Ultrapure Water for Semiconductor Manufacturing

[@notanymore9471]

I work at a fab in facilities and just started taking care of the water systems and this video really helped understand wtf is going on. Thank you for the great research!

[@raylopez99]

That's cool...and scary that you get mission critical information for your company from KZbin, lol.

[@autohmae]

@@raylopez99 I think it's more a matter of: A picture (and thus video) is worth a thousand words and how our brains sometimes need multiple angles/presentations of the same information to grasp something.

[@notanymore9471]

@@raylopez99 well the truth is I’m not alone in managing it, secondly qualified people are in short supply and let’s face it in industry these days you have to train in many cases. But yeah KZbin is great often for stuff like this. Honestly this is way better info than anyone gave me on the job . 😂

[@catsspat]

Can you drink some and tell us what it [doesn't] taste like? 😅

[@notanymore9471]

@@catsspat kzbin.info/www/bejne/fHbPdZRsZ9-qrac

[@csours]

sometimes I think about a portion of society bootstrapping itself back to our level of technology. Getting to early MOSFET ICs could probably be done with the economic power of a population of one hundred housand people, but it takes an advanced world economic system to get to the nanometer level we're at now, even if you had all the reference manuals in the world

[@Hassanmohamed31152]

I'm hiring Jon to manage my project on how to industries eastern Africa. I f batteries take 50kw to 1kw of battery power, no one in the west will permit a the renewable energy to build the batteries needed. I think I could build electricity capacity in africa and build the batteries there.

[@autohmae]

I'm actually worried. As we scale up manufacturing to keep prices under control for newly developed methods we create more centralization. And we need more and more experts/expertise with specific knowledge/experience because of specialization it means disruptions are easier to cause problems. It could be that the 2011 Thai floods which disrupted the production of HDDs is just going be a precursor. We depend on many products in our daily lives which will need to be replaced/replenished. Many of the production processes actually depend on themselves. For example we need fast computer chips to design highly advanced chips. We need chips to control the manufacturing processes... to produce chips. It's like having to bootstrap a power plant, a lot of power plants actually need power to start. This is actually a concern if we ever get hit by a Carrington Event. We will have to shutdown the whole grid for days, maybe even a week.

[@blink182bfsftw]

@@autohmae I believe Isaac Asimov explores this in one of his books, where they lose the ability to build new compact nuclear energy sources because it required specialized knowledge that no one at the time still retained.

[@autohmae]

@@blink182bfsftw "great minds think alike" is something they do say ;-)

[@stevesteve8098]

cannot....... consider that now most knowledge is in electronic format.. previously it was on physical objects. you would basically be thrown back to the stone age.., becasue NONE of the modern processes could be used to bootstrap you., since all are either electroni control bases or scale based and the infrastructure would not be there. Look how we nearly destroyed our whole society over a cold... becasue we let mad man radicals into our core processes.

[@Kevin-jb2pv]

