Subscribe to my second channel for life updates and more general language content - kzbin.info/door/sF5G1BbRMUPkIu_NluUQ-g ❤
@TheperfectfrenchwithDylane Жыл бұрын
I always tell French learners to learn French pronunciation rules first because written and spoken French are like 2 different languages. But like you say, once you know the rules, it's actually easy. It also provides a great foundation because you can understand spoken French faster after that :)
@french.pronunciation Жыл бұрын
Couldn't agree more!
@FM-dm8xj Жыл бұрын
where do you learn this tho?
@davineuskens21 Жыл бұрын
@@FM-dm8xj look up videos or articles on french phonetics and practice a bunch. Songs are great for developing a "natural" feel to your accent, dont forget to add your personality and feel the words
@linguisticgirlafra524211 ай бұрын
My favourite french teacher here ❤️
@g.t223110 ай бұрын
i am watching peppa pig with french translation is that good?
@Rinedida5 ай бұрын
For me the easiest way to learn a new foreign language is by watching cartoon, because cartoon is made for kids. That way our brain can develop a natural way to process the language.
@abhiux360Ай бұрын
Nice thought
@LabGecko Жыл бұрын
7:29 Absolutely. I wander around Paris speaking as much French as I can, and my French is _horrible_ ! But people understand that I am trying and try to help. People want you to succeed in learning their language ! Do they laugh? Maybe, but never in my presence in a mocking way. Everyone I've met has been very kind. Even those who don't have time to deal with my French are kind about saying so.
@french.pronunciation Жыл бұрын
I've had exactly the same experience (not while wandering around Paris though) - natives are kind toward people who learn their language
@sportydude93379 ай бұрын
Last tip I needed to hear! Merci becoup !
@shayne65711 ай бұрын
i cannot begin to explain to you how helpful both the structure and the content of this video is
@sohit535 Жыл бұрын
I am teaching French 🇫🇷 to my 10 year old daughter... Thanks for sharing and making such videos... People like me and my daughter in India 🇮🇳 are learning from people like you... 👍👍
@davineuskens21 Жыл бұрын
That's very cool. There's beauty in getting in contact with another culture
@klexiyy5 ай бұрын
How did it go?
@beautywithinsherry71412 ай бұрын
How is it going. I am teaching my 8 year old daughter.
@iwasbanned8875Ай бұрын
We're full. Don't even try, pajeet
@khushidubey3618 Жыл бұрын
after a long time !! thank god that you have again started making videos to be very honest i find your videos very unique and interesting so it's a request from my side that please continue to make videos like this it helps a lot for a people like us...i'm very happy that you are back
@french.pronunciation Жыл бұрын
so happy to read this!
@laurawilliams279010 ай бұрын
I love dual language books because I can see the French/English sentences side-by-side. This helps with learning vocabulary and also with learning sentence structure. I've learned more French with reading than by any other method because it's slow and I can see it multiple times. Listening to native French speakers is indispensable for pronunciation and learning the "melody" of French.
@vadirajap90839 ай бұрын
Any recommendations for such a book to get started?
@LabGecko Жыл бұрын
Word combinations - yes, I find myself doing this a lot. I think about where I'm going and what I'll need to say, think about what I believe the phrase should be, then look it up to see if I'm correct, close, or way off. Then I correct any mental errors and practice saying it out loud a couple of times before I get there. This sounds like a lot, but it actually takes about 30 seconds, including using DeepL or Google to translate. It is also rare that what I look up is all I need, but it is enough to start the conversation, and I can stumble through the rest or not, no big deal either way because everyone involved knows I'm learning.
@zosijana123 Жыл бұрын
So glad you are back on youtube! Please, could you make a video about different O sounds in french, the difference between the O in mot, and in molle for example.
@robertflint254911 ай бұрын
If I had known how long it would take to become fluent in French when I first started studying it in my 30s, I never would have started. But I'm glad I did. Great language. I'm now making the same journey with Spanish.
@icarusfalls689910 ай бұрын
How much it takes to be fluent?
@robertflint254910 ай бұрын
@@icarusfalls6899 It took me around 25 years. Maybe I'm extra slow.
@peonies212110 ай бұрын
I’m in my 30s too - thanks for this sober perspective! Glad you made it on the other side. Can’t imagine the day myself!
