The Programming Language Guide

This is NOT another annoying top 10 programming language video. We will talk about how programming languages work including low-level & high-level, compiled, interpreted, etc. We will also talk about some of the popular languages and what they are good for.
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Timestamps:
0:00 - Intro
1:02 - Low-Level vs High Level
1:43 - Machine Language
2:28 - Assembly Language
3:24 - General Purpose Languages
3:52 - C Language
4:47 - Compiled vs Interpreted
6:30 - C++
7:26 - Rust
8:46 - High Level, Interpreted Languages
9:23 - Java
10:50 - Statically Typed vs Dynamic
12:03 - Kotlin
12:58 - C#
14:40 - Go
16:00 - Python
17:20 - Ruby
18:54 - JavaScript
20:58 - PHP
22:37 - Swift
23:35 - Outro

[@kevinvikan3609]

As someone who did struggle for 1 year to learn, I had to come here to say: the best way to learn are books that have interactive content. Those that make you practice what they teach on еach chapter. And that's what you need as a beginner: practice instead of complex subjects and concepts. Focus on learning your first programming language and everything else will be much easier once you learn. Edit: For those asking, the books that made me learn were "Javascript In Less Than 50 Pages" and "Head First Javascript Programming".

[@TheReal_E.IRIZARRY]

Stack Overflow saved me. rotflmao

[@MartinezRBA]

I have seen this comment on other videos about programming languages haha, nice

[@blackiesavage7661]

Basically documentation

[@secfeed6987]

exactly, I had the same issue, I literally had to write my own curriculum as I couldn't find anyone that could teach it for beginners. This was when I was learning C#. The problem with all these courses, they actually don't teach you anything. They just tell you, great now build this simple function, good luck, and then you're just sitting there going WTF are you on about? Instead, I spent days going through books and videos and grabbing bits and pieces, threw it all into Github, I then consulted with a Project Manager to work out the best framework to manage my learning and learned how to use GitKraken to help me oversee my code. Best experience ever. As a beginner you need to be hand fed most of the stuff at the start so you understand what the code is doing, then you can start writing your own stuff. Instead, it's in reverse, you're told to write your all your own programs and you know nothing lol.

[@eldi]

Disagree. And such a generic answer. Like, books? Really? Is that your tip for beginners? C'mon.

[@AndrewBlucher]

Great vid Brad. I'm a retired University Lecturer, I taught programming for 20 years. IMO you've given a great and unbiased intro to modern programming languages. As you said, you can't cover everything. For anybody reading who wants to dig deeper, here are a few suggested considerations - Library support. This is one thing that drives the popularity of Python, and is the bedrock of C and C++. - Object Oriented or not? OO is not just one concept: every language has it's own concept of OO. - A few languages that Brad had to leave out: Pascal (mentioned), Fortran, Cobol (yes people still use it). - Other programming paradigms. Lisp and Prolog are worth learning: they teach you different ways to think. - Stability. Is the language / framework / environment owned by a corporation that can change it at any time, or is it a Standard? Getting off Brad's topic, here are some other things to consider. - Test Driven Development. Check it out, along with criticisms. - Prototyping / Agile. They are not the same. Check out criticisms. Is Agile a passing fad? - Learn about preconditions, invariants, post conditions. Read Meyer Object Oriented Software Construction. - Read Stroustrup The C++ Programming Language. You'll learn heaps, not just C++. - Learn about debugging. Write your code to be debugable, along with testable. And now a caution: I've only seen one of Brad's vids and he seems to be thorough and trustworthy. Many other programming KZbinrs (and online tutorials) are not, I've seen plenty who just sprout ignorant opinions and wrong "facts". Tutorials are good to get you started, but don't rely on a single source. When you really want to know something, go to (as they say) the source. The official documentation, the original author, the official website. Final advice: learn multiple languages. Experiment. Write your own interpreter. Have fun :-)

[@alans8771]

Thanks for sharing your wisdom and experience , will be useful :)

[@user-ig2ej8iw7f]

Thanks professor

[@miroslavmikus6480]

One thing I think is missing in programming courses is adding new functionality into previous (home)works - which is how it works in real life jobs. Until then you can't appreciate proper coding style and software patterns and so on. Maybe even same project once with your own implementations (to know how it works) and once with maximizing standard libraries (to know how you could avoid bugs from previous project :D) and similar...