My dad spend about 10 years _designing_ these ultrapure water purification systems for Evoqua/ Siemens water technologies/ a half dozen other names while he was there, IIRC. So when you say that the "killer particle size limit" got small enough that lasers could no longer detect them, I actually remember him talking about what a headache this was. I've actually seen some of these systems you showed pictures of, or newer models. They used to make water purification systems for both semiconductors and pharmaceuticals, and oh boy, pharmaceuticals sounded like a lot less of a bitch to deal with than semiconductors. Pharmaceutical water just needed to be sterile and not have any contaminates that could chemically react with anything and cause unwanted (possibly dangerous) byproducts during production, or otherwise cause yields or quality to be inconsistent (you really, really don't want your medicine to be even a fraction of a percent more or less potent than you're expecting when you're talking about making bulk chemicals that then have to be divided into millions or billions of exact milligram or _microgram_ doses). When it came to semiconductor water, he used to say that the water has to be so pure, that if you were to blow up a single die on a wafer to the size of a football field, then it would only take an impurity the size of _a single marble_ to scrap that unit, and he had to make sure that it wasn't _his_ water that was responsible for letting any of these "marbles" get through. At my job I measure sodium impurities in my process in PPT, parts per thousand. He also used to measure in PPT, but his was parts per _trillion,_ and he was dealing with a lot more difficult impurities than just simple table salt. To get an idea of how pure this water is, he used to say that if you filled a kiddie pool with this water and stood in it, you could shove a high-voltage transmission line inches away from your ankles and you wouldn't even feel a tingle, because there was _simple nothing dissolved in the water that could conduct any current._ I am _intimately familiar_ with the Intel 14nm problems they were having back then, too. One time around 15 years ago, now, in the summer my dad needed to drive down to Intel's Phoenix fab _(from Colorado Springs)_ to deal with a problem they were having with his water system they had just installed. He asked me to go with him for the company and to split the driving with him (it's about a 12 hour drive each way). He thought it was going to be a "drive there, look at it for about 15 minutes, press a couple buttons, drive back" thing, but... Nah. I wound up stuck sitting in the parking lot in his Volvo for 4 or 5 hours in the Phoenix heat with nothing at all to do. I couldn't go into the building because I didn't have security authorization, and I couldn't really go in and page him because the campus is huge and there's clean rooms and stuff, so me paging him to the front could easily waste an hour or everyone's time after he had to unsuit for the clean room, walk way the hell across the huge campus to the front, probably just tell me that I couldn't go in, anyways, and then walk all the way back, suit back up, and get back to what he was doing. So I was just stuck with a non-smart phone, a Nintendo DS that was starting to give me a headache from how long I had been staring at it, the AM radio. I had the keys, and I turned on the AC, but lemme tell you, _an AC system built in the 90's to deal with the weather conditions IN SWEDEN is absolutely not up to the task of fighting against the midday heat of the Arizona Desert in the middle of summer while idling in the middle of a hot parking lot._ So I wound up basically pacing around a lot, turning the car off and on to keep the AC from overheating the idling engine, and eventually detailing the interior of his car with a paperclip and some napkins out of sheer boredom. That was a pretty miserable day. Worst part was that Whataburger was closed by the time we left so I still haven't gotten to try that. He asked me to go a couple more times and I found other shit to do. But I certainly heard all about the problems that 14nm was causing. And, yeah. He has (or _had, maybe, he left that job about 3 years ago) that book you showed at the end. I looked at it for about 15 seconds and decided that it was all just bullshit cryptic jargon written that way to conceal the fact that they were actually performing an old school purification ritual by sacrificing goats and virgins under a blood moon to make this shit work.

[@viscountalpha]

Ultra pur water would rapidly grab impurities. It wouldn't stay non conductive for very long.

[@microdesigns2000]

Great story. I made my kids wait in the car a few times for similar reasons. And when I was a kid, many Saturdays my dad would bring us boys to the office where he would spend the morning catching up on work. The entire office was empty and us kids were bored to death... until we discovered the employee break area that had a free supply off hot chocolate. We were invited to drink all we wanted. Eventually we began to fill the styrofoam cups with chocolate powder with just enough water to make chocolate paste. Now that was useful to charge our batteries. We loved going to his office after that and called it the cocoa kingdom. We were still bored little boys so we ran full speed through the office, made paper planes, launched hot wheels cars (which were a perk from Dad's job) and screamed and hollered after playing competition level hide and seek in people's offices. We just stayed away from Pops while he was working so we wouldn't distract him. You are right about things taking longer than expected. Compared to your dad, I'm probably just a lowly automation engineer, but here's a little joke I learned from my kids about time estimates that turned out to be fairly true. It's called "Tim Allen estimating" from the TV show Tool Time. Take your very best estimate, double it, then change to the next unit of time. So if the best estimate was two weeks then the real time would be for months. Then your time estimate will be somewhat close. These days, I think my biggest risk in any project is delivery time of parts, followed by the typical slow-to-lazy people who let their dates slip.

[@mastershooter64]

Lmao that is hilarious, like it's comically more difficult and more pure ngl

[@jimjackson4256]

So if you split the driving why didn’t you just take the car for a drive and go somewhere while he was in the plant?

[@ArawnOfAnnwn]

@@jimjackson4256 Probably cos he didn't know when his dad was gonna come back out.

[@innovatingtechnologist5385]

I work as a wet process engineer in development for EUV. Water purity is critical and something I work on regularly. This summary is brilliant and very accurate. One thing you missed is filter analysis. There are nm scale filters on tools in the fab that will catch most final particles coming from facilities. After running for sometime you can cut them open and analyze them, which solves the dilution problem of particle analysis. There are also filters that are tuned to chemically absorbed specific contaminants, based on your local water quality issues (metals, silica, etc). Great video!