@robertflint254910 ай бұрын
@@peonies2121 You'll get there. All it takes is persistence.
@ZEN7-meditation-sonotherapie Жыл бұрын
Super video ! KISS FROM PARIS 🇫🇷 🇫🇷 🇫🇷 Plein de bonne énergies a tous !
@pascaledelos75379 ай бұрын
The best teacher I found online.. to support my own students!
@denisenorton1922 Жыл бұрын
I’ve been living and working in France for 7 yrs and my accent is British, even after bonjour French people will start speaking English. I want to have an accent, so your videos are perfect for me, keep them coming. Your suggestion to listen to a language first is absolutely essential, I always had the radio on, France bleu, a mixture on music and discussion.
@brucecrane9605 Жыл бұрын
Nice to see you again. Learning French is easier and more fun with you.
@stevedeanda8835 Жыл бұрын
Nastya, I’m grateful in general for your videos but there are three things that you do especially well that I find very helpful and for which you should know are greatly appreciated. First, thank you for using IPA symbols! They do help me distinguish one sound from another in a written format. Second, thank you for describing tongue, mouth, and jaw positions. That helps me get both their position right and to better transition for the following sounds. Third, your exaggerated lip movements (for muscle memory) and your highly contrasted lips color (lipstick or natural?) are actually enjoyable to watch and copy. Profile views are also very helpful. Sometimes your explanations are a little too quick for me and your inflection in English requires that I listen carefully but with repeated watching I get it. I have other resources for grammar and vocabulary but your excellent videos on pronunciation fill such a foundational aspect of learning French! Once again, much gratitude for your wonderful efforts in helping me and many others to get French pronunciation right!👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻
@french.pronunciation Жыл бұрын
Thank you for your kindness! I'm glad to be of help!
@stevedeanda883511 ай бұрын
After listening to this video a year after my original comments, I’m finding even more truth to what you’ve shared. Since I’ll never live in France, I’ll never completely learn the language- I won’t ever be “fluent” like a native but I could, nonetheless, become conversant (and maybe B2). Still mildly amusing for me to be learning French pronunciation in English from a young Russian woman- but that’s why conversant is such an amazing level. To your points then, you’re right, I don’t need to have an extensive vocabulary (10,000+ words), know all the verb conjugations for hundreds of verbs, or the exceptions to the exceptions of grammar rules-I don’t need to know everything-which is a relief! I just need to know that which is important and useful (and to know it well). And, that’s why reading, conversing, listening to actual people or music, and having a teacher who can help prioritize what’s being learned is so important. Otherwise, too much time could be spent on the trivial, the rare, and the useless. Reading, radio, and real conversations can show us what will get us the 80% results for 20% effort and not the other way around. Years later I’ll still be learning and reprioritizing but at a level above Beginner (but never above “Learner”) -and maybe one day I’ll learn those exceptions to the exceptions.😊 Thanks for validating some of what I’ve been very slowly learning on my own. Everyone’s path is different but it’s nice to have guides like you along way.
@samanthamiller5773 Жыл бұрын
0:14 I have been watching you for almost a year now! I greatly appreciate your honestly and vulnerability when learning. You are super encouraging to me. I’m glad you found your talent/gifting to share with others. I hope you continue to post because I will be following. I have had the opportunity to learn Spanish and German too. French keeps standing out to me as a language I want to keep learning and don’t become tired or bored of. I hope to be fluent, but I don’t have much support because most people around me don’t understand it’s importance. I hope to keep learning and not give up!
@Binkerer5 ай бұрын
As someone who has learned 98% of Japanese phonetics, what she said about phonetics is true. Once I learned most of the Japanese phonetics, the language learning process became extremely simple compared to trying to learn a new word and it's pronunciation.
@yokun57648 ай бұрын
This is super helpful! Im stuck at level B1 - B2 level and I agree, I need to definitely master the basic again !
@cheberur Жыл бұрын
I just found your videos today and i'm super excited cos of your unique and profound content. you are amazing and wonderful person to listen to. Please keep posting more. Love and blessings on you. `
@matthewupdegrove5013 Жыл бұрын
Woo, you're back! Tes vidéos sont super! Merci beaucoup!
@sergenzo737810 ай бұрын
I am looking for an English correspondent with whom to improve my English knowing that I speak French
@wanderlustfunk2 ай бұрын
loved the video, keep make more!
