Turing: Pioneer of the Information Age

(May 2, 2012) Following a three minute introduction by Steven Ericsson-Zenith, Jack Copeland discusses Alan Turing's impact on information technology. Turing is often considered to be one of the greatest minds in the 20th century, and Copeland looks at how many of Turing's ideas lie behind some of information technology's most fundamental theories.
Stanford University:
www.stanford.edu/
Stanford School of Engineering:
soe.stanford.edu/
Stanford Computer Systems Colloquium:
www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/
Stanford University Channel on KZbin:
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[@steemdup]

photos of Turing always appeared so somber - it's good to hear from those who actually knew him that he possessed a wicked sense of humor. like many highly intelligent people he was a singular individual - too bad his life ended prematurely.

[@johncliff996]

That was a very interesting lecture about Alan Turing by Jack. I do not know how I have managed to to miss it out before now. Well worth listening to by anyone interested in computer history.

[@HAEngel-cr5gp]

Mr. Copeland is brilliant. It is wonderful when persons such as Turing, and some of his contemporaries are finally recognized for such wondrous achievements. It is sad to know that Turing was a victim of prejudice and cruelty of the "Human Program of Inhumanity."

[@carpejkdiem]

Sin and evils of the Antichrist spirit leading so many.

[@ToolsAandLogic]

I appreciate your efforts to provide education and information and knowledge via you tube videos. In this age of internet, such initiatives are a boon for people living in another countries or another cities, and those who are really brilliant but could not come to Stanford. This indeed the beauty of institution like Stanford, Harvard that you don't keep the education and knowledge limited to your institution. Sharing of Knowledge is the greatest strength of human and I am happy that Stanford University believe in this principle. May be one day another Einstein may born by learning from your videos.

[@jbut1208]

You can keep Hawking I believe that Turing was the greatest British mathematician of the 20th Century

[@kxkxkxkx]

Try reading a book sometimes 😂

[@jbut1208]

What a sin! I do not agree with you! What a sin!1111

[@mattymattsidebyeach]

Thank you to whoever made sure that the audience was mic'd. Good work and refreshing to hear during a lecture.

[@livingadreamlife1428]

Couple of things. First, the German Naval Code was the most difficult to break because they began using an Enigma machine in Dec. 1938 with five rotors, three of which were chosen for any session. The other German services used only three in total. Second, the name “Bomba” was given to the code breaking machine. Bomba, doesn’t mean “bomb”. Rather, Bomba is a Polish expression similar to the way we use the terms Eureka or Bingo in English.

[@supertuscans9512]

I think you’ll find that the German Naval Enigma Machines changed to 4 Rotors, after Doenitz became highly suspicious that German Naval codes had been broken ( he sort of set a trap for the code breakers that proved this) and the 4 rotor machine was being designed in 1941 and came into service with the German Mavy in 1942.

[@patrickyoung3503]

I'm blown away by the lecture . I'm fascinated about how it all came about . Many thanks for posting

[@stuartlomas8557]

The picture in the thumbnail for this is of Bill Tutte who worked out how the Lorenz cipher machine worked.

[@ijoyner]

Some comments here and elsewhere on Turing make the point that it was really the Polish that cracked the code. I don't want to diminish the work of Polish mathematicians - they were brilliant. But as the lecture points out, it still took Turing 20 months from 1939-41 to completely break the code, even with the knowledge of what the Poles had done. The Enigma machines of the early 1930s were much simpler than those used in WWII. I think it was brilliant work all around. The Polish were brilliant, but this does not diminish the work of Alan Turing. This lecture was definitely worth watching the full 1 hour and 36 minutes.

[@manicminer4127]

+Ian Joyner The Polish cracked the 3 wheel Enigma not the 4 wheel. Also the Polish method was obselte by May 1940 as the Germans changed the Enigma machines.

