The Stern-Gerlach Experiment (ESI College Physics Film Program 1967)

This film on The Stern-Gerlach Experiment featuring MIT Professor Jerrold R. Zacharias was produced in 1967 as part of the College Physics Film Program by Educational Services, Inc. (ESI), later Education Development Center (EDC), which grew out of the project known as the Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC). Some of the content was developed by the Science Teaching Center (STC), later Education Research Center (ERC), at MIT.
This is a 16mm projection filmed by a digital camera.
This apparatus is currently in hibernation but had been used for a number of decades in MIT's Junior Physics Laboratory while having its parts gradually replaced or upgraded with components like stepper motors.

[@KarelSeeuwen]

For you young folks out there (I do hope there are some young people watching this video), think for a moment how the plotting machine works. It uses all Analog electronics, which in the days of the making of this film was a relative breeze since they had the transistor available to them. Now think back to the days of Stern and Gerlach, coils of wire, mirrors and a stopwatch if they were lucky. Those guys really must have had their sh*t together, hey.

[@komalsinghgurjar]

Current generation aren't putting that much affect that our ancestors used to ☹️

[@coltersummers]

Engineering student here - ever heard of quantum computing?@@komalsinghgurjar

[@LiborTinka]

Same with chemistry. I am constantly amazed from the sheer amount of human ingenuity put into preparations made available without all the fancy equipment. As an amateur, I have no other option than to learn from 50 year-old textbooks and use the obsolete methods, because only these are still available to non-professionals who don't have millions to acquire all the special reagents and machinery...

[@Patrik6920]

...the vacume tube(thermoinic tube, flemming tube) was invented in 1904, some time after the phototube was invented, the phototube can be considerd as early versions of (by our standards now primetive) the CCD cell and Field effect transistor(think early mosfet 30cm big), the transistor was invented in 1947, and the 'Stern-Garlach' experiment was constructed by otto in 1921, and conducted by walter in 1922... (Otto Stern and Walter Garlach) ... and actually in comaprison the vacume tubes in 1910 was way faster than the early transistors (basicly the only limmiting factor was how fast the gates could be charged) making tubes that operated at 100Mhz+ easy, (not very practical for their size), and since oscilators circuits was mabe with coils the coil cores was the thing that was actually limiting thier speed... (Thechnically a tube can operate well beyond 20GHz) ...but back i the day the limit was at most a few MHz due to the control problem..

[@KarelSeeuwen]

@@Patrik6920 Thanks for the technology and time line info Patrik. I was not trying to be detailed, just to question what may be happening to the human mind as time goes on.

[@skivvy3565]

How much more fascinating is analog tech to your brain than digital, there’s something about seeing every piece instead of imagining it

[@kingsman428]

Digital is analogue

[@onkcuf]

Literal nuts and bolts kind of stuff.

[@ashutoshverma5785]

@@onkcuf I got that 🤣

[@bradleyeric14]

Back to the days when introductions were blessedly short and backstories did not exist. Fantastic the way he got into it.

[@wesKEVQJ]

Documenting anything on film in those days wasn't cheap.

[@bookofrevelation4924]

Backstories? Similar to propaganda after assassination of President Kennedy?

[@Guido_XL]

This film reminds me of the atmosphere in which I entered the Philips NatLab (physical research institute) in Eindhoven, the Netherlands, in 1989. We obviously used state-of-the-art equipment from the 1980's, but we also used analogue measurement devices, like box-car and lock-in amplifiers, in order to detect small signals from measurements. And, I clearly remember how my mentor taught me to handle analogue displacement registration, so that I could conduct beam measurements of our laser-diodes by using a potentiometer at the axis of an arm, on which a phototransistor was mounted. I knew these things already from my amateur-background, but applying several techniques like that for professional research, was quite intriguing. The computer power was furnished by our HP 9000 system, on which we used a Pascal operating system. I used it to calculate the Zernike polynomic coefficients from my measurements of the laser-beams. Furthermore, we used HP small computers with BASIC programs to operate some conditions on the experimental table. Nowadays, all of this seems from an old world, but we made the best out of it.

[@onkcuf]

Ha. BASIC.

[@watchguy7986]

Fascinating!!! I was born 50 years too late. Love this old stuff that holds true today. Analog and drafting tables for me.