@charlottevairet345327 күн бұрын
Vous avez raison sur le fait d'écouter la radio, presque comme un fonds sonore : c'est ce que David Suchet a fait pour donner à son Maigret un accent plausible. Et il y a tout à fait réussi !
@lisaonthemargins Жыл бұрын
Thank you thank you thank you. Great advice. Now just to find resources for what you're talking about
@tinaranic691610 ай бұрын
Thank you Nasty, very valuable video!
@maggiemac76782 ай бұрын
That was very helpful! Thank you.
@whoisappie Жыл бұрын
I never know whether to pronounce -ais, -ai and -ait as an "ay" or "eh", do you have a video or this? Otherwise I beg you to make one! Your channel is GREAT, thank you!
@kendasall991011 ай бұрын
Please could you help me to improve my english and i will the same for you in french, i'm fluent !
@denisepepin46627 ай бұрын
The “ais” = deck met let Feel the \è\ Now pronounce Day May Lay = é= été, j’ai Voilà On just a few words 😊
@A13JMC Жыл бұрын
A great video that shows a real down to earth attitude and practical approach to learning a new language. Honesty, and a here's where I could have done better learning a new language, really connects with learners. Word combinations could be called word phrases, small at first, and maybe slowly, and folks should find situations to use them. But explain to people you r learning a new language, and tell them what u have said. This all points to an ability to use the new language in the target country. Beginner phrases, where are the toilets, or restrooms, where is the nearest atm, where is the nearest food store, etc.
@omalga Жыл бұрын
I have French at college now and I’m sooo stressed. Pronunciation is Soo hard for me. I feel like others are getting it faster. That’s why I’m here to learn it on my own 😅 wish me luck !
@simonbrampton2 ай бұрын
Hi. The title should be. Things I wish I'd known to refer to the past. 😉 Things I wish I knew, refers to NOW, not the past. It's the English subjunctive.
@arpitchoudhary2821 Жыл бұрын
Hey, nice to see you again 😃
@guillermocastillo1232 ай бұрын
Thank you for your information
@mrsbombardier Жыл бұрын
I'm new here and I'm starting with french like my 3 language. Thanks for the advices 🗣️
@vimalneha7 ай бұрын
Hi Nastya, liked this video and subscribed! I must say i was planning to learn french for over a year. Know or have native English and professional proficiency in German. The main point is i felt that your advice finally made me start. Thanks for speaking what really matters.
@lindasauers8745 Жыл бұрын
So happy you're back!!!
@Artecountryartcountry5 ай бұрын
In fact when I discovered the English fonetics I wish I discovered it before that's why now that I'm learning French That was the first step that I complete learning the French fonetics, thanks for your advices, they will help me to learn in a better way French :)
@librasun3217 ай бұрын
I'm trying to learn french for my trip next year and this video is so helpful!
@burakkaya11546 ай бұрын
Great insights and thank you for your heartfelt way of speaking. And also your voice is very attractive, I hope it makes your day :)
@yanislaudy8847 Жыл бұрын
Étant natif français, de mon côté j'apprends l'anglais, et rien qu'en t'écoutant j'améliore mon écoute en anglais car ton anglais est super clair. Au final tes leçons sont utiles pour ceux qui veulent apprendre ces 2 langues ,une pierre 2 coups 👍
@TANKERYANKER20524 ай бұрын
I listen to French rap everyday along with learning through apps, videos and shows like Furies. No lie I gravitated towards French after coming across Bécane - Yamê. Really enjoying the learning process.
@missymel899 ай бұрын
Love this video thank you
@liegebarbosa73588 ай бұрын
Merci beaucoup pour cette vidéo! Thanks a bunch!
@userC-bg2wd Жыл бұрын
(It's great to see you again) 👀
@Lifestation-r3k2 ай бұрын
tanks 🌟 this is helpful
@LearnEnglishWithMatta2 ай бұрын
Thank you, this was insightful. God bless 🇺🇸🤠💪
@TheXuism5 ай бұрын
I spent 2 months and could not even memorize half of the phonetic rules , so I just keep going on, never expect that you can read everything after learning all of the rules at the beginning!
@NoraBadooh5 ай бұрын
Are you a beginner?
