There's No Single Cradle of Humankind

[@kenrickman6697]

“It’s complicated.” Describes family dynamics at every level, apparently.

[@applegal3058]

Indeed lol

[@mintybadger6905]

Some traditions never die.

[@petterbirgersson4489]

Facebook relationship status.

[@texasbeast239]

Paleontological Family Court, With Judge Judy in the Sky Sheindlin

[@SantiagoItzcoatl]

embrace complexity or else

[@AngryKittens]

"ew just dinosaurs" - snooty anthropologists

[@KhailSOLO]

😂😂😂

[@ydid687]

Brother ughh What the hell brother

[@netsherrera7193]

"We just missed by a chunk of existance of life years" 🥲

[@ryanreedgibson]

Awesome avatar! Slava Ukraini! From Arizona, USA!

[@eVill420]

@@ryanreedgibson thanks for the support for Europe

[@aplaceinthestars3207]

This is the sort of content that is great for the layperson who's been out of formal school for enough years and misses out on the current scientific consensus, especially when the last 5-10 years has had significant breakthroughs with DNA technology.

[@RavensEagle]

What is the current scientific consensus then smart guy?

[@LucidGoosey]

​@@RavensEaglelmao what? Go read something.

[@adronator]

@@RavensEagle Current consensus is that we weren’t fashioned by a Sky Wizard out of mud and a rib.

[@animatorofanimation128]

@@adronatorI love how atheism is just a personality type for some people. I mean without even being prompted they HAVE to insult religious people, like they are meeting their Reddit quota for the day

[@douglemay7989]

@@animatorofanimation128 The culture war is raging.

[@lavioliberty8066]

In 2022, Japan's national museum of science in Ueno held a special exhibition on this exact topic which was amazing. From the failure in finding the origin of homosapien to their excellently successful collection of dinosaur fossils.

[@PresidentEvil2]

The Pacific was crossed 13,000 years ago by boat. Asians landed in south america

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

I guess one anthropologist's trash is another dinosaurologist's treasure.

[@daltongalloway]

“Great now we have to make a theme park”

[@yourhuckleberry6757]

Japan allied with Germany for multiple reasons. Look up endogenous Japanese.. Im sure they found what they were looking for.

[@dumupad3-da241]

Science hasn't 'failed' to find the origin of Homo Sapiens, at most one can say that it has found a whole continent to be the place of origin. But that is probably true of most species that inhabit continents and not isolated regions.

[@iron3491]

There is something humbling about watching these videos. It really puts into perspective how all of our ancestors have not been struggling for better lives for decades or centuries but rather millions of years.

[@_asantesana_squashbanana_]

When you realise that we are here because each of our ancestors from the beginning off humanity survived so that we could live today. Lol

[@SgtKaneGunlock]

kind of makes me a little hopeful like all these dummies managed to survive the freaking stone age that is no easy feat

[@dorongrossman-naples9207]

I love that you guys include the historical background for these discoveries. It really helps contextualize them.

[@judgeberry6071]

As opposed to what?

[@AnaphylaxisByPeanutBrittle]

​@@judgeberry6071as opposed to just saying "this team of people found this stuff". As opposed to not including historical background that does not provide any context or extra information.

[@DarthChewie]

Where did we come from? Where did we go? Where did we come from? Cotton Eye Joe.

[@futuristica1710]

😂

[@dylansimpson7831]

🫰🫰🫰

[@vigilantcosmicpenguin8721]

If I ever discover a fossil of an ancient hominid, I'll name it Cotton Eye Joe.

[@fexcab]

🫡 great job

[@Polloles]

😂😂😂

[@chromothor6266]

The bottleneck that happens when a subset of a population migrates to a new habitat is more specifically called "founder effect" while what you might call a "classical bottleneck" happens due to population shrinkage like in cheetahs

[@helenamcginty4920]

I read a few years ago that our species did in fact hit a bottleneck about 70,000 yrs ago. We were down to about 1000 or so 'breeding pairs' according to one suggestion.

[@LuisAldamiz]

Founder effect is correct but bottleneck is also valid, as it's an analogy and not a precise technical term, also there's no substantive difference between the two phenomenons you exemplify: they both produce essentially the same results (some original genetics are removed from the result on "random" basis).

[@zo5679]

​@@helenamcginty4920is it because the Toba eruptions?

[@joycebrewer4150]

​@helenamcginty4920 Less than a dozen pairs of humans at one point.

[@aste4949]

​​@@joycebrewer4150Worst one was estimated down to 1,280 breeding individuals, still more than a dozen individuals thankfully. I'm definitely curious on which if any of the proposed bottleneck incidents get borne out by further research. Genetics is such a powerful tool!

[@j3i2i2yl7]

It is easy to fall into the belief that humans evolved in places that were favorable to perserving bones and relics. They could have spent millenia along the coastlines before sea levels rose.