[@michaeljohn8905]

Amazing I don’t understand everything but I find it fascinating.

[@ytashu33]

Thank you for this. I have seen many a slick animated illustrations of the Stern-Gerlach experiment on YT, the real thing is SO much better! I swear i did not blink during the whole 26 minutes of this. Thank YOU!

[@quantumblur_3145]

Quantum physics' strongest warrior

[@GrantEntwistle]

This.

[@SCDarkZide]

You made my day with the demonstration of the precession of the bar magnet on the air bearing, starting at 19:06 and particularly 20:32. This is a fantastic film and I wish I was shown these things when I learned about atomic spin and NMR the first time.

[@AdrienLegendre]

This is great presentation. It is amazing what people could do in years past with limited technology.

[@GrandePunto8V]

They were more intelligent. Simple. Peak human kind IQ was in the 1940's-60's. Now it's a decline.

[@nickmalone3143]

Analog thinking vs todays digital thinking

[@nickmalone3143]

​​@@GrandePunto8Vthe real IQ at least technically was late 1800a and early 1900s

[@quantumblur_3145]

​@@GrandePunto8Vlow-iq take

[@jwadaow]

@@quantumblur_3145 It is supported by psychometric data from standardised tests.

[@ic7481]

Brilliant! Better than any other demonstration/explanation I've ever seen

[@thiagodemoura7754]

Thank you for sharing this amazing video. Its good to see the clever mechanisms and techniques employed back then in action, before the widespread use of electrical automation and detective sensors in our modern era.

[@Risu0chan]

Let's see if I'm not completely off. The temp of caesium gas is 400K, which gives an average speed of √(2RT/M) = √(2·8.315·400/133) = 22.4 10³ cm/s That gives a flight time within the mag field t = L/ = 12cm/22.4·10³ = 536μs. The transverse force in the mag field is F = μ gradient(B), therefore the transverse acceleration is μ gradB / m, and the transverse velocity at the exit of the field is v⟂ = acc × t The transverse deviation on the screen is then L*v⟂/ The peaks are separated by 3.7mm, so the deviation is half of that: 0.185cm Therefore v⟂ = 82.9 cm/s The acceleration = 155 10³ cm/s² (a posteriori we verify the small parabolic deviation within the mag field is 1/2 acc × t² = 0.022cm, which is negligible) Finally the magnetic momentum of the caesium atoms is acc×m/grad(B) = 155 10³×(133/6.022 10²³)/10000 = 3.4 10⁻²¹ erg/gauss. Close enough to the Bohr magneton 9.27 10⁻²¹ erg/gauss? (all calculations in CGS, because the year is 1967)

[@abcde_fz]

. I JUST LOVE HOW EVEN COMPLEX EXPERIMENTS OFTEN LOOK LIKE THEY WERE COBBLED TOGETHER IN SOMEONE'S GARAGE .

[@PsRohrbaugh]

Using a car battery really helped that feel!

[@lumotroph]

Wow. This makes me want to design lab experiments and apparatus!

[@KevinRomans-p5m]

Thank you very much for sharing this video. These are fantastic learning/teaching aids!

[@uploadJ]

For several years I have on and off searched for a replication of the SGE, and finally, hit gold when finding this video! Thank you for posting it.

[@PowerScissor]

I wish my life was back in these days so much. Seems like such a great time to be alive. Nobody has any idea what a social media influencer is, and experiments are all analog and the results get plotted on an etch-a-sketch. What could be better?

[@guytech7310]

1967: Vietnam war, LSD, Cold war. 1968 even worse with assassinations of RFK & MLK. Mass Protests over Vietnam war, etc. Late 1960s & early 1970s just as chaotic as today.

[@JeffMTX]

Having to go to the university library to read about physics lol

[@PowerScissor]

@@guytech7310 Yep, those were the times. I think I'd be right at home in a war.

[@onkcuf]

Etch a Sketch. Funny.

[@Softdattel]

Very good, there should be more of these videos with other experiments. Why don't they have quality in modern times?

[@uploadJ]

Its easier, I think, to just reference a classic paper, do a few on-screen graphics, maybe invoke a thought experiment or a simulation and move on. Meanwhile, we get further and further away from the actual physics and the original hands-on experiment with all its nuances.