[@TheEternalHermit]

I work as a wet process engineer for your mom.

[@Muonium1]

Where I work we use 18.7MΩ UPW for ultrasonically washing massive coffee table size glass substrates before they're loaded into metal oxide electron beam vapor deposition chambers to be multi-layer dielectric coated with Bragg diffraction interference polarizers, anti-reflection coatings, and mirrors used in the construction of ultra-high power neodymium glass lasers for inertial confinement fusion research. The particle counter on the final deionized water loop from Particle Measuring Systems that detects down to 30nm diameter particles is the size of a desktop PC and costs about as much as my house. The software that runs the counter from the same company is actually amazingly crap and looks like something from the windows 3.1 era. Also PS, I really wish the ridiculous and very old myth of ultrapure water being "so toxic and corrosive because it sucks minerals out of everything it touches" would finally die. It's not. I've drank it. It's just water, it tastes great, I didn't die. The instant it touches your tongue, or you, or ANYthing except the hyperpure fluorinated polymer pipes that it runs through, it's not ultra-pure anything anymore, it's just normal water again with normal water's normal properties. One of those properties is actually really interesting - people always say water is clear and it just looks blue because it's reflecting the sky or has junk dissolved into it or whatever, but that's wrong, it's ACTUALLY blue. When we fill a super shiny stainless steel ultrasonic washer with it the color gradually gets bluer and bluer as it gets deeper and there's obviously no particle impurities in there doing it. All the color is coming from the third overtone of the stretching mode of the hydroxy group part of the water molecule absorbing a tiny amount of far red light in the tail of the absorption peak.

[@westrim]

I understood many of those words.

[@shadowshadow2724]

Too many technical words in this comment .

[@jtgd]

@@westrim star trek technobabble

[@Muonium1]

@@jtgd technobabble>housebabble

[@Quickshot0]

@Muonium I see, so it's the OH group that contributes to it... or at least also will also contribute to the blue color.

[@michaelvanderzee269]

I'm a Canadian engineer who did work in Kaohsiung, Taiwan many years ago installing a large networked SCADA system at several treatment plants for the Taiwan Water Company. Those facilities I worked on are probably are the precursors to supply the raw water used by TSMC for their fabs on the island. Cool.

[@microdesigns2000]

Everybody in our engineering department, some in the maintenance, and a few managers are spending most of our time trying to improve yield in our product line. We sputter large 4x3 meter “objects”. A single defect can scrap a unit costing us several thousand dollars and all the wasted time. Since the line isn’t exactly screaming fast, this costs us millions. I am thankful that we have made great effort on this problem from many angles, including ones that I wouldn’t have thought of because we have a really talented team. I most recently finished a procedure for tracking down the cause of a single little scratch. Since the production line is over half a mile long, it was no small task. It took months to make a decent system so a future engineer will be able to make quick work of it. Tomorrow I will introduce new PLC software that will reduce processing times at one our bottleneck areas. I’m excited about that because my single software edit will save about $300-500k per year. We utilize chilled DI water for many processes, pure but not like the UPW in this video. Many places we use DIW for cooling high voltage electrical circuitry because pure water doesn’t conduct electricity, imagine that. In this video there is discussion about water purity to avoid sparking junctions on the wafer. I question how they prevent static charge build-up in the water itself.

[@uditkotnis7531]

There are AntennaDRC rules for the wafer itself which require always leaving path for the charges to drain away.

[@Dongonzales123]

Will they pay you 300 to 500k more per year?

[@microdesigns2000]

@@Dongonzales123 of course not. I have to share that with the rest of the company. But during my next review I'll probably get a raise. The only time you can get the money for yourself is if you own the company, right?

[@Iamwolf134]

I second that, given that AI also has the capacity to design ever more efficient water filtration and purity measurement systems. Plus Graphene can also render existing designs for ultra pure water filtration that much more cost effective long term.

[@RoderickJMacdonald]

While I enjoy the Asianometry videos immensely, I also enjoy combing through the comments because many, like yours, are also informative.

[@SGresponse]

Before you explained the source of Urea in Intel's water my thoughts went to "a disgruntled janitor pissed into the ultra-pure water tank." That would have been A STORY.