[@AndrewBlucher]

@@miroslavmikus6480 Sounds like you have attended one of my classes :-) Students would build up a significant project (2000 to 3000 lines of code) incrementally through the 13 week semester. If that sounds like a lot, well, yes it was! It was an elective subject that had high student demand because of the great skills they learned.

[@AndrewBlucher]

@@europa818 Who is "we"? I didn't mention Java.

[@alicefraser5799]

Love the t-shirt Brad! Thanks for another useful video. As a self-taught beginner I'm glad I bumped into you in one of the many many rabbit holes I found myself lost in this year. You've played a huge part in helping me navigate the labyrinth of the web dev / programming scene, and taught me CSS and JS. Always great content, no fluff and to the point. Whenever my brain is ready to cram in some more, you're one of my go-tos and I keep learning thanks to you. Respect.

[@dansanger5340]

These types of videos are very helpful to people who are just getting into or back into software development, or people whose careers have been very siloed. Both apply to me, so thank you.

[@mattgic42]

Hands down you're the best crash course teacher I've ever had the pleasure of knowing. Just wanted to take the time to show my appreciation and admiration for everything you do for us.

[@renujadecosta6408]

Congratulations Brad for being one of the favourite developers on the State of JavaScript survey 2021❤️❤️

[@TraversyMedia]

Thanks!

[@Treedboxcom]

Yeah!

[@miraclehesed8959]

Very insightful. Thank you for this. I really needed to know this coding history and you just summarized it with precision. Awesome.

[@KennyYipCoding]

Almost thought you made one of those top programming language clickbait videos. Good thing I was wrong ! :)

[@TraversyMedia]

Nope. I wanted it to be objective and to help people understand more about programming languages. Top 10 lists are nonsense.

[@BahLarry]

@Kenny Yip Coding I haven't seen brad do click baits, bro.

[@maxfrischdev]

All tech -youtubers make these every year 😅 But THIS video is not one of them, it's a very neat rundown and comparison of the most used languages. Well made 🤘🏻

[@quentincaldway]

@Kenny Yip Coding You'll never find Brad stooping to click baiting brother. He has a pretty sold rep. Appreciate all the content you push out for us Brad!

[@leonarddavis8732]

All of his videos are excellent. You may want to subscribe to the channel if you're looking for this type of info.

[@emmanuelAumsuri]

I never found the quality content, and well explainable video like this for programing languages. Thanks so much! Your video is very useful.

[@OldSloGuy]

A well paced delivery! Lots of info succinctly presented with good audio. No background music is a big plus for me.

[@petecapecod]

Great video! You cover many important details about how languages work, and their respective levels. This video is a must watch for anyone getting into coding 💯

[@kiafaaxahmed]

progrminng c+++ jva

[@moscripts]

This is literally the best guide to programming languages i've ever seen!!...thank you so so much!

[@ViorelMocanu]

As always, excellent video, Brad! :) Keep up the fantastic work!

[@nikomitk8091]

I learned the assembly language of the 8051 microcontroller in school and it was one of the most useful things I've ever learned regarding technology, cause it absolutely changed the way I understood everything about the way a computer works, and it's given me a huge advantage in university, no matter what programming language.

[@VladBurlutsky]

Great video Brad!Thanks a lot for what you've been doing and creating!

[@djl3009]

The 1st ever program I wrote was in machine code using hexadecimal instructions and memory addresses. That was for Intel's 8086 processor :) -- part of an "electronics instrumentation" module for a Bachelor's degree in Physics, way back in 1996!

[@silloo2072]

You wrote in binary?!!?

[@MiChEaLaDeNuGa-oj6wb]

@@silloo2072 The real boss 😂

[@franciscoflamenco]

No, he wrote in Hex, but that's as close to binary as it gets for people I guess.

[@shhrage]

Thank you for this information, noted all of it down and it might be helpful for me to choose what to learn and aware of the other programming languages and yes learnt new things too.

[@KayGee_yt]

Im studying product design ans just trying to understand how coding works without becoming a developer myself. Breakdowns like this are great! Thanks man!!