[@squarepants49]

+Ian Joyner The Polish system became obsolete in 1938- the Germans had changed the system that allowed the Polish to break the pre-war German codes, so the system Bletchley inherited was a completely different creature. Also, added wheels and the inclusion of the plugboard added a far greater complexity than the three wheeled enigma minus the plugboard. Also, the breaking of Tunny- the Lorenz cypher, was a far more complexed system than the work the Polish did with enigma- not to mention Turing's theories and Flowers building the world's first electronic programable computer. Most people who try to downplay Bletchley's work invariably have an anti British bias.

[@normanhenderson7300]

The Poles were lucky to get hold of one of the instructional materials detailing the operation of the Enigma machine from a sunk German U-boat.

[@supertuscans9512]

Your partially right, a critical code book did come a German U boat that enabled the four rotor Enigma machine, which had been adopted by the Krugsmarine at the beginning of ‘42 to be broken. This event had nothing to do with the Poles. A German u boat was forced to surface by the British Destroyer HMS Petard. Four crewmen swam to the abandoned Sub which had had its sea cocks opened for scuttling. The men boarded the sub and two of them , Grazier and Fasson recovered the code books and passed them out of the hatch to their colleagues. Tragically just after going so, the sub suddenly sank and the both Grazier and Fasson went down with the boat.

[@ijoyner]

@@supertuscans9512 That is true that code books were retrieved from submarines. But that does not make me wrong or only partially correct.

[@Gabcikovo]

Fingers crossed, all the Turings and Flowers of 2023 and on!

[@HueyTheDoctor]

A fascinating talk, well worth watching. Many thanks for the upload.

[@ChrisosIDK]

That was fantastic! I recommend this video to anyone who wants to learn about the origins of computing.

[@gamesmusichax8359]

Brilliant talk!

[@MrThomascow]

I enjoyed this lecture, very nice post, great pity, most of the famous names never got to hear , this great post in all their names, cheers

[@smroog]

Thank you Jack Copeland. Honesty and truth so seldom make it to the public.

[@topdog5252]

Fantastic lecture.

[@stramster1]

Turific talk. ♥

[@stumpycatvm7115]

only 1 trums up in 8 years?

[@ilikethisnamebetter]

@@stumpycatvm7115 5 now.. did you mean turms?

[@MrDaiseymay]

When I sent this vid to myself--so as to share elsewhere--it has a picture of ' Bill Tutte' prominently shown, under which it proclaims the heading ' Turing'; Pioneer of the information Age'

[@inkfish9808]

This is exceptional stuff. My dad (later one of IBM's leading logicians) knew Turing c1951-after having seen the pathetic IMITATION GAME and digging into Turing's own writing (must-read if you're keen on this material), what's astonishing is that Watson and Crick were about 40miles from Turing in 1953. What that means is that even as Turing was thinking and writing about the pattern language of plants, in parallel to the DNA research at the Cavendish. I think Turing's work in genomics would have made the likes of Craig Ventner possible decades earlier. As I've said elsewhere: the da Vinci of our time. And yes +Anton Daneyko that is Donald Knuth at 1:22!

[@johntechwriter]

I'm with you on that dreadful "Imitation Game" movie. Its producers knew how to manipulate today's naive and historically ignorant audiences and cynically took advantage of political correctness to create a ludicrous story, complete with a cartoonish lead character. Despicable. Right here on KZbin is a 1996 movie that compellingly explores Turing the man: Breaking the Code: Biography of Alan Turing. Based on the stage play, the writing is superb throughout, as is an impassioned performance by one of England's finest actors, Derek Jacobi. My favorite bit is a several-minute explanation by the protagonist of why he so loves mathematics. Fascinating. As is this lecture, by the way.

[@eugenemiya4935]

@@johntechwriter That's the movie industry (show business, with a touch of Andrew Hodges) versus WW2 security compartmentalization. Bombes were never visible through any door or window (visiting Bletchley shows this). Other WW2 movies are similarly portrayed this way. Upsets vets but sells ticket seats.