[@golden_smaug]

Lucy's distant cousins were estranged and didn't want to be found

[@bruhistantv9806]

Kind of. It's more like a geological conspiracy. Ever wondered why we have ancient remains of humans from basically everywhere but Africa? You have a few lucky, usually very old samples south of the Sahara, but everything in between is very, very scarce? As a matter of fact, findings in tropical locations are very rare... Sure, the fact that there are only two labs capable of properly analyzing remains in Africa (one in Egypt, one in SA) is part of it, but another comes down to the soil and climate itself. See, African soil is uniquely "hostile" to any remains. Stuff gets literally dissolved. A guy gets buried 200k years ago and if you dig there now, you might get a tiny bone fragment if you're lucky. Pottery, tools, other such traces aren't excepted either. Literally clean slate. So that means that the vast majority of hominin specimens in Africa are permanently lost. The only way to determine their existence is by trying to backtrace from current population via DNA - for example, there was an entire, giant population of humans Africa that have just disappeared. No bodies, no objects, nothing. As if someone pressed a button and just deleted them and any trace of their existence. They were only discovered because statistical analysis of the DNA of the current locals started to show a pattern that seemingly didn't make any sense - genetic ancestry of a nonexistent people. Something like this happened with Europeans and native Americans - a "genetic echo" was found, and from it, the existence of a mystery group of people was inferred - and lo and behold, it wasn't a mistake, because they eventually found remains that fit this mystery population

[@bruhistantv9806]

Migrations only make this wonkier - the first non-Neanderthal Europeans are basically completely gone. The current thing we have is a mixture of extremely disparate middle eastern and east asian mixture Then you have the conundrum of why Neanderthals are seemingly more "modern" than Denisovans - despite the fact that they were a part of a genetic continuum and shared a common origin. The solution? 700k years ago some random dudes left Africa and interbred with Neanderthals, making them more distant from the more remote Denisovans. And this happened a lot

[@Byronic19134]

@@koreybEnlil knows.

[@BlueTyphoon7]

I know I shouldn't giggle about it, but forgive me. The artists who make the CG renders of ancient hominids always go out of their way to censor their groins each and every time. it's just really funny to me to imagine them walking around and hunting always making sure to cover themselves from the perspective of any would-be viewers.

[@nicholsonastrid]

I'm glad somebody else noticed

[@chrystals.4376]

You never know if somebody is watching it on a bus.

[@Renoroc]

Perhaps clothing evolved to protect those areas from sharp teeth, hooves and horns?

[@DrakeN-ow1im]

Much of the blame for that can be accredited to the Abrahamic religions et al.

[@ikebeckman1074]

That gazelle’s ear was doing some heavy lifting for sure

[@Gildedmuse]

6:20 Love this shot showing just how big Africa is. Maps dont always capture just how big many places are.

[@ttt5020]

I wouldn't say so, it's just not far enough away from Earth? Africa doesn't take up half the globe. It's the same way that looking down from a building shows 'how big' the city is, since it appears to be half of the earth assuming the rest is on the other half. Same illusion as the timestamp

[@brucewayne000]

Great content!!!

[@aidanb.c.2325]

I wrote my Master's thesis on the initial human settlement of Australia and its implications for the Multiregional and Out-of-Africa models. This video feels very familiar. That could also be because I taught Intro to Human Evolution at a community college for 15 years lol.

[@Isdendounabdoun]

A lot of speculation but no evidence. A theory built on speculation.

[@andrabook8758]

I still think that all the hypotheses are incomplete. It still leave a LOT open to interpretations. To me the 1 source for all evolution has never made sense. It does not hold water for any of the other species.

[@MungoManic]

Is it published somewhere? I'd love to read it!

[@nelson_rebel3907]

@@Isdendounabdoun Literally everything this topic is about is speculation from what few remnants remain that we have discovered from events millions of years ago. What makes it worse is that the continents werent even in the same shape as they are now and evidence for the "true" origins is something we'll never find because of everything that happenss over time We're basing theories and speculation off of what we just happen to find that survived millions of years. Its so abitrary that its laughable

[@ChromaKeyMystress]

@@DesmondKaraniEvery single time hominid like skeletons/fossils are found no where near Africa that are 100's of thousands of years old is proof the out of Africa theory is wrong.

[@duncanangelotizon9188]

For a long time the consensus was that humans anatomically similar to us first emerged 200,000 years ago, it’s amazing how this video already has updated information stating that it was as farther back as 300,000 years ago. I also read that from a book called “The science of being human.” It’s fascinating how science is a continual quest for knowledge.

[@4124V4TA-SNPCA-x]

When she called the dinosaur find "failure", I have heard it in Steven He's voice, loud and reverberating. 😂 I don't know if my brains instant association is cool or disturbing.

[@danielpicassomunoz2752]

Faaaaaaliiiure

[@joebwannabe]

What da hail did you say

[@jaidadeclouette1989]

I love that guy!

[@petsgamesandrobots438]

Emotional daaamaage!

[@alfaseng]

"Faaaaiiiiiluuureeee. Already dead due to asteroid haiyaa, my ancestors the rats can survive a measly rock from space, let alone your cousin Timmy can survive Earth tossed out of orbit." ~ Steven He, probably

[@chemquests]

This year is the 50th anniversary of discovering Lucy!