[@zachreyhelmberger894]

Science has become a religion now. LHC is the modern day equivalent to the Egyptian pyramids with Egyptian priests who spout unintelligible/unrepeatable stuff or stuff so cryptic that only Egyptian priests can understand it. Citizen science is stifled and suppressed as "amateurish" or "irrelevant" since they have not sold their soul to the priesthood. I like this quote from Scott TInker: "When you remove doubt from science, science becomes a religion". -Scott Tinker

[@timbeaton5045]

@@uploadJ I would guess it's not unlike Calculus. Once you get past the basics you never bother (need?) to differentiate from first principles again. You work on the assumption that that works so you move on to more complex calculations. Since this experiment showed in essence that QM correctly described what is going on, there is no need to simply repeat the same experiment. It has already been done, probably many times. And as others have pointed out, a conceptual approach becomes easier to understand. But I agree, this is an excellent movie, and fascinating to see QM at work!

[@uploadJ]

@@timbeaton5045 Good observation. Calculus certainly need not be re-examined, but, for a purist it may be necessary to go back to see what spurred-on its "discovery" which was the relationship in nature between two or more observations of parameters/variables in nature's functioning. One sometimes needs to go back and look at why 'guardrails' were put up, like, why is the ground state of Hydrogen assumed to be immutable? I have seen studies to indicate that guardrail may not exist after all.

[@katiebarber407]

they do have quality in modern times. they even have high resolution video with colours! stop being such an ignorant moron

[@HelenMoreno-l2r]

Good old, hard science. Thank you for sharing.. Best explanation so far. This was fascinating..

[@beautifulsmall]

Who calibrated that plotter, 1 sq = 1.35mm, scaled to the source. , good Y range, no clipping. The machine at 1:10 might have been my first view of a TV screen, I think ive felt a desire to create one ever since. and i did make a ring motor with helmolts coils just recently , and videoed it. That machine is so, lets do it 2023. Pulley driven vacuum pump, , diff stack , speed frame angle plate structure, and all the beautiful ones on top, That is an astounding instrument, at any time. Physics is such a beautiful science.

[@Thor_Asgard_]

Its always amazing, how much more clear and logical old videos are.

[@Artsmitica]

What an amazing video. Thank you for sharing !

[@captainoates7236]

Americans that know what millimetres, centimetres and degrees kelvin are in 1967. Refreshing.

[@pvtglarson1]

this movie was the first time someone decided that zooming and blurring were good things sometimes

[@Zerpersande]

Are you aware of how old this clip actually is? And that at the time, this level of quality was state of the art. There also used to be lots of individuals that would make comments that they themselves thought were funny but actually were simply a good indicator of their stupidity. It was thought that the numbers of these people was steadily decreasing but the internet has demonstrated that any decrease is minimal at best.

[@pleindespoir]

;)

[@pvtglarson1]

poor bert cant look at words without being affected emotionally@@Zerpersande

[@pluto9000]

When Classifying arguments, bert doesn't care about word order... Except when it matters. 😩

[@blxtothis]

The video was most likely made by running a ciné film beamed by a projector onto a screen with a digital video camera pointing at the image, it looks like it was set to autofocus and was ‘hunting’ for focus, manual focussing on an image attached to the screen before running would have solved that.

[@JamieJamez]

The audio is pretty clean despite the video getting pretty dirty at times. Since the audio on film is read optically, it's surprising that the audio isn't clicking and popping when the video is full of artifacts.

[@Yezpahr]

Glad to see in the comments that I'm not the only one gawking at the needle mysteriously going up and down and finding that particular analog-driven invention equally interesting as the cesium atoms ablating somewhere and passing through a split, through a magnetic field and hitting a not further explained detector to make said needle move. It's just voltages and resistances fed into an amplifier, being driven by natural unseen forces that make meticulously set up matter function like an analog graph maker even more enigmatic in its function until one looks at the graphs and takes a few semesters in College/University to even know which courses to take to learn more about it. Our ancestors gave us the tools we took for granted.

[@hu5116]

Thanks for sharing this! Great demo

[@labibbidabibbadum]

It's wonderful to see that the US had embraced SI units by the 1960s. No doubt full national metric conversion soon followed?

[@PsRohrbaugh]

Only for drugs, guns, and soda.

[@guytech7310]

Americans will be all for it, if you Europeans pay for all the costs to retool & relabel everything. Send us a check for $100B Euros so we can get started!