[@autohmae]

That would probably a several millions, maybe billion dollar lawsuit. Which sounds like jail time. That would not be a smart move.

[@DehimVerveen]

Given that a human pees around 12 to 20 grams of urea over a 24 hour period, and they "traced the source to 100 or 500 pounds of urea amidst 6 million pounds of raw water", that janitor must have been peeing for 6.2 to 51.7 years in raw water.

[@TAP7a]

@@DehimVerveen must have really needed to go

[@mattBLACKpunk]

Or any one of the green badges

[@KomradZX1989]

Your videos never ever disappoint! And I absolutely love your narration style. It’s so crisp and clear and as a person who has moderate hearing loss at the ripe old age of 33, your clear way of speaking is VERY APPRECIATED along with your lack of any kind of background music. I could truly listen to you all day (and have on occasion 😂) Cheers!!!

[@akashtripathi5347]

I work in facilities in a semiconductor fab. This video clearly explains the everyday process and efforts we make to achieve strict UPW specifications and supply continuous supply on a 24*7 basis. As shown in the video, the real problem we face is in the analysis of the purity of water due to very presence of impurities in ppb or ppt levels. The analyzers or instruments use high-tech metrology techniques to detect impurities; sometimes, they show errors and need maintenance. Repair and maintenance of these hi-tech equipments is a big task in itself. Due to disruption in the global supply chain in the semiconductor sector, long lead time in procurement, and minimal industry players, we face problems in sending analyzers for calibration or maintenance or even procurement of spares is getting complicated. At last, I would say, producing a UPW water isn't easy and need a lot of effort.

[@paintballthieupwns]

Your dry humor is more deadly than a killer particle :) Love your delivery style. I never understood why so much water was needed - thanks for the understanding

[@francofx]

I love this channel, I don’t know why but I’m very interested in the semiconductor industry. And your videos are super insightful.

[@NorthernWindNut]

I didn't know that they've had to resort to using statistical techniques to approximate the particles in UPW now. The interesting thing about semiconductors vs other materials/chemical industries is that is that the technology often seems to outpace the metrology, not the other way around. With most pharmaceuticals or food you can get by with characterization techniques that are very well established. There are often commercially available instruments that can be used by an operator after a day of training. With semiconductors, if you do find a commercial instrument that can hit your detection limits, you better believe the vendor knows what they have ($$$). EDIT "Cliffs of insanity" my respect for this channel went up a little bit there

[@bernadmanny]

Would love to hear even more on this subject. -What is the recycling rate -How much waste is being produced -What new technologies are being developed -How do these technologies correlate with desalination and effluent processes

[@jack504]

He has made another video on fab water issue that covers some of these topics kzbin.info/www/bejne/eqKTZXqmr7eNZsk

[@JohnDobak]

Asianometry has another video on this that mentions the recycling rate at various sites, and how water sourcing is a big problem for most fabs.

[@rorypenstock1763]

I'll point out a slight error: The dimension of resistivity is not resistance / length, but resistance * length. So I guess the units should be ohm-centimeters rather than ohms per centimeter. Here's what I wrote about this to jog my memory while trying to prove it to myself: Resistance describes something about a specifically-sized conductor. If you make it longer or narrower, the resistance increases. Resistivity, on the other hand, is an intrinsic property of the material. The resistance of a 3D chunk of a conductor is proportional to the resistivity of the material it's made from. It's also proportional to the length, and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. That all jives with intuition. So resistance is the same as resistivity * length * length^-2, or resistivity / length. Solving this equation for resistivity, you get resistivity = resistance * length.

[@pauleohl]

Or you can just look up the resistivity of common materials and see that the units are ohm-cm x ten to the minus 6 for metals. The telling slip shows that Shirvan reports on topics that are new to him.

[@Wasabiofip]

@@pauleohl Shirvan? This isn't Caspian Report haha

[@daibhidhrobinson1341]

@@pauleohl Yes, but it shows the whole idea of scientific measurement is new to him. Even without knowing anything about electricity at all, it is obvious to anyone with a scientific background that if one unit is /cm then the inverse unit must be *cm.

[@bigjared8946]

I worked at a place that had to scrap several thousand wafers due to bad DI water contaminating the gate oxide, because the issue didn't show itself until final test. Simple thing but so critical.