[@ambulocetusnatans]

Taung Child looks like my little brother if he had facial hair at 8.

[@lightbeingform]

'braided stream' is a very nice turn of phrase, i heartily approve

[@IsaacHarvison-mt5xt]

They found bones of other primates challenging out of Africa theory there could have been sister cousins in Asia and Europe most animals don't fossilize 😂😂 the African theory is flawed

[@nemosomen]

Where did we come from? Where did we go? Where did we come from, human anthro?

[@beasttammer9265]

Cotton eye Joe, do you know?

[@apestrong]

The bottleneck of genes leaving Africa is really fascinating! Gives a whole new perspective on the diversity of life

[@nakenmil]

It's also a clear indicator why it's completely nonsensical to talk about "human races" sorted by continental origin (ie. Europeans, Asians, Africans, etc.), because the genetic diversity WITHIN Africa is far greater than the entire rest of the world. If I remember correctly, mitochondrial lineages have been traced back to a single split: there's the Khoi-San peoples of the Kalahari, and then there's... EVERYONE ELSE. So basically, a Zulu and an Inuit and a Frenchman and a Korean are all more closely related genetically than any of these are to the indigenous people of the Kalahari. Pretty wild.

[@notaspeck6104]

@nakenmil Literally. Like race and culture are two distinct things. The layman’s perception of race is dated and primitive.

[@patreekotime4578]

​@@notaspeck6104It's almost like race is just a social construct.

[@Gildedmuse]

​@@patreekotime4578Can we get maybe get some new plans to change up this construct? Just a little. You know take out some racism here, add some understanding of human evolution there....

[@blazer9547]

All non Africans are genetically similar

[@larrytuft9782]

Thanks!

[@davideleazar5721]

"Ningún humano es una isla" Tremendo

[@patrickf.4440]

A more accurate Spanish translation of John Donne's poem would be, "Ningún hombre es una isla." But I am sure Donne meant no hominid is an island .

[@bradw.1945]

I'd be thrilled to find dinosaur bones. Maybe I should start digging up my back yard.

[@xINVISIGOTHx]

I wish I lived somewhere where dinosaurs lived. I'd be digging all the time

[@bradw.1945]

No dinosaurs where I live either. The land was totally scoured by glacier activity. Everything left is either younger than a million years or from the Pleistocene.

[@smalltime0]

@@bradw.1945 That's the main issue, also it'd have to be the right conditions to preserve a fossil in the first place.

[@istvansipos9940]

KFC chicken wings. With bonus dinosaur bones

[@DarthChewie]

@@bradw.1945 Unless I'm missing something, that seems like a pretty roundabout way of saying 'everything left is younger than 2.6 millions years'... Also, have you tried digging deeper? But learn from my mistakes: When you hit mantle, you've gone too far. It melted my shovel.

[@Idellphany]

Gosh I feel incredibly validated, as I disagreed about all this with my archaeology professor back in 2002 haha. The idea of only 1 wave once was always dumb to me.

[@orbitalvagabond7371]

Well, it was only the one wave that survived extinction, unless you mean the minority genetic share of the other two species.

[@Idellphany]

@@orbitalvagabond7371 "In May 2023, scientists reported, based on genetic studies, a more complicated pathway of human evolution than previously understood. According to the studies, humans evolved from different places and times in Africa, instead of from a single location and period of time." wikipedia Also why would you ever think genetics is static? (as in it hasn't changed in 300k years) The fact that we see any other hominid dna still after how many bottle necks and 300,000 years of dna recombination is very notable.

[@Idellphany]

@@orbitalvagabond7371 We are only now starting to sequence really old DNA and we will get a much better picture once this process is further explored.

[@LuisAldamiz]

@@Idellphany - Whatever: that's just empty chatter. A typical European "multiregional" genetics is 2.4% (all of it Neanderthal and not even from European Neanderthals but Asian ones rather) and, with lesser variations, it's the same for all the rest of humans. In short: we are still more than 95% uniregional, from the Nile region to be specific.

[@kennethmays8059]

Evidence is always coming in and thought processes shift. You should never do a victory dance in science. All we can say for sure is we are not entirely sure how it happened. They (archaeologists) will change their mind many times before we get to the bottom of it.

[@Shantosh9550]

Pls do an episode on India when it was an island during the mesozoic after breaking off from Gondwana.

[@tim.a.k.mertens]

Omg yes I'm so curious about this

[@1331423]

The Common Descent podcast has a great episode about this! Give them a try

[@KellyClowers]

@@1331423 second that! They do great deep dives on all kinds of paleo/evolution/zoology things (and botany with Dr. Aly Baumgartner)

[@ibrav7979]

​@@1331423episode number?

[@moonralism]

they actually ended up making that video!!

[@chemquests]

Early misdirection on where to look also came from religious ideas like the Garden of Eden (& literalists actually expecting to find it).

[@golwenlothlindel]

Yep, that definitely played into the whole "Lemuria" thing. People really wanted to find a Garden of Eden type origin, in order to reconcile their religious beliefs with science.