@addyk2u67 Жыл бұрын
I love your videos!! Especially the derniere danse one, thankyou!!
@whatsleft1005 ай бұрын
That's how I found you ❤
@Thymeseedvoice2 ай бұрын
Great reminders!❤ Please keep the birds alive though!😂🕊
@roksannah11 ай бұрын
Thank you for the video, your advice is really helpful :)
@addyk2u67 Жыл бұрын
Loved the explanation in this!!🎉🎉❤
@TheRealNirvana Жыл бұрын
Loved the video
@mazharsoufi527011 ай бұрын
merci very helpful
@mketkee11 ай бұрын
Thank you! 🙏
@elishevaweil18987 ай бұрын
you are amazing. thank you for that ♥
@alvarober510 ай бұрын
Bonjour. Je suis vénézuélien. Je parle anglais et j’étudie le français maintenant. Je ne parle pas bien français. Je pense que vous avez raison. Il est important de comprendre ces indices pour progresser dans l'apprentissage du français.
@multiversal_hindutva11 ай бұрын
I'm learning French from Bharat 🇮🇳 Thanks for this tutorial. I'm 14 year old. 😅
@RajveerSarao111111 ай бұрын
I m also starting.... learning French 🙆🏻♀️
@sstarckjohnson26247 ай бұрын
thank you!
@rawdria4 ай бұрын
Hm never thought this way as you mentioned the differences of English and French. At least French has the usual letter combos resulting the same sound, whereas in English not necessarily. I thought French is even worst.in this regard, but I was wrong:)My mother language is even more constant, one letter- one way of pronunciation, not even letter combinations needs to be learned mostly, on the other hand brutal grammar, harder than even Icelandic haha.
@micheleg.22443 ай бұрын
Hiya I'm new here....I didn't get what your first language is... Anyhow, I do agree that English pronunciation is unpredictable and to understand that french phonetics is well defined makes me happy... British English also has multiple accents. what about french? I've only heard of Marseille....
@JacksonGao-pg6lb Жыл бұрын
language just like a place where can make people talking together, no matter how far you are. i'm tryna make my english like a native speaker, and i also listening english songs every night (with singing), so i can understand (8/10) what are you sayin' so far. finda way to you, if it's the best to you
@jahnavi.youtube Жыл бұрын
Thank you for these useful tips
@ivancabrera32895 ай бұрын
spanish is my native language and french is in a way similar to spanish when it comes to objects gender but I actually comiit more gramatical errors in my native language that in english so learnings french for mehad been a lot more difficult that what I first thougt it would be 😅
@marksummers4639 ай бұрын
BTW: If want to master English grammar in about two weeks, check out a piece titled The Clear Route to English Grammar. It's like going from a bicycle to the space shuttle, and it's dirt cheap. Seriously.
@CarlSamuel-fm7bj10 ай бұрын
Somebody, give me advice pls😢 When noting words in French, I'm not sure which is better, spelling words in English like a,b,c,d,e , or spelling in French like a (ar) , b (bay) , c ( cay) , d (day) , e ( eeh). As an English speaker, it's quite difficult and unfamiliar for me to note words in French, I thought that it would be more easy and rememberable for me by noting words in English accent rather than French accent. As a French starter, I'm not sure about my thought.So , I really need advice from you , guys. Pls
@VivekSingh-ud2pp Жыл бұрын
Awesome
@rc198210 ай бұрын
As a Brazilian Portuguese native speaker, nasal sounds are a piece of cake.
@dedemuhammad272610 ай бұрын
I wanted to learn Portuguese but the nasal sounds changed my mind, would it be understood if I spoke it without nasal pronunciation?
@rc198210 ай бұрын
@@dedemuhammad2726 , mostly, yes.
@cn54095 ай бұрын
It really helps to watch cartoon movies because cartoons are made for kids therefore the language that they speak is really basic. Most of what their saying is what you are going to use on a daily basis and you can also see their actions when they're speaking and their emotions
@ariyt20244 ай бұрын
Hey! Can you recommend and good cartoons? Thanks!
@jeancarlosfuentes6145 Жыл бұрын
Estoy empezando en el mundo del francés y quería escuchar la opinión de otras personas. Thanks 👍
@adrian10k5k10 ай бұрын
She is right about English. So is it data or data? Did you pronounce it in your head two different ways? I did. Of course everyone knows the correct pronunciation is data.