[@jwadaow]

@@eugenemiya4935 It's a bad film on its own terms.

[@supertuscans9512]

There can be no doubt that Turing was a genius but the most incredible academic exercise in code breaking in WWII wasn’t in fact done by Turing but done by Tommy flowers who also in doing so built the world’s first electronic computer which used 1,500 valves. Tragically he was ordered to destroy it at the end of the War, because it was Flowers and his machine that cracked the hardest coding machine of the War, Lorenz, which was a 12 rotor, telex connected machine which as part of its encryption technique used to generate and insert random characters into its messages, to make the 12 rotor messages, ‘impossible to break’ because they came out as random nonsense.

[@GuillemotWatcher]

You are right to remind us of the great work of Polish cryptographers but even here in the UK Turin is not given the 'whole credit' for breaking Enigma. We do recognise him as the superstar of the Bletchley Park organisation. For me however his contributions to Computer Science & Chaos Theory will be what he will be longest remembered for. My interest lies more in understanding the natural world, & I've come to realise that Chaos Theory is vital for this.

[@troyfrei2962]

Who invented the first electronic digital computer.? John Vincent Atanasoff. Where was the first electronic digital computer? Iowa State.

[@BeatSyncBytes]

Name all the brilliant people in the video, Donald Knuth is in the house

[@cowboyx1970]

Agreed, I'm glad that guy was just the intro

[@Tadesan]

2:50 The presentation starts.

[@fritsvanzanten3573]

22:00 For what I know/understand about this matter, I'd say the heuristics were not so much 'in the Bomb', but in the way it was used. The menu's used to select the settings the bomb tried to crack were created by human minds ('manual') , not machines, and certainly not the Bomb. Moreover, the result was tested by humans on separate devices (manual again) to judge whether the decrypted message was a sensible one. This too the machine could not do. I sense some tendency to think the machine(s) did all the work, but that in my opinion is is not correct. They did the dumb, repetitive work, not the thinking.

[@skroot7975]

Sickening to see people trying to either downplay Turings contributions or denying his sexuality because they are homophobes.

[@NO-qu1uk]

I find that the following quote by Alan Turing, is quite fitting to what you're saying: “I'm afraid that the following syllogism may be used by some in the future. Turing believes machines think Turing lies with men Therefore machines do not think Yours in distress, Alan”

[@supertuscans9512]

That is so clever and so funny at the same time. Not surprising as Turing was renowned for his sense of humour.

[@kxkxkxkx]

I think it's sickening that so many other equally important contributions are ignored in order to legitimize pederasty 🤔

[@burtcollins239]

If you had thousands of pairs of eyes staring down at you... constantly you possibly would have eaten that apple yourself..People can be very cruel...

[@AntonDaneyko]

Is that Donald Knuth at 1h 22m 23s commenting?

[@eugenemiya4935]

Yes, we all went out to dinner afterward.

[@troyfrei2962]

First computer was made at IOWA STATE by John Vincent Atanasoff.

[@GH-oi2jf]

First electronic computer. It wasn’t quite finished, though, when WW2 interrupted development. Iowa State was so clueless about its importance that they scrapped it.

[@troyfrei2962]

@@GH-oi2jf In the 1973 ruling, the judge overturned the ENIAC patents and determined Atanasoff and Berry's invention was actually the world's first electronic digital computer after it was proved the ENIAC co-designer Mauchly had seen the ABC in Iowa shortly after it became operational, according to a report from NPR

[@GH-oi2jf]

@@troyfrei2962 - I’m aware of the significance of the ABC establishing prior art which broke the ENIAC patents. Nevertheless, the ABC wasn’t quite completed and wasn’t a general-purpose machine to begin with. It is what it is - or was. What I find most interesting about the ABC is that its memory used stored charge, a pronciple used in dynamic RAM today.

