Types of stem cells | Advantages and disadvantages of Induced pluripotent stem cells | class 11

Aslam o alikum
I am Hassam ur Rahman and I am teaching Fsc biology since 2014 .I am always trying to improve myself and provide best lecture to students.i am taking content for the lecture from authentic and relevant sources but human errors are possible . you are requested to please highlight the mistakes.My lectures are equally reliable for Fsc and mdcat students
#visiblescience #mdcatbiology #alevelbiology #neetbiology #fscbiology #federalboard #federalboardbiology
here are my personal channel, I am sure it will change your life and very beneficial for you
/ @hassamurrahman
My Facebook page link
www.facebook.c...
Notes
Types of Stem Cells
Classification of Stem Cells by Differentiation Potential
- Researchers categorize stem cells according to their potential to differentiate into other types of cells.
- The full classification includes the following types:
Totipotent Stem Cells
- Totipotent stem cells can differentiate into all possible cell types.
- The first few cells that appear as the zygote starts to divide are totipotent.
Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Pluripotent cells can turn into almost any cell type.
- Cells from the early embryo are pluripotent.
Multipotent Stem Cells
- Multipotent cells can differentiate into a closely related family of cells.
- An example includes adult hematopoietic stem cells, which can become red and white blood cells or platelets.
Oligopotent Stem Cells
- Oligopotent cells can differentiate into a few different cell types.
- Adult lymphoid or myeloid stem cells are examples of oligopotent stem cells.
Unipotent Stem Cells
- Unipotent stem cells can only produce cells of one kind, which is their own type.
- Despite their limited differentiation, they are still considered stem cells because they can renew themselves.
- An example includes adult muscle stem cells.
Advantages of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
- iPSCs have the ability to give rise to almost any cell type desired.
- They avoid ethical concerns associated with human embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
- iPSCs generated from the patient themselves could be used to grow new organs with a lower risk of rejection.
Disadvantages of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
- Human iPSC production initially used viruses as delivery vectors for the genes required for cell reprogramming.
- The use of retroviruses to generate iPSCs is associated with cancer risk.
- Retroviruses can insert their DNA anywhere in the genome, potentially triggering cancer-causing gene expression.
- There is a continued risk of overgrowth of the transplanted cells, which can also lead to cancer.
Side box information
How to Generate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
In the body, signals determine a cell’s specialization by switching certain genes on or off. To generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), scientists mimic this process by reintroducing signals that normally tell stem cells to remain unspecialized in the early embryo.
- These signals switch off genes that direct the cell to become specialized.
- They also switch on genes that direct the cell to revert to a stem cell state, effectively reprogramming the cell to become pluripotent.
Market Growth of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
-The benefits of iPSCs are gaining recognition, driving the market towards continued expansion.
- According to BCC Research, the global market for induced pluripotent stem cells is projected to grow from $2.8 billion in 2021 to $4.4 billion by 2026, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.3%.
MCQS and Short questions
Types of Stem cells
SQ
• What are the five types of stem cells based on differentiation potential?
• What is the main feature of totipotent stem cells?
• Which type of stem cell can differentiate into almost any cell type?
• What type of cells can multipotent stem cells differentiate into?
• Provide an example of oligopotent stem cells.
• Why are unipotent stem cells still considered stem cells?
• What are the advantages of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?
• What is the risk associated with using retroviruses in iPSC production?
• How do scientists generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?
• What is the projected market growth for iPSCs by 2026?
MCQs
1. Which type of stem cell can differentiate into all possible cell types?
o A) Pluripotent
o B) Multipotent
o C) Totipotent
o D) Oligopotent
o Answer: C) Totipotent
2. Pluripotent stem cells can turn into:
o A) Only blood cells
o B) Almost any cell type
o C) Only muscle cells
o D) Only nerve cells
o Answer: B) Almost any cell type
3. Which of the following is an example of multipotent stem cells?
o A) Totipotent cells
o B) Embryonic stem cells
o C) Hematopoietic stem cells
o D) Myeloid stem cells
o Answer: C) Hematopoietic stem cells

[@abeera26]

sir please lecture time thora increase kaery