Space Force's Secret Shuttle, Hawking Radiation Falsifiability, How to Disprove Big Bang | Q&A 223

How can James Webb disprove The Big Bang Theory? Where are we at the search of life as we DON'T know it? Can we somehow test if Hawking radiation even exists? What do Space Force use the X37 secret space shuttle for?
Building an artificial magnetosphere
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00:00 Start
00:49 [Tatooine] How can Webb disprove The Big Bang Theory?
06:21 [Coruscant] Does Hawking radiation even exist?
12:10 [Hoth] Where are we at the search of life as we DON'T know it?
17:56 [Naboo] How do we study the wobble of stars?
20:24 [Kamino] How to protect humans from radiation in space?
25:46 [Bespin] Why don't they send telescopes to L4 and L5 Lagrange points?
30:33 [Mustafar] What do we know about secret space shuttle missions?
33:09 [Alderaan] Most exciting thing about the JUICE mission?
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[@DrDeuteron]

regarding multiple planets orbiting a star at different periods: The amount of effort that has gone into turning time series into frequency spectra since J Fourier wrote down his transform,. and Tukey and Cooley made it computable: this is the most solved problem in single processing

[@heavyrads7554]

I'm intrigued that, as well as the US's X37b (Mustafar), China also now acknowledges that their reusable spacecraft has just returned after 276 days in space. There certainly appears to be a new "space race" of some sort taking place - I wonder when the rest of us will know more?

[@Inertia888]

As soon as the technology is obsolete to the people using it.

[@neilmarden8480]

When you see the really bright light.

[@revmsj]

@@neilmarden8480🤣😂🤣😂😳😳😳😕🙁☹️😣😖😭😭😭😭😭

[@MrJdsenior]

LOL. If this is a "space race" the Chinese STILL haven't REMOTELY caught up to what the Americans did 50 years ago. Thanks for the laugh. It's similar to a race between a turtle and a AA fuel dragster. Although you did qualify it with "some type", so I'm mostly kidding here. Back with the Soviets, THAT was a race, and up until the manned moon encirclement they were in the lead. In the beginning they were FARRR in the lead. And then we woke up, and what happened was what what happens EVERY time the free world wakes up, fire up the dragster. :-)

[@zephyramethyst9455]

@@neilmarden8480lol i don’t think a nuclear first strike is in china’s best geopolitical interest as much as some politicians seem to fearmonger about. funny comment tho

[@HebaruSan]

[Naboo], always wondered that myself! Fraser, if it doesn't exist already, you might consider reserving the channel name "Why Don't They Just" as a future repository of explainers of such things.

[@frasercain]

Hah, that's genius.

[@earthlingfire7168]

Fraser! Sure, sometimes we might vote for the question being asked, but I'm fairly certain that most of us here vote for your answers to the questions. Especially when those questions are questioning the validity of science or the scientific method...again. It's hard to vote for those kinds of questions, but when you provide the thorough explanation that you do to address them, they can sometimes become worthy of being voted for. At least, that's how I see it.

[@dirkeisinger4355]

Indeed. In that q&a he even particularly said: if you like the question or the aswers we give, then ...

[@dannybell926]

Yes, that is also what I seem to believe

[@archmage_of_the_aether]

Yes. It's an "us vs them" issue, and people who vote for this sort of answer are saying "I also believe in science". Nothing special, just granfaloonery

[@ericpetersen8407]

and the passion the he answers with gets me elated to be watching these vids!

[@unclvinny]

Alderaan! I didn’t know how interesting Ganymede could be. Thanks as always, Fraser.

[@AnonymousFreakYT]

31:45 - The "secret space shuttle" *DOES* move around! Multiple of the launches of it have shifted orbits multiple times during a mission. It has changed height, even inclination! (Which is quite impressive.)

[@mitseraffej5812]

Yes, early on in the programme I read that a primary objective of the vehicle was to research orbital manoeuvring, a vitally important ability for military applications.

[@revmsj]

@@mitseraffej5812yep! If you want to be able to catch those Russian satellites, it’s vitally important that you’re able to alter orbital inclinations, velocity, etc…

[@jessepollard7132]

so do most satellites to maintain their targeted orbits.

[@mitseraffej5812]

@@jessepollard7132 Changing altitude requires minimal energy, altering the inclination by just a few degrees requires significantly more.

[@jessepollard7132]

@@mitseraffej5812 which is done quite frequently just to get to the proper orbit.

[@TiagoTiagoT]

AFAIK, the closest that we've been to confirming Hawking radiation has been with "fluid analog simulations of blackholes", essentially considering waves in a fluid as spacetime/quantum waves, and having fluid drain thru a hole under controlled conditions and detecting waves escaping the fluid flow right at the threshold where the flow towards the drain starts getting faster than the wave speed in the fluid, and finding the behavior matches the predictions of Hawking's math with the adaptations to a fluid surface instead of 3d space.