[@ColeCaccamise]

Great video Brad! Everything was really well explained

[@tolulopeokerayi8158]

Your videos are so helpful. Thank you!

[@user-di4bt7qu2i]

Great info Brad. Watching your videos is always time well spent.

[@deanthemage]

Very helpful and insightful especially to those of us just starting out. Thanks man

[@averageguyvstheworld8601]

Definitely appreciate you talking about web assembly, recently found out about it and it seems like it could be awesome

[@christiflame7444]

Thank you so much for this Video it Really helps to clear some things up!

[@mmelimahlobo7656]

Thanks Brad this was very helpful,I have heard many people discouraging from learning PHP

[@tobimedase9312]

Thank you for this amazing video and for breaking it into bits.

[@djlclopez128]

Thank you, very informative. Would you possibly make a video detailing which software careers use certain languages? (For example, machine learning careers and what languages they should learn or full stack development and languages needed) that would be very helpful as well!

[@TheNoodleMint]

Thank you, Brad. This is very helpful for a beginner like me.

[@Gennys]

So many of these languages have come such a long way, even in the last 5 years. It's remarkable. I really have to give props to the JVM team specifically. They have really done an incredible job adding features, allowing more languages to be run on the virtual machine. And the Java language developers as well have been really putting in the work since Java 8 implementing some seriously fantastic functional paradigms into the core language and really modernizing the language while being extremely considerate not to bloat the language.

[@samanfayazi1226]

Informational as always, thanks a lot Brad.

[@CodingPhase]

new setup looking nice bro

[@Lyrik-Klinge]

Thanks for the fantastic overview!

[@sumitpanwar9695]

I am Learning programming for the last 3 years right after high school I skip college and Brad ( Traversy Media ) is the best instructor for programming, and web development. I am done he's javascript course it was amazing after this I don't have to learn every single language from scratch I just need to learn the basic syntax. after all of this now work in Flutter, Web Dev, Starting Unity, all of this because of him ThankYou Brad ❤️

[@bluelagooon]

I didn't see COBOL :( most people say its a dead language, buts its so powerful.

[@jimmypretzel4785]

Thanks a lot for this video, it was really helpful and well presented!

[@realfejiro]

Oh Brad!!! You never fail to deliver. Thanks Boss. God bless you. With love from Nigeria.

[@marc.roelofs]

Thanks. Very useful to show people an objective view on the different languages.

[@hinkhall5291]

I have always said to beginners that unless you are developing your own software where you get to pick your stack, the best programming language for you to start out with are the one that the companies in your area are hiring you to code in. Cause what you want is to get your foot in the door. After you do it for years then it really doesn’t matter cause what matters is _can you solve problems_ ? The language then doesn’t matter as much cause you can eventually learn any other language.

[@umaruabdulmalik]

Thanks Brad, much appreciated!

[@scottwoodcock2779]

Awesome topic! Great to have you share your insights on these languages and their use cases. Popcorn worthy! 🍿🥤

[@malkiatsingh3057]

Thanks for the Guide really helped me and I found the language for myself thank you !

[@thunderbayrider01]

Great explanation! Would you recommend a coding boot camp for someone wanting to start a new career in web dev, etc.? Or some other educational route?

[@michelchaghoury870]

great vid like always, can you make in the future some C#/NET Projects ?

[@AdamsTaiwan]

C# can also contain unsafe C code, which is where they often put code that needs to be performant. While mainly statically typed, it also supports a dynamic keyword. I use it for code that 'plugins' at runtime.

[@Triskelion345]

Dam

[@ubaldo7227]

Thanks a bunch, very informative

[@peshutanpavri1599]

Brad, your videos have been so helpful to me, I have never seen you do any tutorials on Java ? Do you do Java or have any Java tutorials ?

[@yt_bharat]

Best content for programmers, thanks for the wonderful presentation. Neat slides 🙂

[@ishtiakahmed6336]

What a awesome video on Languages on The International Mother Language Day! After hearing about them, I choose C++ and Go for general purpose.

[@akin242002]

Go is great. C++ is like having a life goal to become an astronaut. Not easy, but with time and strong determination it can be learned.

[@nikolavukovic5678]

Great content, tnanks a lot! Means a lot. Would like to see some devops build/deploy and automation strategies .. Thanks take care.