[@troyfrei2962]

@@GH-oi2jf I agree with you. i think mercury delay lines, in cathode-ray tubes was the start. Then core memory with ferrite core memory. i think ferrite core memory are used in quantum computing but I dont know

[@nicholaspisca4214]

I never knew David Lynch was such a fan of Alan Turing!

[@scottfuller5194]

The Inca, Aztec, Mayan etc civilization ALL used codex indexes, some have NOT today been "broken"......

[@algorithm4390]

i essentially agree Ancient languages should be a priority..

[@osvaldobenavides5086]

LOL, you don't know what you are talking about.

[@JMDinOKC]

That is COMPLETELY wrong.

[@ghanaboyz]

Arne Beurling. papper and a pencil. Nuff said.

[@DarkAncientZ]

Great lecture! But is there any lecture about Stefan (Stephen) Odobleja, the Father of Cybernetics?

[@granskare]

"bomb" is based on a Polish term.

[@ilikethisnamebetter]

Very slight quibble, _he_ called it a Universal Machine, _we_ call it a Universal Turing Machine.

[@jackcopeland4017]

Come off it Angela Pearce, you know Jack Good never said that Alan Turing's only contribution to breaking Enigma was to claim that from a contradiction, one can deduce everything. You made that up. It's also completely false to say, as you do, that "The British were able to read all German military messages from 1939". About the Polish contribution to Enigma:- The Poles certainly deserve unlimited credit for their successes in breaking German military Enigma from as early as 1933. But it must be remembered that the Polish methods were focussed on one specific loophole in the Enigma system (the 6-letter indicator), and when the Germans closed that loophole in the spring of 1940, the Poles' methods were no longer workable. That was the end of the Polish era of Enigma breaking. Turing invented radically new methods, very different from the Polish methods. Turing's methods remained valid throughout the war. It must also be remembered that the Poles failed to crack German wartime Naval Enigma. It was Turing alone who broke the indicator system for Naval Enigma, and in particular the version used by the German U-boats in the North Atlantic. This was probably the most decisive contribution to the war made by any single person-although it vies with Bill Tutte's breaking of the German 'Tunny' cipher machine in 1942, and Tommy Flowers' invention of Colossus, the first large-scale electronic computer, in 1943. There is more about the Polish contributions to Enigma in my recent bio of Turing, Turing Pioneer of the Information Age (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). Here is an extract from the book: The earliest successes against German military Enigma were by the Polish Cipher Bureau or Biuro Szyfrów, located in the city of Warsaw. Around the end of 1932, Polish codebreaker Marian Rejewski, a small, pensive man with owl-like circular spectacles, managed to deduce the wiring inside the wheels. This was one of the greatest feats in the history of codebreaking. As well as deducing the wheel-wiring, Rejewski also uncovered the pattern of fixed wiring across the so-called entry plate of the Enigma. The British never did manage to work out the wiring of the entry plate. Thanks to these and other discoveries by Rejewski, the Poles were reading German military Enigma from 1933. At the beginning of 1938, about 75% of all intercepted Enigma material was being decoded successfully by the Biuro Szyfrów. This was a tremendous achievement, but unfortunately Rejewski's techniques for breaking the messages all depended on a single weakness in German operating procedures-an unnoticed flaw in the method that the sending operator used to tell the receiving operator which positions he had twisted the wheels to before he started enciphering the message. In May 1940 this procedure was abruptly discontinued on most Enigma networks. Perhaps the Germans had discovered the flaw at last. Anyway, that was the end of the loophole that had let Rejewski in. Suddenly the Poles' techniques were useless. Only a few weeks before the German armies poured across Poland's frontiers in September 1939, the Polish codebreakers invited two of their British opposite numbers to Warsaw for a highly secret meeting. There the Poles revealed the wiring of the entry plate and of the wheels. 'At that meeting we told everything we knew and showed everything we had', Rejewski said. After the meeting Dilly Knox, the main player at that time in the British work on Enigma, sang for joy-although his immediate reaction, as he sat listening to Rejewski's triumphs, was undisguised fury that the Poles were so far ahead. Knox learned that in 1938 Rejewski and his colleagues at the Biuro Szyfrów had built a small machine that they called a 'bomba' ('bomby' in the plural). Their reasons for choosing this distinctive name, whose literal meaning is bomb or bombshell, were not recorded, although theories abound. One is that Rejewski was eating a bomba-a type of ice-cream desert, bombe in French-when the idea for the machine struck him. Rejewski's bomba consisted of six replica Enigma machines. His idea worked brilliantly and soon the Poles had half a dozen bomby slogging away at the Enigma traffic. Like Rejewski's other methods, however, the bomby depended on the same crucial loophole in the operating procedures used by the German Army and Air Force (the 6-letter indicator). When this loophole was closed, in May 1940 (by the simple fix of typing the three indicator-letters only once instead of twice), the bomby became useless. In fact, the usefulness of the bomby had steadily declined up until this point. Major setbacks had come in December 1938, when the German operators were given two extra wheels to select from, and in January 1939, when the number of letters that were scrambled by the Enigma's plugboard was increased from five to eight. Fortunately, in the autumn of 1939 Turing devised a much more complex form of anti-Enigma machine. This was the Turing bombe, which worked on very different principles from the Polish bomba. The bombe was unaffected by the radical change to the Enigma system in May 1940, and it was the mainstay of the Allied attack on Enigma right through the war. The engineers began building Turing's bombe in October 1939, and the first, named simply 'Victory', was installed in the spring of 1940. It cost approximately £6,500-about one tenth of the price tag of a Lancaster bomber, and around £100,000 in today's money. In view of what the bombes would achieve, they were one of the most cost-effective pieces of equipment of the war. Turing's bombe was a high-speed special-purpose electromechanical computer. It contained thirty-six replica Enigma machines, as well as brilliantly ingenious wiring, full of feedback loops, that searched for the key to breaking the message at almost literally the speed of light.