[@simontmn]

There does seem to be evidence now that agriculture and towns both started in eastern Turkey in the traditional "garden of Eden" area. I guess that's when we ate the apple. :)

[@golwenlothlindel]

@@simontmn that's only *one* of the places those things were invented. What the actual evidence shows is that there were multiple origin points for human civilizations. The only scrap of truth in the "Garden of Eden" idea is that these places were all around big rivers where many types of resources were available all year round. The vastly different ways that people organized their civilizations however, reflect the different staple crops and other conditions (such as the flooding patterns of the rivers) around them. People had already spread to every continent well before anything resembling a civilization existed anywhere, so all the major civilization centers grew up independently. That is, although the conditions in the Fertile Crescent accelerated the growth of city-states, the idea of a city-state very much did NOT radiate out from there. It was invented multiple times independently.

[@simontmn]

@@golwenlothlindel "that's only one of the places those things were invented" - True, but does seem to be the oldest though! Certainly the oldest known.

[@chemquests]

@@simontmn “garden of Eden area”??? Why would anyone have an expectation of where that would be? Anywhere you find earliest settlements you could claim post hoc to be such an area. I used the term misdirection intentionally as the entire story is a red herring.

[@viyorel]

i LOVE learning about ancient humans

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

7:54 one great argument against stereotypes. A group people can't really "all be a certain way" when genetics show just how different people actually are. :)

[@katelynnehansen8115]

We’re just as different as we are the same. It’s startling to think what a small portion of our DNA responsible for our mosaic of unique traits.

[@Bubble-Foam]

@@katelynnehansen8115 It’s “small” in comparison to the sheer quantity of dna that does either really basic functions, or nothing at all.

[@xirsixussien7303]

People who belong to a certain culture behave in a similar way.

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

@@xirsixussien7303 oh? For example, how does your culture collectively behave?

[@ancientalemanni]

@@TragoudistrosMPHif you can’t accept the statement people who belong to a certain culture behave a certain way, then the word culture has no meaning. It’s literally the definition of culture for Christ’s sake

[@baraskparas9559]

Great presentation as usual. Eloquent and informative.

[@lhurst9550]

It was not linear, nor a tree, but more of a bush. Many, many starts and stops and mixing.

[@brothermine2292]

Isn't the topology of a bush the same as the topology of a tree? A better analogy might be a web, which has interconnections between strands.

[@ecurewitz]

Or a braided stream as mentioned

[@Bubble-Foam]

@@brothermine2292 Yeah, only difference between a bush and a tree is height.

[@Naguib55]

@@brothermine2292 In a tree each node has one path back to the root. in a "bush" which is not a scientific term. Nodes can have multiple paths from the root to them or there can be no root at all.

[@brothermine2292]

>AhmedNaguib1 : The definition of "bush" is "a large plant that is smaller than a tree and has many branches." That has the same topology as a tree. What definition are you using instead? You might want to consider trimming your bush.

[@experience741]

"sir we found dinosaur fossil" "You're failure"

[@restezlameme]

Steven He has entered the chat

[@Wanhope2]

🎉🎉Always celebrate a new Eons video!

[@emiliiiaaaaaa]

i love this channel hopefully when i’m a paleontologist i can be a host

[@Adi-8529]

That’s such a super ambition!!!

[@zantetsu8674]

@@Adi-8529 The paleontologist part or the KZbin host part? I know which one *I* think is a worthwhile ambition ...

[@slwrabbits]

We need both types of people - those who go and do the field work and the research, and those who then take that research and bring it to lay people. Go for it!

[@RythmicRaindrops]

I love these Super difficult to answer questions. It's really fun to try to comprehend those tens of thousands of years have gone into the evolution of our species, And all of the species before them

[@Beryllahawk]

I much prefer the interwoven braid type idea for our lineage; it seems a LOT more logical given what we know about evolution in general terms. Too, I reallllly think the initial ideas that there could be only one "correct human lineage" was rooted in some fairly unpleasant assumptions. Things the scientists at the time might not even have been aware of (or seen as a problem) but that definitely shaped HOW they looked for evidence and what they were willing to accept AS evidence. Which you did mention but I felt like pointing out that the systems of colonialism really did (and do) extend right through every single thing Western science has done. Glad to see us slowly but steadily shedding those old bad habits.

[@chriswatson7965]

I don't understand your post. First you say that you prefer the braided model, then you say that there isn't a correct model and imply that believing that there can be a correct model is bad science. Please explain.

[@tsopmocful1958]

This video and your comment try to emphasise colonialism whenever mentioning Western history as though it defines all of Western history - including our scientific history. Please keep in mind that things like studying and discovering the origin of human species wouldn't have even gone beyond the level of local myths in the first place if it wasn't for the Scientific Revolution initiated by the West and still largely carried by the West.

[@StonedtotheBones13]

There was also a lot of phrenology- reading the bumps of the skull to determine intelligence of ppl. Also influenced by our friend racism and subsequently debunked

[@Herosennin]

⁠​⁠​⁠@@tsopmocful1958I feel like only you assumed that because you mightve felt uncomfortable by it. Yes when it comes to subjects like this, racist undertones or full blown racism was quite a standard in the West from the 18th century on. They even purposefully did it to create a superiority idea backed by 'factual evidence' to the degree too many Western people believe these theories to be true to this very day. Doesnt mean the West hasnt contributed greatly. They just also destroyed reason just as much whenever it benefitted them.