[@EdPin_]

Hi Jon. When i listen to you, a term Mentat comes to mind :-) Dense, almost palpable information stream uniform with your voice. I really enjoy those hunks of knowledge.

[@louis-philippelavoie6929]

How does one clean the containers that stores ULTRA PURE WATER ?

[@autohmae]

It sounded like it might be flowing all the time. No standing water.

[@cFyugThCzvAqYaGmxRgfCKTuvHMEjQ]

I think this is like washing rice. You run water through it in batches until it's coming out clear

[@Muonium1]

high concentration acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide are periodically run through a DI water system to sterilize and clean it.

[@Croz89]

PTFE lining?

[@adambarker3130]

As ever, an excellent dive into the technology underlying chip manufacture. Finally, a subject that I know something about: laser light scattering. Contrary to what you suggest, I do not think that dynamic light scattering brings much to the party. It is great for measuring the size of particles, but no good for counting them. For that, static light scattering (just measure the average intensity, not its fluctuations) is what is needed. It's simple (joke): big laser, short wavelength, large detection volume, good magnification optics to amplify the tiny signal and a sensitive detector..

[@kristerripstrand8288]

Interesting and informative, thankyou @Asianometry. In the context of metrology for the purity of water I must inform you that there is a novel and patented mathod based on DLS. Its branded as NDLS (R) and composed of a method and the use of AngstromPure Water (R). Together they are capable of measuring impurities down to 2,5 Angstrom i.e. 1/4 nm. The production of APW is also patented and based on Membrane Distillation (MD). "The clearer the water the more You can see". The inventor have a life spent in yield in the semiconductor industry and had to invent a wet metrolgy in paralell to be able to tune MD to reach the stated purity. Both inventions are owned by the Swedish company Nanosized Sweden AB

[@andersjjensen]

I loved your dry humour at the end! :D

[@nulnoh219]

It's wet tho.

[@Hassanmohamed31152]

Another day another blessed asianometry video

[@titter3648]

Fun fact: Electromagnetic flow sensors dont work with highly pure water. I experienced this one time when we were commissioning a mixer for some company making supplement pills. Apparently they put their production water trough some filtering (probably a RO filter) so it is to pure for a electromagnetic flow sensor to work with it. We where scratching our head not figuring out why the flow sensor was not getting any flow until finally someone asked "what is the conductivity of the water?". So we had to switch to a much more expensive Coriolis flow meter.

[@samuel28858]

Hey love the videos, I was wondering if you have any plans to make a video on what the limitations are on future advancements in semiconductor technology. IE how much smaller and efficient we can make transistors. Sorry if you already made a video on it, couldn't find one in your back catalogue.

[@Wasabiofip]

He has definitely covered this before, but it's spread out across many videos each on a single aspect of semi technology. An overview of the "blockers" is a good idea for a video!

[@mastsh12]

I work for a company building machines to test Pharmaceutical ultrapure water loops for microbial contamination. I'd thought we were pretty good, being able to reasonably detect down to 1 cell per 100ml. But I'm kind of starting to realize just how ludicrously far we are from fab grade water....

[@hylacinerea970]

it’s a different purpose, but my grandpas oxygen generator requires distilled water due to the same principals. foreign molecules gunk up the instruments, if it becomes too contaminated the whole thing is lifted out of its housing and submerged in industrial cleaner

[@hgbugalou]

Knowing a little bit about chemistry, it is amazing we are able to pull this off at all. Water is a solvent and loves to absorb and erode things. You are fighting its very nature.

[@holmybeer]

"This book is 950 pages long and only focuses on water". lol this is so amazing

[@janm2510]

I am a plumber. Really good to have heard your words!

[@juupajoo3591]

Working with UPW. Very good video once again.

[@jellymop]

The purest water I worked around was DI water. I saw the guys build the new filter system and it was insane. It was pure enough to make you sick if you drank a glass on an empty stomach

[@EleaRevils]

It would absorb all your electrolytes , vitamins and minerals. Just like drinking too much water, which can cause water poisoning, this will do the same ... but faster.

[@treborinternational]

Great Video! At Trebor, we specialize in Deionized Water Heaters that are used in the rinsing process. The importance of particles in the UPW should be the dialog at every fab, regardless of size. This video is a great direction and we look forward to more videos about UPW.

[@jimmurphy6095]

We used to generate 8+ Meg water daily for the plating lines. Precious metal plating requires ultrapure water as well... And lots of it.