[@GH-oi2jf]

Jack Copeland - Interesting, except for your last statement. The bombe wasn’t searching at anywhere near the speed of light, because it was limited by its mechanical aspect.

[@rox3815]

It was HMS Bulldogs crew that boarded the U-110 on the 9th May 1941 and captured the Enigma machine please research and correct your facts

[@kxkxkxkx]

John von Neumann invented stored program computers ☝️you mincing fraud

[@rox3815]

It was HMS Bulldog that captured the U-110 Enigma on 9th May 1941 please research and correct your facts

[@Gh0StSecurity]

alan turing , nikola tesla = heroes

[@GH-oi2jf]

Tesla was a clever fellow and an important engineer, but he has something of a cult status. Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky was even more important to the development of modern power systems than Tesla, but hardly anybody has heard of him. We are always hearing about Tesla and even naming things after him, but how about Steinmetz? How often do we read a reference to Oliver B. Shallenberger? Many people contributed to the development of electric power besides Tesla.

[@muckleminta]

youve all got it correct but lets remeber that no one saw the future but turing , left to thers we would have suceeded yes, but the future was turings vision. all others where trailing behind , the greatest man whom ever lived. all our lives would not be the same without turing .......fact how it would be is obviously open to debate about all should agree it would not be as it is now

[@gildamarlowe8516]

Alan Thomas: The "long-haired prat" as you called him was annoying and typical of his left-leaning bent. The intolerant society bit was unnecessary, no need to delve into Turing's sexuality --the man's genius is what is important and what is remembered.

[@alan-the-maths-tutor]

+Gilda Marlowe Yes, after all, his sexuality had nothing to do with who he was as a man. Best leave those sordid details out and sweep them under the carpet.

[@archraskal]

@@alan-the-maths-tutor I hope your reply to @Gilda Marlowe was meant to be tongue-in-cheek humor. If so, she probably didn't get it.