[@jomy10-games]

If you want to learn Swift, it has evolved a lot over the years. It can compile to Linux, Windows and WebAssembly. It's used for scripts, backends, etc. The most common use case remains apps for Apple Platforms ofcourse.

[@venkatkosuri5224]

Thanks Brad I got a job as a react js developer fresher just following your videos Keep sharing front end videos 🙏❤️❤️

[@petroslalakidis5316]

Thank you for this video!

[@walidellhamdi]

Thank you, very helpful

[@hamzaassa1988]

Hi brad Thanks for all the amazing knowledge that you give for free. I just wanted to ask if you could provide these slides ( that mostly your videos have ). It would be amazing. Thank you.

[@avatarhzh5035]

Great video as always Brad. One suggestion for this video is that I wished you included something like Haskell and then quickly described the difference between OOP vs FP. As it stands now the video is a bit biased towards OOP languages.

[@kiche_allan]

Today I seem to be among the first views of traversy uploaded videos. Nice one. Thumbs up

[@PlotTwists]

I already know all of this but it was entertaining to watch so thanks :)

[@azkme4fun1]

Very positive video. Well done!

[@flogginga_dead_horse4022]

Sorry to see you didn't mention Elixir at all. Also a really good Python framework to use which is faster and more modern than Django and Flask is FastAPI.

[@gcxs]

it's on 13th

[@gimlam5909]

Since he didn't mention Lisp I think everything else is behind on the queue.

[@starseven4736]

@@gimlam5909 World is not ready for LISP dude. I love emacs and syntax seems annoying once you understand it, everything make sense. Ditch kotlin why not build android app in clojure.

[@onlineVitamin]

valuable + on point . thanks for great content

[@daniell8324]

Thank you Brad, sir, for all the wonderful KZbin tutorial videos you have been making and I am following, I have also taken and completed some of your Udemy courses since 2019, they have vastly improved my skills and understanding as a Frontend Web Developer, thank you sir :) Just a request, could you make a tutorial video on the new CSS Cascade Layers please? Thank you.

[@Epikht]

Thank you brad 🔥

[@chiragkhandelwal9178]

Hey Brad Can you do some tutorials on System design btw new intro looks dope

[@greg5023]

6:45 "C++ is object oriented". C++ supports OO development but a lot of C++ code is written that isn't OO.

[@TraversyMedia]

I just realized I made it sound like it has to be OOP. Thank you

[@Voidstroyer]

Originally the purpose of C++ was "C with classes". It has only become more and more functional in newer versions, but in most of it's lifespan C++ was used with OOP in mind.

[@christian-schubert]

PHP was also my first language I really learned! (with Actionscript being the first language I ever used - together with what was then known as Macromedia Flash). Just sad to see that PHP gets so much hate nowadays, I think it's really come a long way in the last decade(s?) and certainly deserves better. P.S.: maybe a short introductory course to PHP 8 by the legendary Mr. Traversy himself would open a few eyes (although I do see why that wouldn't be a priority as there ARE - as outlined in this video - great alternatives out there)

[@theyreMineralsMarie]

My first true programming language was Action script 3.0 as well. I made some pretty terrible websites back then lol

[@Voidstroyer]

I use PHP daily for my work and I hate it very much. The nail in the coffin for me is its syntax. Even clean code looks very ugly compaired to other languages. But this is just a personal bias of mine. The language is powerful, but also very ugly.

[@marcosreal11]

ActionScript taught me OOP. I miss Flash. If only CSS could evolve into a Flash-like system.

[@CarCinCal]

Great video as always - thank you for making this! But why not include Dart?