[@tomas.bednar]

Wow, very interesting! This ultrapure water is way out of my league. The solvent I drink must pass the see-through test, sniff test and no-visible-floating-stuff test :-)

[@Humongous_Pig_Benis]

A butterfly farting in a pond can cause a Blue Screen Of Death on the other side of the planet. Fascinating!

[@johnjacobjinglehimerschmid3555]

Years ago was chasing defects in a new process, and overall trying to improve general yield, come to find out it was the Spin Rinse Dryers that were the culprit. Bacteria had gotten into their water supply, once the bacteria was cleaned out, yields went up. Love your videos on IC Fab Process's .... Keep up the good work.

[@timlash]

Really interesting. Very well done. Thanks!

[@geneballay9590]

another great video. thank you for all the work and for sharing.

[@ronaldmarcks1842]

Science splashed with a dash of humour: a good combination :)

[@bbbbbbears6999]

Good job. Your videos are always the best.

[@Arsenic71]

Holy cow, I had no idea THAT MUCH pure water was required. Thanks for explaining!

[@davidgoggns7702]

A lot of semi fabs don’t do this in house… there are 3 Japanese companies, organo, Nomura micro sciences and another one. For example, Nomura micro sciences builds 70-80% of the purification facilities for tsmc.

[@koopa_6ghg257]

I don't think the lottery comparison makes sense without stating the amount of water 🥶

[@davefoc]

I think he was comparing these ratios: 1. The number of water molecules to the number of particles 2. The number of lottery tickets to the number of winning lottery tickets.

[@aurorajones8481]

Water is literally my business. And I live right next to this chip fab off the 303. Ive never thought of "ultrapure" but hell why not. I need to get on this.

[@jairorodriguezblanco615]

Incredible video as always, cheers

[@davecool42]

I suppose at some point they'll end up needing to electrolyse the incoming water and recreate brand new water molecules from the pure hydrogen and oxygen.

[@Muonium1]

The Gibbs free energy of water formation is 237kJ/mol. That's 13 MEGAJOULES per liter or 13 TERAjoules per million liters. A chip fab would literally be using on the order of the same amount of energy released by a nuclear bomb every day if it synthesized its water from base elements.

[@cncshrops]

@@Muonium1 oOOo

[@robertadsett5273]

@@Muonium1 and it still wouldn’t be free of contaminants since they’d be carried in the gaseous hydrogen and oxygen. On the “upside” there’d be lots of low grade heat available

[@davecool42]

Wow that’s a huge amount of energy! 🤯 TSMC would need to build some nuclear power plants lol. Oh well, I hope they can keep improving their ultra pure water as node sizes keep shrinking.

[@frankchan4272]

I used work biological lab & we used ultra pure water as we doing research internal signaling within a cell. Any contamination will screw up the results as cells used only few molecules to tell the cell to do something like divide so any contamination will “hide” few molecules during signaling.

[@______6879]

Molecular biologist here with extensive in vitro and in vivo experience, including highly sensitive inter/intra cell signaling assays. While we do employ a higher purity level of water than just DIW, I have not come across an assay design requiring UPW at the levels shown in this video

[@senatorhung]

SO RELAXING !

[@brujua7]

Great video! Loved the conclusion

[@konradhenrykowicz1859]

Dust on camera lens does give no shadow. Dust on camera sensor or filter in front of it does.

[@hurrdurrmurrgurr]

They should readd the impurities, bottle it and market it as ultra pure mineral water.

[@phyarth8082]

11:12 Air dust particles expected to be found are distributed by Log-normal distribution, variation of Gauss bell curve, which function with 2 times smaller dust particle have roughly e^2 bigger quantity concentration than two times bigger dust particle size sample. Is this tendency can be applied to particles inside water?

[@BloodyMobile]

This is like first hearing about how our daily infrastructure for water and electricity work. Never been a thing to think about until you get a fraction of an idea of just how MUCH work goes into making it run the way it does. And thinking about the fact that a particle with the size of a virus could already be enough to mess up the circuitry in a chip, really shows how tiny chips are these days. Though to be fair, for me it's actually outside of what I can grasp... I just know that both things are insanely tiny.

[@blanchjoe1481]

Dear Asianometry, "Ludicrous". Another reason why the technology must move a way from forcing electrons around atoms of material to accomplish programs. Thanks for your hard work on this subject.