[@richardzieba5041]

3 Polish engeneers broke the Enigma code,and hand the Enigma to French,and English. Few years ago the Enigma machine was hand it over tp Polish Government ,by Prince Charles of England.

[@cedricvillani8502]

A talk about the book or rather the cover, that right there sums up Stanford and why you should avoid it at all costs

[@walterkronkitesleftshoe6684]

Such a pity we hear so relatively little about Alan Turing's contemporaries, men of much the same calibre such as Bill Tutte, Gordon Welchman, Arne Beurling or the electrical engineering genius of Tommy Flowers who brought all of Alan Turing's theoretical musings & excellence to fruition. Its hard not to wonder if we would hear so much about Alan Turing if he had been a lecherous, womanising bon viveur, or any other type of individual so hated by the left.

[@kxkxkxkx]

Yeah I wonder if the sky is blue 😂 Cronkite was a CIA agent btw

[@DarkAncientZ]

I was asking about Stefan Odobleja, the Father of Cybernetics, not about some Charles Babbage...

[@thehumancanary131]

The Germans were reading British military messages throughout the war...why is so little said about this? Is it an inconvenient truth?

[@JMDinOKC]

No, just a different story that deserves its own lecture.

[@GH-oi2jf]

The British codebreaking work is interesting because of the contribution it made toward winning the war. That isn’t the case with German codebreaking, or any other technology.

[@thehumancanary131]

@@GH-oi2jf Well, we'll never know how important German code-breaking was - because the story line is dictated by the winners. However, all 29 British secret agents sent to Holland during the war were captured and "turned."

[@King.mula17]

I’m ambidextrous

[@avieus]

The prof looks like the floor manager of my local arcade shop

[@King.mula17]

I need 2 pistols

[@prac2]

Lovlace's contribution is grossly over-rated

[@GH-oi2jf]

prac2 - She is “rated” only as the first programmer, which she was.

[@imptailor]

Pioneer of the artificial intelligence...

[@RafaelGodoyprofegodoy]

La historia de Alan Tuning debe ser repetida una y otra vez como lo han hecho con las del holocausto, para hacer lo casi imposible que es convencer a los pueblos que Dios sólo ayuda a aquellos cuya conducta es respetuosa y alejada de violencia y además de respetar la opinión, creencias y conductas de los vecinos y allegados.

[@MariaGladysdeParra]

estuve buscando traducir pero no encontré como para que todos lo entiendan es muy interesante

[@osvaldobenavides5086]

En otras palabras, la gente debe sufrir para que el Dios se sienta bien y te ayude? Si yo tubiese un amigo que se portara asi, lo mandaria al carajo.

[@King.mula17]

Write ur name if u wanna ☠️ 1st

[@MrDaiseymay]

There's a lot of ignorant fools writing here. Turing became a nightmare to the security service, he often slipped his protection squad--and sailed to Norway to stay with his new Norwegian boyfriend. This was very close to the Soviet border, an easy task for the KGB snatch squads. This was the height of the cold war--the era of the Cambridge traitors, Atomic secrets has been leaked to the Soviets in the USA----and Mccarthy paranoia too. It is suggested by some, that Turing became a loose cannon--and his suicide faked-- possibly murdered by MI5/6. In more recent times--a parallel might be the Dr.David Kelly case.

[@MrDaiseymay]

OH LOOK--the censors are about

[@ramirezrobert1849]

Shave..GULLETE.3.👽😹🧔🧔

[@alanthomas8836]

The long-haired prat who introduced this lecture put me off it right from the start. He quotes very misleadingly, "Turing gave his life selflessly to an ungrateful and intolerant society", presumably trying to infer that Turing was some sort of martyr because of his sexuality. But he was no more so than any other codebreaker in Bletchley. They were all governed under a strict cloak of secrecy and necessarily so. The so-called "ungrateful society" as a whole didn't even know until the mid 1970s about the work that was carried out at Bletchley. Only then could society begin to appreciate the work the codebreakers had done. Turing's later misfortune came mostly through his own naivety, and of his careless ignorance of the law of the land at the time, and he was dead before his achievements were generally known.