[@davidschaftenaar6530]

​​@@Herosennin What motivated the person's reply is irrelevant, how many people share their views is irrelevant. They either have a point or they don't. And in this case, I think this person _does_ have a point. You're asserting that Western colonialism and the hair brained attempts at justifying it were and (to a significant extent) still are the dominant influence when it comes to paleoanthropology and many other fields. Even prioritizing that influence above that of reason. That simply isn't true. If that were the case, we would never have ended up with a scientific consensus that so thoroughly invalidates both the concept of racial superiority/inferiority and the entire concept of race as a biologically meaningful way of categorizing human beings. The reason those ideas are no longer accepted as scientifically valid (which, very true, they once were) is because, when scientists in the West were presented with the choice between following the evidence, or clinging to views that conveniently validated their worldview and their own position in the existing social hierarchy: They largely chose to follow the evidence.

[@malkong2784]

i’ve watched every video yall have, i’ve been watching since day one. I love you guys, thank you all for always giving me something educational to look forward too, it’s made my life a lot easier than yall could ever know

[@Spearca]

I thought this was building to the "Out of Africa Again and Again" model which largely synthesizes the two described.

[@ruyfernandez]

Thanks for this video! I am a student and I am writing a paper and about to start a PhD about this subject.

[@Taiiena]

Delightfully informative video👍🏾

[@nsl-u-boot8464]

Thank you so much for making such enlightening content!

[@SinKimishima]

My fridge is the crade of new fungi-kind

[@noneyabizz8337]

Lol, you edited and the comment is still bad

[@philipblount2561]

Bet. We're sending a team to your location.

[@CdFMasterVideo]

Wait till in interbreeds with mine

[@rabidpichu7391]

Odd flex, but okay

[@rabidpichu7391]

Lmao jk can totally relate

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

3:26 I love that you put the science in the context of history! ❤ -happy patron!

[@Serenity_Dee]

2:13 When I was a teenager (30+ years ago) the estimate for divergence from chimpanzees and bonobos was 2 or 3 mya, according to what I remember reading at the time. Of course, at the time, we also thought New World monkeys were more closely related to Old World monkeys than either group is to apes, and that the ape lineage split off before that split, so monkeys and apes were two different clades. Now I know that genomics and cellular studies have conclusively demonstrated that New World monkeys split off from the Old World monkey lineage much earlier than we did, and apes are also in the monkey clade.

[@LuisAldamiz]

Should be at least 8 million years, notably because Sahelanthropus is already very clearly in our line and not theirs (upright walking, some brain features like us even if it was still a small brain). Various more serious estimates are between 8 Ma to maybe as much as 17 Ma (I lean for 10-12 Ma). A key calibration point is the split between chimps and bonobos, which must coincide with the formation of the Congo River basin, which is not precisely dated but probably c. 1.7 Ma ago.

[@AvadGroup]

Mood changed… great day…. New video from eons 🎉🎉

[@TheEbrithil2]

The way you illustrated the multi regional model implies the existance of some kind of prehistoric silk road that connected humans on several continents

[@GLBinNP]

Excellent video, thanks !!

[@rahbee6266]

"I stand on the shoulders of giants"- I think to myself as a shovel ice cream into my mouth while watching this

[@netsherrera7193]

Thank you VERY MUCH for this explanation! 🙏

[@PulseHistory]

ach release is like a gift! Thank you for your labor.

[@GayanSanjeewaKarunarathne]

1:14 Picture of Colombo, Sri Lanka with the famous Lotus Tower in the background: it's not where humans evolved from rather where this human is from 🇱🇰

[@allangibson8494]

Actually there is evidence that the Denisovans evolved in the area…

[@Empyrean55]

Still super cool that I can go visit the cradle of human kind in South Africa, its really the most stunning of places to visit!

[@kenwalker687]

What is it called and where? Is it in the Pre- Ancient World era"? Like Pre- 100 K CE ?

[@JoseReyes-yn3xj]

Great video! Thank you for informing me on our (human's) history.

[@annastebelskyj580]

It just blows my mind that in the time I've been interested in ancient history (about 36 years), the multiregional hypothesis has been the primary model, discarded, then reinvigorated, all thanks to new data.

[@LuisAldamiz]

It's still little more than empty chatter. More than 95% of our ancestry is from the Nile region some 200,000 years ago (or more recent most of it anyhow). Neanderthals, Denisovans and such are a mere footnote, not 100% irrelevant but like 98% irrelevant anyhow. Most notable Neanderthal legacy is probably straight hair, which is quite trivial.

[@JamesLeatherman]

I miss Steve.

[@michaelpdawson]

I think that every time they read the names!

[@erdood3235]

What happened to him?

[@michaelmayhem350]

Me too but my aim is improving

[@samh9436]

Same.