[@tomschmidt381]

Interesting review of ultrapure water. I had no idea fabs use so much water per wafer.

[@kesameg7657]

Good Job , good content.

[@mceajc]

Fascinating as usual. It must be scary and annoying relying on extrapolation, becuase the measurement tech just doesn't exist. The innovations being driven here make me wonder how many other side-inventions are being developed - and reminds me of the NASA programmes of the past that casually develop solutions that see uses far beyond their original design needs.

[@wolfgangrenner4152]

Interesting video like always on this channel !

[@happypandaface710]

1:15 how many brita filters does it take to make 2000 gallons of purified water???

[@mandroid-rb4uy]

Hello GM Asianometry I just discovered your amazing channel so much information 😍 thank you for explaining really complicated and complex processes in layman's terms even I can understand 🤣👊🇬🇧

[@jonas-fr]

@6:36 : Sludge pit is my new Death Metal band name

[@konradhenrykowicz1859]

Ok. Now we kow how they purify the water. But, what puzzles me is what design and materials they use for piping pumping and storing to keep water clean once filtered.

[@AdityaChaudhary-oo7pr]

Interesting topic mate ....

[@orange422]

The definition of sterility in pharmaceuticals (like injection solutions) is less than 1 colony forming unit (something like a bacteria) in 100.000 units. This low count can't be measured so it is all in quality control of the production steps. If you were to take a sample and analyze it, how can you be sure that the single contaminant is not in the bulk and evaded your sampling? So the only thing companies can do is to implement processes that do not allow for it to happen and hope the workers follow procedures. The problem is the same as in the video, contaminants that can't be measured, but at a smaller scale.

[@coraltown1]

It's going to be interesting to see if Phoenix can truly meet the water demand it's promising to.

[@hyphen2612]

Nothing like chilling in a hot tub full of killer particles 😎

[@hinz1]

And urea!

[@ronjon7942]

Nice work.

[@ContraVsGigi]

Great research, thank you!

[@jrwickersham]

Another amazing video, thank you! Question: how much of a concern is heavy water, D2O?

[@dziban303]

We all know the only mvp is Asianometry

[@markhonea2461]

So, my only contribution to this ongoing problem more than likely has already been examined, but was not mentioned in this video. I have worked in and studied refrigeration since 1988. Woop de doo., I here you saying. Any way in the many facets of this field, one comes to mind that purifiers water without filters or ionization etc This is your simple, under appreciated, motel style ice machine. You have used one, right? So how they work is they take a fresh batch of tap water , and run it over and over a refrigerated plate, that is a mold, that makes those groovy ice cubes you can't get at home. You might have noticed how good they taste, or maybe not. You might have noticed that they are perfectly clear, and have no bubbles, or pockets of air, or maybe you didn't notice that. Fact is, they do taste better and ate clear, due to the nature of how they are formed. The flow of fast moving water moves past the ice mold , which is around minus 10 to minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit. But the water isn't that cold, and cools down over time. Gradually molecules of h2o become chilled to the tiniest degree below 32 degrees f and freeze into ice, only on the plates surface. They adhere to it, because of the characteristics the universe gave water, specifically, in our understanding of physics. All of the other things that just so happen to be in that batch of water, aren't affected in the same way by the drop in temperature, like the water, that has begun to form ice, one molecule at a time, for your drink or consumption later. So as the water continues to build up on the ice mold, it becomes isolated from any minerals, organic compounds, etc. Organic cellular organisms that are in water that have a high percentage of water in their make up are burst upon the water in them becoming ice, and the other compounds flow away from the mold only to become part of the temporary reservoir. Thus, through a humble yet highly intelligent process given to us in this particular universe and it's own peculiar laws of physics, we have "pure ice", or "clean ice". Ice that is totally different than what you get by using the same tap water in your own freezer, that is poured into an ice mold and left to freeze with all of its non water molecules becoming part of your home made ice cube. You see the difference, and why I am suggesting it as a primary water purification method. Maybe take the ice

[@Sagittarius-A-Star]

Interesting - one more example for how science and technology rock.

[@Bhatakti_Hawas]

Why not use distillation? Shouldn't it produce the most pure water? I'm sure it doesn't work or else they would have used it

[@kazedcat]

Nanometer size particle can float and be carried by the evaporating steam.