[@archraskal]

@alan thomas. You're making excuses for state sponsored bigotry. You're despicable for excusing the persecution of Alan Turing for being a homosexual. He played an invaluable role in the survival of Britain during WW2, yet his country treated him horribly for which you offer a lame alibi. You probably would rationalize Nazi Germany's treatment of Jews. You can't discuss Turing without bringing up how he was victimized.

[@pskosinski]

Meh, when comes to breaking Enigma Turing just improved what polish mathematicians did, And here he gets whole credit for breaking Enigma.

[@fasihodin]

he gave all he had, that is why he killed himself.

[@glutinousmaximus]

Boring and inept introduction, but otherwise a good lecture. Thanks for posting.

[@angelapearce8888]

Computers were invented by Charles Babbage in 1824. The Enigma Code Machine was decrypted by three Polish men in 1932 and they gave the Enigma machine and their code book to the British in 1939. The British were able to read all German military messages from 1939. Therefore Alan Turing was a fraud, whose handler Jack Good at Bletchley Park said, "Alan's only contribution was to claim that from a contradiction, one can deduce everything." Alan couldn't decrypt anything with his theory.

[@Uristdorf]

Hmm.. fairly poorly executed introduction. But nice talk from the scholar. Appreciate it.

[@kathrynmalbouvier6640]

Better programs and books on Turing. Awful reader. Such a disappointment for Stanford.

[@angelapearce8888]

Computers were invented by Charles Babbage in 1824. The Enigma Code Machine was decrypted by three Polish men in 1932 and they gave the Enigma machine and their code book to the British in 1939. The British were able to read all German military messages from 1939. Therefore Alan Turing was a fraud, whose handler Jack Good at Bletchley Park said, "Alan's only contribution was to claim that from a contradiction, one can deduce everything." Alan couldn't decrypt anything with his theory.

[@johnjacob5990]

[rollseyes] Turing came up with binary computation (the thing your computer is working on]. The Polish cracked the 3 rotor Enigma and were lost afterwards.

[@joscaffeine8881]

@@johnjacob5990 Babbage, Turing and von Neumann invented the computer

[@davidpinchard]

To suggest Alan Turing was a fraud is cretinous. If I said I did something that in fact I didn't, then sure call me a fraud. Please feel free to point out where Turing said he invented the computer? In what way is he personally a fraud?

[@angelapearce8888]

Computers were invented by Charles Babbage in 1824. The Enigma Code Machine was decrypted by three Polish men in 1932 and they gave the Enigma machine and their code book to the British in 1939. The British were able to read all German military messages from 1939. Therefore Alan Turing was a fraud, whose handler Jack Good at Bletchley Park said, "Alan's only contribution was to claim that from a contradiction, one can deduce everything." Alan couldn't decrypt anything with his theory.

[@angelapearce8888]

Computers were invented by Charles Babbage in 1824. The Enigma Code Machine was decrypted by three Polish men in 1932 and they gave the Enigma machine and their code book to the British in 1939. The British were able to read all German military messages from 1939. Therefore Alan Turing was a fraud, whose handler Jack Good at Bletchley Park said, "Alan's only contribution was to claim that from a contradiction, one can deduce everything." Alan couldn't decrypt anything with his theory.

[@osvaldobenavides5086]

Sources of your claims please. Otherwise you are just passing wind.

[@angelapearce8888]

Computers were invented by Charles Babbage in 1824. The Enigma Code Machine was decrypted by three Polish men in 1932 and they gave the Enigma machine and their code book to the British in 1939. The British were able to read all German military messages from 1939. Therefore Alan Turing was a fraud, whose handler Jack Good at Bletchley Park said, "Alan's only contribution was to claim that from a contradiction, one can deduce everything." Alan couldn't decrypt anything with his theory.