[@georgesheffield1580]

Yes we did then the corporate types and anti sciences types turned it around back to the dark ages .

[@georgesheffield1580]

​@@PsRohrbaughwent back to English stuff for drugs except with law

[@pyropulseIXXI]

Academia has always used metric units in the US, you oaf. Is this the only home you low IQ types know?

[@lepidoptera9337]

Very cool! I have not seen this experiment in a long time. To be more exact, I only saw it once in an undergrad experimental physics class and that was almost half a century ago. Having said that, I have done lots of nuclear magnetic resonance as a student, which is kind of equivalent, except that it's being done in the time domain.

[@rangerrick5660]

"All the bugs that always beset every experiment" lol.

[@RjbigIamMe]

Lol, how many weeks did take to "debug" that device?😆

[@Junaid_ahmed1729]

Thank you so much for this video

[@rogerscottcathey]

Wonder if this is how Earl Strickland learn to spin a pool ball . . . Excellent series

[@Diogenes425]

A closer look into what cannot be seen with the naked eye.

[@curioushominid7113]

Second part? Where they study only one side of the split beam? Can’t find the video anywhere online.

[@thatguyyouknow.8303]

Could these experiments/demonstrations be used to explain the reasons behind the earths magnetic pole movement?😮

[@c.s.dennstedt8754]

Was für ein schönes Experiment.

[@railgap]

I used to have that exact same ion gauge controller.

[@guytech7310]

I own the same model roughing Pump used "Welch 1402"

[@onkcuf]

Really?

[@MrCuddlyable]

There is an error in the narration at 25:18: "The oven temperature is about 400 DEGREES [sic] kelvin." The SI unit of temperature called the kelvin is not called a degree.

[@karhukivi]

True, but it sounds ridiculous to most physicists' ears., so we say "degrees Kelvin" if we think the audience doesn't understand. Never a mistake when thigs are clarified.

[@MrCuddlyable]

@@karhukivi So you proudly "defend" ignorance, even maligning other physicists. Dumbing things down doesn't make you smart.

[@kalidilerious]

25 minutes on the process of a profound physics experiment and and one of the best explained experiments that's on youtube. And your hung up on degrees kelvin. Congratulations you found a way to dumb it down. You did it!

[@MrCuddlyable]

@@kalidilerious In English the words YOU'RE and YOUR are spelled differently because they mean different things.

[@onkcuf]

Oops

[@halweilbrenner9926]

This would be great if the audio could be cleaned up

[@SEEtheREPLAY]

Need more videos

[@PTGaonkar]

This is amazing thanks ☺️

[@StephanBuchin]

12:58 Bugs were already a thing in 1967.

[@beamshooter]

The term was even used by Thomas Edison.

[@beamshooter]

I argue that that parallel/anti-parallel dipoles get pulled into "temporal-phase" with the relative "now" moment. Perpendicular dipoles are shifted temporally out-of-phase with the now moment. I.e. the magnetic field enforces dipole orientation via selective temporal phases.

[@sbkenn1]

What moves the magnet back into the centre after the single coil is switched off?

[@dominicesteban3174]

Gravity is doing its thing throughout, right? And so, when the electromagnetic magnetic force (generated by the electric current in the coil) is switched off, the swing/bar magnet just returns to equilibrium?

[@paulgibbons2320]

Terrific I learn a lot here. 👍

[@xephyr417]

18:54 The peaks don't get sharper as you turn up the magnetic field... How on earth could you conclude quantization of spin from this?

[@xephyr417]

21:20 the beam IS spread symmetrically... Something goofy happened when they turned the b-field higher. It coupled back to the oven.

[@russchadwell]

Now do that using the dreaded double slit apparatus

[@BariumCobaltNitrog3n]

I find it annoying that anything quantum has to be weird, strange or bizarre now. That just sounds like unrealistic expectations. No effort is required to make it interesting. It is what it is, nature.

[@Leksa135]

Could somebody explain why the magnetic gyros would lead to a symmetric distribution if normal bar magnets would not? I didn't get it from the video.