[@jeromealtariba7339]

Thks for your video. Have just started Kotlin. Good language but still far from typescript in terms of productivity. But it makes life easier when creating android apps

[@ChrisM541]

What's important to understand about assembly language is that it's a direct 1:1 with machine code. When you program in assembly you are also explicitly programming in machine code, since every opcode has a defined mnemonic. The programmer choses the required mnemonic (and operand if required) for each statement. The assembler simply looks up each opcode from each mnemonic, adding appropriate operands when present. It's a virtually instant process. Compilation is entirely different. What is very frequently overlooked when dealing with compiled languages is that feeding the same source code (in the same IDE on on the same PC) through different compilers will almost always produce different machine code. This can have a very significant bearing on executable size and execution speed. One compiler may also introduce bugs in the machine code that are not picked up till much later. It's highly recommended, particularly for C/C++ programmers, to have an expert level ability in assembly language. Only then will you be fully able to critically analyse/troubleshoot/debug any assembly produced from the compilation process. A C/C++ programmer with little/no assembly skills is handicapped to extremes - yes, they can code in C/C++ but absolutely no, their debugging will be spectacularly lacking.

[@vicious_toad]

this is a GREAT video. thank you!

[@ITentrepreneur]

Hi Brad, can you share with your list of most favorite frameworks please. #3 is Jango as we already know

[@yakimchuk]

Hi! Thank You for such understandable video. 🤓🤝

[@_TheDudeAbides_]

Assuming type does not have to be because of dynamic typing. In languages like for example Golang, they have type inference which assumes type but is still compiled. I think java also uses "var" for type inference.

[@silentsiren611]

This is a great video! I feel like this is one of the only guides that is 100% honest and factual

[@echobucket]

This is great, the one thing I think it's important to mention when talking about machine code and assembly is how different CPU architectures have completely different instruction sets. Other than that, this is great!

[@inversion_media]

phenomenal video, thank you

[@dreamgirltrucking1889]

I'm searching for a programming language that fits me & it is HARD! I'm 60. It's been 20 years since I taught myself html & created a 200 page website. Geocities was still around when I started "coding". I got away from all that but now I want to build a website that features pets for adoption, has a pet care blog & also let's me sell pet care supplies as an affiliate for various vendors such as Chewy & Jeffers. It appears my goal too complicated, so I have to do it myself. I can barely afford a website & sure can't afford to pay anyone to build a multi-page, multi-functional website that will require updating the pictures & descriptions of animals every 2 to 4 weeks. From watching your video, itlooks like php is the language I need? I'm not real smart, I'm a slow learner, I suffer from CRS &my brain might be kind of cobwebby. So I want to be careful not to bite off more than I can chew & thus fail or die of old age while still trying. What do you think?

[@evam796]

Could you make a video about a methodology to follow when you’re an experienced developer and you want to learn a new language/framework for freelancing? Of course you can’t charge your client for learning… so what is your strategy in that case? Do you try to build something on your own before finding some work? At what point do you feel confident enough with that new tech? Thx

[@yutubl]

Nice programming languages overview for general entry purposes. Do you plan an overview over specialized so called domain specific languages: automation & robotics (Siemens S7), data science (R), mathematics (Mathematica, MAPPLE, MathLab), CAD/ECAD (Verilog) etc.

[@TheTesuji]

The reason why Ruby is so cool is that you can embed it in, lets say, a C++ project super easily, to provide a domain specific language for users to customise the behaviour of the software.

[@larryjeffryes6168]

Like AutoLISP?

[@nudecode]

Thanks Brad. As always loved it. Love shirt mate, can buy them on line?

[@Send_IT_Syndicate]

Thanks🎉 for the breakdown 8:37

[@bjbell52]

I bought my first computer in 1979. It was an Atari 400 and it came with an Atari Basic language cartridge. So many people use to make fun of this version of Basic, in person and in magazines, that I thought maybe I should have bought a different computer. But I learned Atari Basic anyway. It's funny now in 2023 to find out that the design of Atari Basic was a bit ahead of its time. Atari Basic would check the syntax of a line typed in and would throw an error showing were the mistake was made. At the same time it would compile the line into bytecode, including the variable names. They would be assigned a token and that 1 byte token would replace the variable in the bytecode. That's how Atari Basic variables names could be 127 characters long with every character being significant but only using 1 byte in the bytecode.

[@user-lj9eq5fl5m]

Hello Brad, I am a junior full-stack javascript developer from Ukraine. And some part of my success was thanks to you! And now I need to make a migration from npm to yarn3. And I was trying to find some guidance on KZbin, and I cant. Maybe it could be interesting for someone else, and it would be interesting for you too))) I know you are best in guides creation.

[@mmaranta785]

Are you in Ukraine now?