[@BonaparteBardithion]

​@@erdood3235 We don't really have a way of knowing. I would guess a change in financial situation.

[@SacrosanctStories]

Thank you for recognizing indigenous people at the ends of your episodes. I have been watching the show for years, and appreciate this sooo much. Also, I miss the jokes....

[@chiccngeorge3058]

This entire video was about indigenous peoples lmao I don’t see how you people can think there’s a difference from native Africans and any other native group on earth.

[@zachhoff9876]

Great video! Learned a lot. Thanks

[@threejaguar]

We do have a single point of original origin, but finding it will be difficult. At some point, our last common ancestor with the Chimp/ape line merged the 2nd and 3rd gene into one gene to form our line of descent.

[@franceshorton918]

Seems to me that when the earliest hominid groups got together and mated, the most important thing is not the mating. It is the female's ability to: conceive the baby, carry the baby to term, and safely deliver it. Remember, it is a massive new challenge for the female pelvis to be upright and walking while a pregnancy advances. Did babies die often? Im sure they did. Did mothers die often? I'm sure they did. It still isn't easy for humans to carry and safely deliver babies. We are heirs to the lucky and the strong mothers from the dawn of our time ... and those babies had to stay safe, strong, and be fertile when they reached sexual maturity. Must've been hard times for them all

[@aashutoshmule]

'No human is an island' I like that statement

[@ktspirit1]

No Man is an Island. A poem by John Donne.

[@aashutoshmule]

@@ktspirit1 Oh...I did not know that...thanks for sharing. Will read the poem.

[@atomictraveller]

i was gonna debate but ur right, once ur an island, they call you a demon or some other shi not man then they HSS you from the FUSION center

[@TristanKing-dq5cd]

Hella early and very excited for this episode. Thank you for helping advance the march of Knowledge!

[@mynameishuman4582]

The climates and ecosystems that we know today in Africa (most of the world as well) were much different thousands and millions of years ago. It seems that a lot of researchers have been overlooking that fact.

[@kenwalker687]

Do you know what the climates were like? Can you educate us?

[@abhayanand9585]

I love the work you too... I think no one in KZbin makes content related to evolution, And Being Bio student I love learning about evolution! ❤❤❤

[@Alice_Walker]

I absolutely LOVE these early human videos! So cool!! 💜

[@vincentdavis1926]

7:53 is when she gets to the point

[@notimetolive12]

Was Lemuria full of Golem people and loved music and symphonies?? (I am kidding,, It's a game reference)..

[@texasbeast239]

Poor Sméagol, we barely knew ye.

[@notimetolive12]

@@texasbeast239 I was talking about Genshin, not Lotr.. It's Golem, not gollum.. But anyway, happy day 😊

[@misterbadguy7325]

Lemuria got picked up in occultism, hence it tends to show up in that kind of literature.

[@MegaJessness]

Naw, Lemuria was totally full of ancient humans who had alchemy figured out and were mostly water Adepts :D

[@marksmanentertainment]

I love this channel

[@zahramahmoodkhani4743]

I'm confused . 8:45 shows two cursors out of africa , but you are saying there was only one migration that left descendants behind 🤔

[@RandOm-hr5jn]

Those are directions to take, but European direction was already quite inhabited by neanderthals who overtook from humans in earlier expansion attempts - as some evidence from caves indicates. It is very messy and those arrows are just our ideas how it may have been, there is also an alternative one arrow dispersal model. Most likely we could freely move only after people species who were in our way were suffering somehow, from plagues or climate problems, leaving empty space for us to take.

[@jasonhaven7170]

Yes, because they were the ones who survived outside Africa

[@kimyoonmisurnamefirst7061]

The origin of Fire and Art might be further back in history than we thought and neither are homo sapiens in origin. Fire--some mild evidence points to Homo erectus and art might date before us contemporary humans (And no, it's not Neanderthal--there is evidence it goes back even further according to one doc I saw). ^^ Sticking in my anthro degree stick for maybe future episodes.

[@kimyoonmisurnamefirst7061]

@@Toxicpoolofreekingmascul-lj4yd They found some mild evidence for fire pits for Homo Erectus which shows ability to control fire, though this is kinda disputed, we are 100% sure it's Homo Heidelbergensis had it. The lava idea I haven't heard widespread that much, but early settlements did set up near large deposits. But looked it up... sounds like you're referring to "Speculations about the Effects of Fire and Lava Flows on Human Evolution" by Michael Medler? I should note his main field of study is Geography (Which also deals with humanity as well), but there isn't much follow up to back him quite yet and most of his ideas are speculation if you read his paper carefully. But finding hard evidence would be difficult. Homo Naledi according to the Netflix documentary about them had art. Which just blows your mind. But Neanderthal (whose classification is under dispute) also had art. So this might argue that we're missing art of our early human ancestors? Given how Naledi art is much like later art in caves, it leaves a lot of questions.