@EclipsePlayzEdits6 ай бұрын
That last sentence has made you very punchable (IN A FRIENDLY WAY I SWEAR)😅😅
@LangueTech6 ай бұрын
Exactly 😂. I mean...he really thinks he explained something there 😂
@Jo-rr1oh5 ай бұрын
Noooo it’s DATA!
@maithaalmansoori424411 ай бұрын
can you give us example? , i would like to hear vegetable in France.
@chanjc38987 ай бұрын
may you suggest some dialog resources for French learning
@fernandomarquez365 Жыл бұрын
Je crois et considère qu'il faut suivre un cours de phonétique en anglais (c'est la chose la plus simple que j'ai jamais apprise dans ma vie) et tu as raison sur la phonétique en français mais n'oublie pas qu'il y a des milliers d'exceptions (par exemple : fils / fis/ ou femme /fam/ ) et c'est ça qui est difficile dans cette langue. Dans mon cas je n'ai aucun problème avec les sons nasaux (car mon dialecte a ces sons), je parle espagnol et anglais et j'ai étudié la phonétique en français et c'était le plus simple et maintenant j'en suis au stade d'étudier les dialogues. Je ressens la même chose que toi car j'ai des amis français et je n'ai pas pu converser avec eux comme je le fais dans mes autres langues, je pense que la patience est la clé. Excellente vidéo (pour les débutants). Je suis professeur de langues et chercheur. salutations
@ElizabethMontenegro-zf7we9 ай бұрын
GRETTINGS FROM LIMA PERU
@СашаСелюнин-ц1ш7 ай бұрын
Funny - Im native Ukrainian (speak both rus and ua) who decided to memorise his school level French, watching about it in English on Nastya`s (girl from Russia?) channel - funny!)
@alexbr55010 ай бұрын
One of the major problems for me with French is the fact that some letters at the end of words are not pronounced......
@FreeEagle-zh7js9 ай бұрын
Bon aprés-midi! Comment allez-vous?
@GingerbreadEllie Жыл бұрын
J’aime fraçias 😂is that even right that’s all I know lol
@lock-downtherapy952817 күн бұрын
It’s francais.
@wegodeyalright5 ай бұрын
What should I expect from a tutor as I want to pay to learn French?
@faygo_cupcake9 ай бұрын
English phonetics make no seance at all my mom used to make me do hooked oh phonics every summer and cus of that I spell phonetically it makes sense to me but it can take some time for people to understand my texts 😅
@joejacquesschulz8514 Жыл бұрын
Yeah. French vowels and diphtongs are simple. Just compare them to Dutch. I am serious. Dutch has more variations.
@monster_fac3512 Жыл бұрын
Literally I start learning and watching French language from yesterday. It’s very difficult to pronounce the words. The alphabet “R” and “Y” letter are crazy to pronounce. How can beginner make sentences while they’re struggling to pronounce the single word?😂
@davineuskens21 Жыл бұрын
Learn word combinations!
@anita182749 ай бұрын
are you planning to sit any french exam ?
@ketuanzefrank65493 ай бұрын
Please what is your first language because you sound more like a French native speaker
@munkhjargalbaljinnyam141911 ай бұрын
Blaudrachen,Dabomb,Nierenstein
@zainabamin94374 ай бұрын
did u worked at turkish drama?
@davidprior26383 ай бұрын
You are fascinating . You make me want to learn French . Your lips are so amazing and they perfect the pronunciation Due to being the absolute best lips // I think you are so charming … I’m in Brittany from the 30th August for ten days ..I have subscribed and will enjoy looking at your genius expertise in teaching on utube do you have a book out I would buy it for sure
@JustFlourishToday2 ай бұрын
Unfortunately there's not a lot logic in English, you just have to memorise. This video is giving me hope🙏🏾
@music_observe Жыл бұрын
👋😊
@achmadiid8644 Жыл бұрын
Is she from Scotland?
@TheNutmegStitcher10 ай бұрын
had known;) English phonetics can bring a person to tears. rough, through, bough, fourth...
