Transgender Related Terminology! (Basics)

Due to the fact that transgender issues are really beginning to take the forefront of many different spheres in our society; I think its important to understand the terms you might be using or using incorrectly.
Sources included the following:
Fenway Health's, "Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms"
The University of California, San Francisco's, "Primary Care Protocol for Transgender Patient Care: Transgender Terminology"
National Center for Transgender Equality's, "Transgender Terminology"