[@lepidoptera9337]

Because they are in thermodynamic equilibrium with their environment, which means that we are expecting a classical thermal distribution for the orientations. Imagine a classical pendulum that is randomly exited: the amplitude can take an entire range of values. Here the measurement reveals that individual atomic spins are either parallel or antiparallel to the field gradient, but they can't be "in the middle" for instance. The "deeper" explanation comes from quantum field theory: when the atoms interact with the magnetic field, they can only exchange two kinds of photons with the field, one with left-handed and the other one with right-handed helicity (polarization), i.e. an atom can only flip from one direction to the other, but it can never get to the middle.

[@kingcosworth2643]

Are the atoms leaving the oven ionised?

[@nr7000000001]

these are the kind of questions

[@deadmeat14711]

I would expect not for the most part, they were only evaporated iirc

[@barthchris1]

I thought I had an ant or something crawling in and out of my laptops bottom bezel at 2:51

[@barabbasrosebud9282]

Maybe, someday, in the distant future quantum mechanics will be accepted by the scientific elite.

[@lazzer408]

Big MRI

[@tjizzle8155]

I have a severe headache.....

[@jangantewel1201]

jenius

[@productiveprojects6800]

Interesting 🤔

[@kenh9508]

I have no idea what I just watched. Very interesting, but if I were to make prediction it would be that guy died of cesium related causes.

[@NoahSpurrier]

7:15

[@procactus9109]

Orf orn orf orn

[@ChurchHorace-m5l]

Martin Ronald Rodriguez Angela Brown Jason

[@JoseSilveira-newhandleforYT]

100 year old experiment! Seems that fundamental physics has been going through molasses, ever since.

[@lepidoptera9337]

Not at all. Our experiments have simply grown much bigger and much more expensive. It now takes thousands, sometimes tens of thousands of people to build them. ;-)

[@JoseSilveira-newhandleforYT]

@@lepidoptera9337 LOL!

[@lepidoptera9337]

@@JoseSilveira-newhandleforYT And decades to build... CERN's discovery (or better "confirmation") of the Higgs took like 30 years. So, yeah... in some sense things are "slowing down" because the easy fruit has been picked. That doesn't mean that overall discovery rate is slowing down, just look at astronomy since Hubble and some of the other orbital observatories came online.

[@JoseSilveira-newhandleforYT]

​@@lepidoptera9337 Yep, surely. And the JWST has gone much further and keeps shaking things, at every new discovery.

[@lepidoptera9337]

@@JoseSilveira-newhandleforYT Yep. The astronomers are having the time of their lives, right now. I am envious. :-)

[@Markoul11]

At 20:30 stamp of the video he demonstrates the case of the atoms being small magnetic gyros spinning (used pressurized air to spin the magnets) around the magnetic moment axis B of the external magnetic field filed and explains that although the spinning of the gyros would act as an stabilizer factor the macroscopic gyros would just each maintain its initial gyromagnetic angle and therefore arbitrary land on a position on the detector producing still a continuous Gauss curve as in the case of the no gyro rotating magnets. thus the binary splitting behavior with no atoms landing at the center region observed in the real experiment with cesium atoms has no classical explanation but only can contributed to quantum mechanics which BTW does not offer any physical explanation either meaning this phenomenon has no logical explanation whatsoever!! But what if I told that in the year 2022 a valid classical explanation to this experiment was given? That what was revealed was that because the flux charge morphology of the valance electrons on the atoms was shown that the atoms behave exactly as the macroscopic previously demonstrated spinning gyromagnets 20:30 but the assumption that they could stabilize the gyromagnetic precession at any arbitrary random gyro angle value depending the initial random conditions when the atom was entering the SG magnet apparatus was wrong!! It is shown that any magnetic atom (i.e. fermion) independent of the external field strength B can electromagnetically precess only at two gyro angle values from the z-axis B field, thus +54.7° and -54.7° (in mathematics this is called magic angle) thus a binary behavior which explains classically the magnetic quantization in space splitting shown by fermions in the Stern-Gerlach famous experiment. For more details about this possible explanation do a google search under this "DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23507.71209/4".

[@funnycatvideos5490]

Yeah on the face of it quantum is just indoctrination at this point Literally making assumptions based on a lack of understanding quantum is basically magic which of course does not exist I mean how obvious is this but yet people still hold onto the stupid notion it is literally a fad that will not go away

[@thedirtykitchenpysic]

So instead of saying "dipole can have two projections" on an axis you are saying that there is a "4d flux field manifold that behaves classically and can have two projections" on an axis? Wouldn't have it been more correct to rather wait for a peer review before posting about "groundbreaking explanation" on a social network website dedicated to cat videos?

