

Unless he was fast enough to time his, extra curricular activity, for exactly when his therapist blinked. In which case here we go with blinking again.

[@mister_muffin3625]

"Its called a Gedanken" Didnt know Kyle speaks german. Oh never mind, just watched the following ten seconds.

[@thepferdefreundpointexe4063]

... he really has to work on his pronunciation. And on this point I'll recommend dict.cc as a word-transltor! Ps: Kyle , if you want I can try to teach you german , it's my mother tongue!

[@Kanieos]

@@thepferdefreundpointexe4063 for a foreigner his pronunciation is actually pretty good, at least in my opinion. He even managed the "ö" in "Dankeschön"

[@christophertaylor6284]

Hey Kyle love the show 🤪. Is there any current material we could get our hands on that we could send to the surface of the sun to mine for any thing that we could use back on earth? Like the helium in futurama?

[@Lordbeanis]

My favorite equation we dubbed the "pervert" equation in Chemistry was PV=nRT. Its the ideal gas law, because science.