@munkhjargalbaljinnyam141911 ай бұрын
Dabomb,Nierenstein
@baronmeduse Жыл бұрын
The spelling/sound thing is not entirely true. The sound of 'eu' in e.g. bleu is completely different than that in 'j'ai eu'. Or if you take a sentence such as: 'Leurs chaussettes bleues' the eu in the first and last words are not identical.I can't think of them all off the top of my head, but there are actually many of these. There's also the problem of some endings just not following the general rule of being unpronounced, like 'but' (goal) where the 't' is sounded, but you don't know this until it is learned. It's not the only one. French orthography is not logical at all. However your discussion of grammar and dialogues is excellent advice!
@jonasv.c.8924 Жыл бұрын
A bit of a late response, but there is a coherent pronunciation rule for words with "eu". 1. "Leur" is pronounced the same as "beurre", "peur" and "courreur" and "heure" (= "eu" is followed by a pronounced consonant). 2. "Bleu" is pronounced the same as "peu", "feu", "vieux" and "monsieur" ("eu" is followed by nothing or followed by an unpronounced consonant). This rule also applies when the word needs to be declined to fit grammatical gender and number (bleu, bleue, bleus and bleues) 3. "Eu" is pronounced as a French "u" because it's on its own (this also applies to any conjugations of the verb "eu"). French spelling is complicated, but there is a coherent system behind it (with some exceptions). Which can't be said about English spelling. In English, pronunciation and spelling are completely disconnected. Even English speakers struggle when they're reading a word that's completely new to them for the first time.
@baronmeduse Жыл бұрын
@jonasv.c.8924 Once the differences need to be enumerated the idea of coherence vanishes. I know how to pronounce to a reasonable level, my mother was Belgian French. The statement "Which can't be said about English spelling" is often given as contrast, but the reality is that the exceptions in English are also able to be learned and there are lots of coherent parcels of pronunciation. Comparison is irrelevant because we can compare to many languages and get better or worse results. The fact is that French is not as coherent as claimed for learners. It's 'these rules' then long lists of exceptions. Especially the endings problem, with some of them pronounced and some not.
@jonasv.c.8924 Жыл бұрын
@@baronmeduse I politely disagree. Yes, the rules behind French pronunciation are extremely complex, but they are a coherent set of rules nevertheless. It’s a piece of cake to pronounce almost any French word’s pronunciation as soon as you master this complex but coherent set of rules. English does have some coherent pronunciation rules, but not to the same extent as French. For example, there’s no way to predict how a word ending in “ough” needs to be pronounced, other than memorising it. An English learner may know how to pronounce “tough” but that won’t give him any clue about the pronunciation of “through” or “thorough”.
@baronmeduse Жыл бұрын
@@jonasv.c.8924 Those English endings are merely a relic of how they used to be pronounced (cognate with Dutch/German e.g. plough=ploeg=Pflug) that's a spelling reform issue somewhat taken up by the Americans. But let's not pretend that French is some coherent system when it isn't. If it was so straightforward the school textbooks (I went to school in Belgium) wouldn't need to be so detailed even for speakers of the languages speaking it at home! It would be a leaflet. So for learners it's a lot worse. When that 'English is chaotic' thing is wheeled out it's very easy to point to dozens of irrational French pronunciations, like 'œufs'. French vowels have an exhaustive set of nuanced sound alterations when in combination with other vowels, with consonants, or a vowel plus consonant. It's much more complex than is often presented and not just a neat little coherent system. And like Dutch (I live in NL these days) the persistent attempts at spelling reforms have only made it more difficult. Whereas English has had no reforms and miraculously half the world has learnt it.
@Banryu-s3nАй бұрын
Mr Bean inspired me to learn french😅
@alifnoorwaziri8378 Жыл бұрын
ca va💓
@Jonaslive910 ай бұрын
❤
@seryjsk11 ай бұрын
Si je savais " J'accrocherais de la paille à ma montre..пустъ и не римфо во
@BenjaminIstvanCseko5 ай бұрын
*I wish I'd known
@calvenzen_d_drip Жыл бұрын
Try Tamil it's an Indian language (plz don't compare this beautiful language with hindi). The killer of phonetics and tongue and nasal involvement. For a letter called (zha) your tip of the tongue has to to go all the way back to the back roof of your mouth without touching it and come back to the same position without learning that letter you can't even pronounce the name of the language correctly (ITS JUST A LETTER). Try it. If you learn that, phonetics is a just a matter of time. you can learn any language we just have to memorize the words. pronunciation is just that easy.