[@Markoul11]

@@thedirtykitchenpysic "E. Markoulakis, E. Antonidakis, A ½ spin fiber model for the electron, Int. J. Phys. Res. 10 (2022) 1-17.doi:10.14419/ijpr.v10i1.31874".

[@Markoul11]

@@thedirtykitchenpysicYes this is also correct explanation you gave in your previous comment. "Groundbreaking" explanations can also be controversial and not necessarily correct but if it is too much of a problem I have edited my comment tp "possible explanation" instead.

[@thedirtykitchenpysic]

@@Markoul11 Thanks. I've tried reading your article and had a discussion with my physics friends. One thing for sure - cannot disagree it would have been much fun had fundamental physics been shaken from the bottom

[@funnycatvideos5490]

It's funny how someone could be this smart to build this apparatus but yet totally misinterpret the results. Nothing about this experiment verifies quantum in fact it disproves it completely. All material will be affected by magnetic field that's why we think so-called gravity holds everything to the earth. Let me give you a hint. gravity doesn't exist, it's all magnetism because it is constantly making micro adjustments which gravity cannot do it explains how the planets stay in orbit by constantly oscillating and Real-time harmonic balancing the forces . It's a mechanized machine like precision which is easily explained by magnetism. It has a way of self balancing we see it all over you just need to open your eyes.

[@justingriffin2546]

My God..with that attitude you'll be saying that Dark matter and dark energy don't exist...LOL.

[@BigBoaby-sg1yo]

@@justingriffin2546 they don’t 😂 check out Sabine Hossenfelder 😮

[@JurassicMonkey-x9f]

Einstein was kind enough to publish his field equations so they could be validated thousands of times. Where are yours?

[@rachelnyn5543]

Antigravity

[@JoeBorrello]

Awoff… awahn… awoff… awahn…

[@discoveringthegardenofeden7882]

I am stunned. This experiment does not seem to show what it has been purported to show. It seems to have been misinterpreted: Besides there are alot of assumptions being made for which there is no basis. For instance, in minute two, in the compass analogy, 'if atoms believe like compass needles then isolated atoms moving in vacuum free of all friction would oscillate about the field direction forever'.... NO. NO. That would not be a correct intuition even from first principles. Regardless of friction, the rotational inertia of the macroscopic compass needle is much greater, especially at the distance shown in the video, then the rotational inertia of any microscopic atom in a magnetic field. Even the video shows that friction merely nullifies the rotational inertia allowing the magnetic field to overcome the remaining rotational inertia in both directions (clockwise/counterclockwise). Regardless of friction, what is important is whether the magnetic field is powerful enough to overcome the rotational inertia, and it is. One understands why silver atoms being magnetic were not selected, because small magnets align (or oppose) with the larger field. Cesum is supposed to be non-magnetic. But the latter is irrelevant at the microscopic scale because electrons do not stay in the same position. They move around the nucleus. Because magnetic force is instantaneous even the shortest period of time where the electron cloud forms a dipole moment is sufficient for the entire atom to align with the dipole of the larger magnet. Hence: The cesium atom, non magnetic, being composed of spinning charges spinning around a nucleus at velocity, will ever so slightly behave like a magnet in a magnetic field and this 'effect' increases when exposed to the magnetic force of the setup. Magnets either instantly align or go topsy turvy in a greater magnetic field. When I see this experiment I can only deduce that Spin up spin down is a result of the experimental setup, it is not inherent to the silver atom/electron. The fact that the magnetic field is inhomogeneous is a deceptive notion, because in reality the witness plate does not show the amount of tilt of the atom/electron. It merely shows that the only excluded position is perpendicular to the inhomogeneous magnetic field, which for spinning objects (such as vortices, gyroscopes) at the interface of two forces is entirely expected even in classical mechanical systems because that perpendicular position is unstable (example: a spinning gyroscope when spinning down skits away when the sides droop down and touch a surface/opposing force interface, it cannot remain in the latter position). The macroscopic analogies from min 20 onwards (atom as a tiny bar-magnet) do not work because they assume the electrons stay in a fixed position relative to the atomic nucleus. They don't, as the electron clouds move about the atom chaotically. That is why they are not entirely comparable to gyroscopes. Measured over time, only at the instant that the electrons are in a position equivalent to a dipole will they interact with the magnetic field. In all other positions they do not behave like a dipole. There are only three options possible dipole, antidipole, no dipole at all. When, on the orbit of the electron clouds, there is no dipole situation of the entire cloud, the atom is not subjected to the force of the large magnet. But at the moments of dipole or antidipole that interaction does exist. Because this revolves over time, the atom will switch between dipole and dipole quasi randomly, the randomness being determined by the combined movement of all electrons. This is also why the effect is only cumulative and not subtractive, as in, the movement is not equivalent to gyroscopic precession. In this understanding it must be an intermittent pulsed effect, someday we can maybe measure these pulses as the atom moves through the large magnet. The above combined implies the angle is always exactly parallel or antiparallel contrary to a macroscopic gyroscope.