[@Default78334]

This is more pure that distilled water. Distillation or reverse osmosis is typically the first step in producing ultrapure water. Also, keep in mind that one UPW is exposed to air, it's no longer ultrapure as it will absorb oxygen and CO2 from the atmosphere (this is why the pH of 18 megaohm water that's been sitting out for a while is around 6.5-6.0).

[@CapsAdmin]

I always roll my eyes when I see bottled water from exotic places around the world, but I think I could get behind bottled UPW given the backstory as a joke. Water for engineers by engineers.

[@superakman14]

LMAO, just process the wafers upside down, then the particles cant stick to it.

[@MrHthtehtehth]

Ikr

[@PplsChampion]

how does the deer decide if it's gonna be a cartoon deer or a photo deer?

[@markdavis2475]

Interesting. Shame about the use of odd units! Are you using US Gallons or UK Gallons? Helps with my conversation to litres. Thanks

[@toomanymarys7355]

Almost certainly US.

[@markdavis2475]

@@toomanymarys7355 Thanks, yes that was my guess too!

[@herbertpocket8855]

I hope that technologies developed for this practice can be applied to public water treatment as well

[@Brandon-oc8lr]

I sorta doubt it. I suspect that even the initial few steps bring the water to a purity level thats beyond what humans could tolerate. Remember, we can't drink pure water.

[@professorcrabs926]

Thanks for very informative video. Now I can’t stop thinking about water impurities. And I swim a lot too. Lol Cheers

[@nomadhgnis9425]

Do you think tsmc should look at Brazil instead of India. Just wondering.

[@youngz13o]

Isn’t the US fabs located in deserts?

[@melvynlam]

Nice video. That salt bae meme lol

[@pauleohl]

You mentioned ion exchange but did not tell what ions are exchanged for what. Ion exchange for household water exchanges calcium and magnesium with sodium so that soap will lather.

[@der.Schtefan]

It is so pure, it wears TWO purity rings.

[@glOckcOma]

I wonder if these fabs sell the filtered out urea. I hear there is a really bad shortage of it since it is a necessary additive in diesel vehicles to keep emission down.

[@hyperstimmed]

I highly doubt there's a shortage when it's commonly used in cheap fertilizer

[@arangitem5468]

Is this possible use some centrifuge technic ?

[@SeanBZA]

Yes, pharmaceutical grade water is infinitely easier, not so much care particulate wise, more about sterility and just having low dissolved ions in it, and the water used would easily be produced by the first few stages of the semiconductor industry. Big step up from most city water though, even if the plants all use it as feedstock. Funny enough most bottled water has more dissolved ions than the feed water used to produce it, regular city water, just sent through particle filters, carbon filters and then resin beds to trap ions, and finally UV sterilised, and filtered for particulates again. Then they add in salts, to give it flavour, and bottle it.

[@y.shaked5152]

I hope I'm not the only one thinking about drinking this water...

[@guillermomartinez3612]

Could you get pure water using evaporation?.

[@GroundGame.]

*Disgruntled technician pees into ultra pure water resovir* 😆

[@odgg85]

Hello, do you think reclaimed water could be used instead raw water?

[@snowdog03]

You don't want to drink it though.

[@thedownwardmachine]

The odds of me finding impurities in UPW is exactly zero ever since my ban from the chip fab, due to The Unpleasantness.

[@stevefriedl3983]

I wonder what the purity of the water is coming *out* of whatever they use this for - do they have to run it back through the start of the purification system as if it came in right from the river, or can they bypass some of those steps, reducing the re-filtration cyle time?

[@stevengill1736]

I'm pretty sure (when they recycle it) they have to put it through the same steps - only way to make sure it's particulate free. But it saves a lot of money, especially in areas that are arid by nature...

[@tristanwegner]

I want to taste this ultra pure water!

[@Idrinklight44]

I'm thinking an ultra distilled taste

[@tomtomtomtom691]

Crazy how droughts affect yields.

[@ngneer999]

It's Megohm Centimeter, not Megohm per Centimeter. Common mistake.

[@frankfahrenheit9537]

Wenn leaving the Fab one can drink the used water?

[@louistech112]

So if you drink the water what will happen

[@NickdeVera]

what happens if i drink ultrapure water? it leeches off my minerals or what?