[@toranshaw4029]

I still have to master the basics of CSS and JS but after that I plan on learning Ruby. Not sure where I'll go after that, as there are three options in the running for me, at this moment in time: Go, Python and Rust.

[@bruhtrippin6795]

Brad, were you looking to do another Javascript course or will you wait on that until next year?

[@billzade8158]

I LOVE the shirt man. I have a son that is on the spectrum, and I sometimes wish people would understand that they see the world differently

[@kimchiman1000]

You took the words right out of my mouth. Gonna see if I can find one like it for myself. Great shirt!

[@mikev4755]

I've used assembly language, Fortran, Cobol, PL/1, Pascal, VB Script, C++, C# and several others. C# is easily the best environment. Also, there is another language between assembly code and machine code. It called micro code and defines the CPU functionality.

[@apolmedrano3914]

Youre a genius, hopefully I can get to your level one day

[@SteveSmith-jc7pc]

Excellent summary.

[@skippern666]

Started with BASIC in late 80's, and passed by a bunch of languages, now I use PHP and Python regularly.

[@sida_g567]

Please do a video on type of programming language means functional programming, object oriented programming things like that also some paradigm must be cool to see that

[@klutch4198]

Thanks Brad!!! 🔥

[@russellkemmit73]

Great video Travis.

[@henrymunoz2035]

Just finish your Mern tutorial last night. It was amazing thank you so much Brad

[@TraversyMedia]

Awesome. Congrats on finishing it. It's not easy to complete a course or series.

[@kritstims]

Man I get inspired just watching you talk 😂

[@TheMetalMag]

another great video thank you

[@BuIIetBiII]

So glad this isn't a top 10. Some developers can get very high and mighty about programming languages, putting some on a pedestal and turning their nose up at others. There's no best programming language. They all have strengths and weaknesses and all have their quirks. Use which ever works well for you or your company

[@orjimaxwellchukwuemeka246]

Thanks for your amazing teaching thanks I love your teaching. Sir can you give advice on language to learn in 2022 that offer high payment and places you in the technology high ends?

[@serae4060]

If you are a beginner and can't decide which language you should start to learn with, I tell you don't worry too much. If you understood one language, you will be able to understand another language pretty much right away. Maybe you will have to look up a few syntax rules, but you won't take more than 3-4 days to also learn another language

[@fray3dendsofsanity]

depends though. I would say C/C++ is dramatically different than JS/Python. Having to worry about memory management, declaring pointers, including specific libraries...it can be quite dramatic. I agree the change from dynamic to another dynamically typed language is very small, but moving from dynamic to static or vice versa takes quite a bit longer

[@serae4060]

@@fray3dendsofsanity yeah maybe a bit longer, but it's not like taking you several months to learn. I started to learn programming with Java. Eventually I was asked to write a programm in Cobol. Even though I have never seen Cobol before, I still managed to write the programm within one week. Because if you understood the fundamental concepts of programming, you can basically apply them to any programming language.

[@fray3dendsofsanity]

@@serae4060 I think moving from Static -> dynamic is easier than the other way around, or moving static->another static language in your case. Java is one of the more difficult to learn so it makes sense that COBOL was easy. I learned C++ originally so JS/Python seem like a breeze by comparison, but if I had started with JS and had to learn C++ after I think it would be a bit more challenging as I wouldn't be used to explicitly declaring variable types, managing memory and deleting objects etc

[@kcvinu]

‌That's what happened in my case. I started with VB6 and dropped. Years later, I tried with python and dropped. As a self learner, "__init__()" & "self" were my main obstacles. Then 1 year after started learning VB. Net and this time, I got a grip in programming. I learned what is "__init__" function by learning the "New" sub routine in VB. Net. So I came back to python and voilà ! this time python seems English to me. Then one after another, I learned 5 more programming languages including D, Nim, Odin etc.

[@GamesBrainedPlays]

I have been interested in Flutter, and also saw some comments on pros and cons. I'm not sure how relevant Flutter is in the current tech industry. This might sound like a novice question...would you recommend to go for Swift and/or Kotlin instead of Flutter?

[@tomu_sange]

My G. Thanks for blessing us who are outside USA and Europe to suck from your wisdom, more over for free. Thanks Traversy