[@shoutitallloud]

Had this experiment been tested with some non-metal atoms? I wonder how would noble gas atoms with complete outer electron shell behave.

[@pradyumnak641]

The compass analogy is fine. If we put tiny balls of plastic in a magnetic field, they will experience no force no matter how strong the magnetic field is, because plastic balls have a magnetic moment of 0. If an atom has a very tiny magnetic moment, in the order of 10^-24 J/T, it will experience a tiny force. That tiny force on that tiny mass across a tiny diameter produces enough inertia to let it oscillate. Now if you increase the strength of the magnetic field, it will oscillate faster. But the angle of oscillation doesn't change.

[@pradyumnak641]

Silver not being selected is for the reason that it requires a much higher temperature to vaporize it than Cesium. Silver is dimagnetic, not magnetic and Cesium is not non-magnetic. It is paramagnetic.

[@AdrienLegendre]

The compass magnet is fixed at its center so the only motion possible is rotary, also the compass needle is a uniform magnetic field.

[@funnycatvideos5490]

The same @@shoutitallloud All atoms are going to be affected by magnetic fields obviously your controlling the ether

[@danielash1704]

The source of magnetic fields is resonance in the state's of the Sun's induction of the world itself is a feeder that swapping Gravity is a normal stream of Energy beaming into the planets layerings and everything that is a core component in the electricity system it's a very high quality high frequency high quality charge set for the world between world's every planet in its reaches and entanglement is with the other Sun's most powerful waves of the galaxy Note that vibration of cymitry and space densities changed by scales of resonance

[@CoincidenceTheorist]

( and of course no mention of Non ferrous Electret magnetism. ... 🧲 ... anyways... )The bohr/bar magnet Theory is wrong and this has been known since before you were born. The true form is a bowl 4:48 shape. You See the bar and iron fillings demonstration gives you the impression of the same thing. Both what I’m mentioning and the bar will appear the same. But.... 10:09 Okay perfect. The double slit experiment. Please viëw after this. #PrimerFields part 1 I have these magnetic arrays with me. Well one at least is complete at this time. But if you have questions or whatever i could go live and explore with us. Truly incredible to have in your hands.

[@shroomskaiev]

There is a quality of better understanding when you see things done practicaly .

[@blasater]

The "old timers" really knew their stuff. I was very fortunate to have learned from them.

[@bookofrevelation4924]

They were the creators or generators, not the robbers of knowledge taken from others. British Royal Pharmaceutical Society was printing misinformation and personal insults of discoveries of Ludwig Brieger concerning PR3 Methyl Indole (Skatole), as an example, in their 1890s publishings. University of Michigan was starting to transfer knowledge from Berlin about the same time up to 1940s. My dad's mother is Anna Hahn that fled Germany in 1920s , a few years after my father's father, at age 24 in 1924, from the Brieger family to marry in Milwaukee and live in Detroit where Albert Einstein visited in 1930s-40s when my father was born the day Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor in 1941.

[@martintasker1004]

What a gorgeous demonstration! Sheer physicality of apparatus. Convincing experimental controls so we know what we’re seeing and what we’re not seeing. Modelling of the physics with coils and gyro/magnet gadgets. Transparency about doing the films in two halves filmed in opposite order. And use of CGS units! You could almost feel the excitement Stern and Gerlach must have felt as they watched their detector and saw the unfolding emergence of their original results. Beautiful!