[@franceshorton918]

Just following along your thoughts about early hominids being familiar with fire, long enough to learn about it.... WHT didn't other animals learn to be 'not afraid' of fire? Lions, wolves, bears, and gorillas,, etc, they are all very intelligent mammals. I know we had opposable thumbs, but t would they have been ready for the fine muscle control and the care needed to avoid burns? Most non domesticated animals avoid fire

[@kimyoonmisurnamefirst7061]

@@franceshorton918 Other animals, especially on the open savannah, likely were used to being surrounded by fire, but with the inability to *control* it. For humans (in the deleted reply for whatever reason even though the deleted reply had nothing threatening or mean in it but was pure academia and was merely citing sources without any links) the evolution of the hominin brain might have depended very much on cooked meat from several supporting articles. In another words, there is a link between bigger brains and meat, though there is also the sea hypothesis out there too. The ability to control fire would help kill all sorts of things in the food: parasites, harmful bacteria, and also give defense. So yes, those thumbs probably played a role over time with the control of fire.

[@kimyoonmisurnamefirst7061]

@@Toxicpoolofreekingmascul-lj4yd I gave a reply and a pretty decent one with papers linked, but the reply got deleted. ^^ Uhhh... maybe they wanted to use the info I put into it. But yeah, the paper you're referring to is from a geographer rather than an anthropologist. Not naming the paper again, 'cause last time it got deleted. (There was nothing mean in the reply either. All I did was give you citations without links... so ummm. dun know.)

[@franceshorton918]

@@Toxicpoolofreekingmascul-lj4yd Thanks Toxic, I really liked your initial visualisation of "running away from a predator; desperately run towards a burning fire; and the predator stops, goes away". This is a brilliant scenario, and likely to be true. All mammals are learning creatures, but it seems the early hominids were better learners than the big, clever, and well-equipped predators. Maybe precisely because we didn't have big teeth, claws, huge powerful bodies, to rely on, we HAD to learn and think carefully even to survive and raise our young. I don't know what country you are in, but hope all is well for you. Greetings from Auckland, New Zealand. It's Autumn here, a beautiful time of year.

[@TheStrengthofBeer]

This new hypothesis is so different (but fascinating) from what I've learned for the last 40 years. I like it! Our story keeps getting better.

[@Peecamarke]

Great vid! So informative I was always confused by the different areas considered cradles of civilization va cradles of our species and etc

[@lesleyghostdragon3149]

LOL very creative way of saying it, in deed, especially with those finger/hand gestures, Kallie! 😂

[@lesleyghostdragon3149]

OMG just rewatched this and was going to leave virtually the same comment 🤯🤓😂 Thank you, Kallie!

[@LaineyBug2020]

I definitely think it's a mix of Out of Africa and Multi Regional. It also makes sense for a wider spread, simultaneous/convergent evolution instead of a smaller regional evolution.

[@NorthForkFisherman]

Concur. Our original base stock DID come from the Rift Valley. But populations splitting off and having further isolated evolution of their own probably interbred with the main genetic line transferring advantageous genes like bacteria and plasmids.

[@AlaskanMagicK9]

Love it! Reminded me of my anthropology class in high school

[@leeshmonsterzero]

@5:40 does anyone else hear a Red-winged blackbird?

[@stopdacap2991]

I definitely heard it.

[@GillianMStarlight]

It sounds like one, at least it's not the red-tailed hawk sound that almost always gets dubbed over bald eagles. It helps that I saw and heard maybe dozens of them last Sunday.

[@bimfred]

Essential viewing for all children everywhere.

[@Myself-yf5do]

So Africa was so harsh that our prehistoric ancestors evolved better brains to figure out how to cope with the challenges?

[@LovelyRobotFigurine-lr5pu]

😂😅😂

[@Geovanny88]

Even that branchy image at the end had a begining. Where was that?

[@mrrobototoo6663]

If all these different population were able to interbreed with each other, then they were all part of the same species, as per the conventional biological species concept. The account you've given simply pushes back the question to what was the most recent common ancestor that all these population shared. Even the diagram at 10:15 has a single original stem.

[@Lau3464l]

“Species” is a man-made construct. The lines between species can become incredibly blurry as we move further back in time.

[@agab3asbgedsbef479]

@@Toxicpoolofreekingmascul-lj4yd yet those species “tions and “ligers” cant reproduce because theyre infertile if humans could reproduce with other subspecies and they would be infertile then those mixed species genes would never reach us because we cant reproduce with infertile people you know? infertile people die without kids even if we all reproduced with another subspecies we would just all be infertile and die go extinct

[@Mantipodeez]

Hi, that human genetic diversity map showing greater genetic diversity on the African continent; no data for Australia and New Zealand? I’d be interested to read that study and find out why? (I’m from NZ btw) :)

[@vinemp]

Oh, there's PLENTY research and data! Some highlights: Our GREATEST genetic potential was/is among (Subsaharan) Africans simply because that's where we survived (post Toba) and proliferated again there BEFORE tiny groups of us began to traipse about the planet again. All our other populations are comparatively "diminished" genetically because only small pieces, not the gamut, of our genome ever left Africa to circulate around the globe. (Keep in mind that there were always migrations in the Cradle, though. We overtook that continent first, innit.) Sure, a small group of us made it to Australia ~60kya---after becoming FULLY integrated with our Denisovian cousins (e.g. Aborigines/Papuans). Comparatively... The Polynesian Expansion (from Austronesian populations) started only ~3k years ago, just before Europe's "Classical Antiquity" began. And the Mauri didn't make it to the Semicontinent until ~1300s, when Europe was still being Christianized...