[@kalidilerious]

It's fake just like most of the garbage the physics department comes up with. You can see the strings that's moving the magnet. Is it some magical powers of physics? Or is a guy just pulling the string. Remember the simplest answer is usually the right answer.

[@prostytroll]

They are using magnets to manipulate inside apparatus, electric wires with current to heat the metal and detect the beam - I don't see how this arrangement could cause any interference with the experiment 😉

[@Simonjose7258]

Best explanation so far. This was fascinating.

[@ytdlgandalf]

Am I just too slow for modern day, or was the pacing a lot better back then?

[@onkcuf]

No,it was better.

[@ZionistWorldOrder]

walter gerlach? the one german who had the highest security clearance of all civilians in the third reich gerlach?! wow that is one interesting individual if you are into supressed technology.

[@headpox5817]

Professor Jerrold R. Zacharias has such a wonderful and casual way of explaining.

[@iamgod6464]

One day, this will become a Television.

[@rickyrico80]

Never heard of this experiment, but it's old-timey and science so I'll let it surprise me.

[@beamshooter]

One of the top three most important experiments in QM for sure.

[@onkcuf]

Neat. This is some real deal stuff fight here. A good old film like you'd see in science class. Remember those anyone?

[@mr_fixer7229]

I see that this was a important discovery that lead to the Cesium Atomic clock!

[@alijoueizadeh2896]

Good old, hard science. Thank you for sharing.

[@Xsiondu]

20:57 this must be the behavior that MRI machines look for when they are imaging

[@richnormand1549]

I remember well the PSSC books. Extremely well made for teaching.

[@greegor4719]

Was that an HP pen plotter? I used a version made ten years later and found some unfortunate quirks of non linearity.

[@hanwellfoxfoxy5008]

Classic old school presentation, watch and learn modern teachers who wish to engage with their pupils.

[@MarcLuscher]

Just everyday home DIY experiments for kids playing in the garage with Dad's Physics gear from work.

[@GeorgeTsiros]

purely electromechanical _badass_

[@teachermichaelmaalim6103]

In those days, the video presenters did not ask the audience to like and subscribe by clicking on buttons 😁

[@drew6524]

As with EVERYTHING from lower middle and high school: IF YOU EXPLAIN WHAT YOU ARE SHOWING *THEN* ONLY THEN SHOW THE EXPOSITION 100% comprehension rate but school like this video always FIRST shows a series of (using all gain knowledge to that point) MEANINGLESS IMAGES I understand magnetism and the terms. I studied quantum mechanics at 10. In German. Just to make it harder. But failed school every year. By then I spoke both flawless francophone and Parisienne French flawlessly, and German, Greek etc etc But it wasn’t until university that I ever got less than a d (then how did you- obviously first music school then use that 2 years of A+ to get in) Because in university They do this CRAZY thing of: 1) this is the subject. 2) this experiment is a visual of this math or this effect 3) THEN SHOW SOMEONE PLAYING WITH MAGNETs!!!

[@hamu_sando]

22:22 - nice curve. 0° rotation => spread legs. 90° rotation => Simpsons character mouth. 180° rotation => camel toe.

[@John-wm6fg]

Perhaps there will be a day to where we can Change the course of a huge Iron asteroid away from catastrophic events upon hitting the Earth ??? What Say You Brain Heads ???

[@andyp3834]

is this what I missed when i ditched physics in high-school? well now I don't feel so bad about wasting all that time in the bathroom smoking weed...

[@robertfish4052]

Lookout PERMAG illinois, those high energy dirac monopoles could get sticker. Lol.

[@xephyr417]

19:07 how do you know they are randomly oriented? Theres a big magnet in the middle of the room for the experiment

[@TheWadetube]

Half way through I understood the point of the experiment and shifted to the right in my seat.

[@TonyDelgado-iv9wq]

🎵….Our whole universe was in a hot dense state and nearly 14,000,000,000 years ago….

[@renatmorvay8582]

mass spectromety principe... awesome...

[@michaeljohnson3529]

Please continue sharing those films, you're doing God's work

[@BoneTime]

WTF does your delusional god have to do with it.

[@iainmackenzieUK]

could have added a velocity selector fairly easily to sharpen the peaks...??

[@pantherstealth1645]

Some of this info is wrong these days or the guy needs to update his vocab