[@Wkumar07]

Thank you for defending science. We need science more than ever before especially in a world ruled by conspiracy theories and fundamentalist ideologies.

[@rickcharlespersonal]

Underrated comment. 👍🏻

[@Wkumar07]

@@rickcharlespersonal thank you

[@shadow6543]

Get off your soap box

[@Wkumar07]

@@shadow6543 touchy

[@el.blanco552]

​@@shadow6543 Someone is a grumpy boy

[@darianagnew6524]

This is so dope! Thanks so much for this video!

[@SuperLoops]

now I need to know why that guy thought we came from an island that sank into the indian ocean it seems like such a wild idea to pull outve nowhere

[@smalltime0]

The idea predated the notion of plate tectonics and continental drift. Its seems easy to discredit with hindsight (we have tools like seismology and 'advanced' genetic testing), but basically everyone was looking to explain why its very obvious that we are one species - but why are there such radical racial differences. Its easy enough to explain Afro-Eurasia being fine, but you have people in the Americas, Oceania and the Pacific that wouldn't have been in contact with each other for millennia. Islands at the time were known to rise and fall on occasion and Lemuria sort of bridged India to Australia and Madagascar. The other cut off islands would have been the result of smaller bridges that had since disappeared. The basis of the wild speculation is that the Lemur are in Madagascar and India but not Africa, its not the only animal where that's true. And the theory isn't that wild when you consider during the ice age there were actually land bridges/shallower waters which did enable migration of humans (and for horses to get to asia before going extinct in the americas)

[@ldbarthel]

I wouldn't say out of nowhere. There is an antecedent in the account of Atlantis from Plato. Also, the idea of a global flood as described in Genesis still had adherents. (FWIW, it's far more likely that the various flood narratives are based on local catastrophic events, although there is also some cross-pollination between cultures in the structure and details of the stories.)

[@smalltime0]

@@ldbarthel Also the sea people in the Bronze Age collapse

[@LuisAldamiz]

Ever heard of "the lost continent of Lemuria"? Well, you didn't miss much, but that's what passed as respectable science a century ago or so...

[@smalltime0]

@@LuisAldamiz wow you got what the OP was talking about. Its easy to dismiss in the age of seismology and hydrology and the like, but trying to explain observable facts, using observable facts... Lemuria makes sense.

[@LordDragon314]

Could it be said that every person ever that was born outside of Africa is more closely related to each other than any one of us is to someone born in Africa today?

[@lukeurso6252]

At 8:00 you should a global map of human genetic diversity, however, the figure omits Australia. Given the extremely high genetic diversity of indigenous peoples in Australia, I’m curious if you can explain why it was omitted?

[@raymondjjohnsonjr363]

@ 10:15 where can i get this chart on a T-shirt.

[@mistergoats4380]

Yeah, life is often not that simple.

[@redwolfjoy]

I love this video! I very much enjoyed this one.

[@highfive7689]

Kallie Moore, thank you for a wonderfully presented program. I also know that some of your own researches may have been used in the programming. Lots of hard work from all of you. Absolutely well thought out explanation that takes into account all the contradictory theories, and yet unites them. We can call it - The Unifying theory of Homo Sapiens evolution. - lol. But, it is the only concept that takes into account genetic, geological, Time scales and physical fossil distributions.

[@that_one_momo_guy]

Easily one of the best popular science channels out there, thank you for amazing, detailed, nuanced and critical content! PS if you guys bring back the Eons t-shirts I'll buy one instantly lol

[@stevefisher2553]

So cool! Ty

[@70SavageCCC]

This video was so needed!

[@mjacobs8139]

Brb. Gotta watch the Kendrick video and come back 4:57

[@woodrow3147]

I feel smarter today, thanks EONS 🤓

[@DrVictorVasconcelos]

Map projections that aren't area-corrected, like Mercator's, would have made it look more unlikely that humans came from Africa, just due to how small it makes Africa seem. Africa is in fact 30.37 million km², compared to Europe's 10.53 million km².

[@vladciobanu7480]

Great insights, such complexity!

[@Wesleygamer1]

' Paleontologists discovered dinosaur fossil while looking for evidence of human evolution. This was a failure. ' Congratulations. You've failed successfully.

[@michaelinglis567]

*Video idea/Request* There's lots of "7 Wonders of the World" videos and lots of "7 Wonders of the Ancient World" on KZbin. But I'm pretty sure there is no "7 Wonders of the Prehistoric World". In other words geography we know existed that is now long gone but would have been a magnificent site to behold to the first true mammals and dinosaurs etc. Anyways id really enjoy a video like that, just an idea.

[@eschwarz1003]

so fascinating

[@punkdigerati]

At 6:27 the clouds in the middle have been duplicated. I'm not sure what the source is, but it's rather odd.