[@mrln247]

Pretty sure they have used both acoustic as well as fluid black hole analogues, definitely some of them have shown the Hawking radiation effect. Won't really be measurable at astronomical scale as it's incredibly weak compared with distance and noise. Definitely some videos I've seen on it but can't remember exactly who.

[@visualexcursion]

Awesome video as always! You make learning fun!

[@vhhawk]

Thought your Q&A was really on point on this one. Really enjoyed listening.

[@ianwhitworth3264]

Thank you for this latest update. Keep up the great work and am looking forward to the next one. Have you watched Real Engineering about Helion?

[@MCsCreations]

Thanks for all the answers, Fraser! 😊 Stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊

[@universemaps]

I really enjoy this Q&A shows. Thanks Fraser and patrons!

[@mbj__]

Kamino: Cosmic rays. I would expect that space crafts will be designed to make use of the propellant and water on board as shielding, having the crew comparment lined with these tanks. Other material such as some plastics also help a bit.

[@GRILL332]

Great questions and you did a fantastic job explaining them. If I did not know better I would think you were an astrophysicists

[@denispol79]

Regarding studying "star wobble" with multiple planets, I think they apply Furie analysis to separate the total wobble values into its several components.

[@jessepollard7132]

IT is called the "Fourier transform".

[@KristianWontroba]

[Kamino] That's a very practical question I wondered about.

[@johnward1706]

Interferometers do work at shorter wave lengths, like visible light. My dad built one when he was at Lambda 10 Optics for testing aerial cameras. I set up the computer side of it, which ran on an IBM PC AT. That was back in the mid 90's.

[@paigemcloughlin4905]

I built one as a physics undergrad, I had to repeat the Michelson-Morley experiment for a lab.

[@davidelliott5843]

LiDAR uses interferometry to deduct the “noise” of foliage when doing aircraft land surveys.

[@mrln247]

Interferometers are an interesting use of data. But two might let you do science but would not allow you to recreate a sensible image, just two pixel's really having more in a small constellation I know for GPS they want 7 points of reference for an exact location. Trying to engineer I to keep each detector in a consistent location to the other would be an incredible engineering challenge, although they have managed to measure gravitational waves which is ridiculous.

[@grkvlt]

interforometry _for imaging purposes_ using multiple recievers, as in vlbi, is the difficult bit when using short wavelengths. obviously individual interferometery instruments using visible light can be built and have existed for a long time

[@scottdorfler2551]

If I'm not mistaken the CMB was discovered by a team at Bell Labs. This team was looking for noise that might interfere with television/radio signals. No matter where they pointed their "telescope," they detected static that was later determined to be the CMB.

[@xXxTeenSplayer]

That's fairly accurate. The important thing is that the CMB was predicted, BEFORE it was detected. Predictive power is the foundation of a good theory.

[@scottdorfler2551]

@@xXxTeenSplayer Yep good old Einstein comes through again. I absolutely agree that prediction is a good sign of a very solid theory.

[@olliverklozov2789]

@@scottdorfler2551 The existence of the CMB radiation was first predicted by Ralph Alpherin 1948 in connection with his research on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis undertaken together with Robert Herman and George Gamow. Nothing to do with Einstein, who was a critic of LeMatre's theory of a big bang.

[@jessepollard7132]

actually they were looking for why analog TVs would pick up static where there was no useful signals, in an attempt to figure out ways to prevent it. So they were investigating where it came from and what created it.

[@carlfollmer1767]

You always answer questions well, but I'm especially impressed how you handle the snarky, skeptical ones. Do you think the people who ask them stick around to listen to your answer? What is a success when you address those questions? Is it convincing the skeptic, educating everyone else, both?

[@carlfollmer1767]

Also, Naboo

[@frasercain]

It's not about them, it's about the 50,000 people who will hear the answer. I think it's really important for people to hear the fundamentals of the scientific method and see how to not get flustered by trolling questions.

[@smeeself]

​@@frasercain Hear hear

[@yevjenirussell9628]

@@frasercain I agree

[@garyskinner2422]

​@@frasercainFraser would you consider the scientific method Circular? I have had a few theists say this to me so I'd like your input ty in advance

[@SkyRiver1]

Concerning the x37, consider this: THE PLACE to deploy nuclear armed hypersonic glide vehicles is in orbit. The shortest route to target is not from one continent to another, it is from directly over the target. And a hypersonic glide vehicle launched from orbit would not exhibit that annoying and detectable boost phase of rocket engines lifting it to orbit. They would just drop. A guided rod from god.

[@211212112]

Don't really need hypersonic glide vehicles if directly above target. Mostly just need some aerodynamic tungstun masses with a to give them a push on their way down.

[@211212112]

A tungsten rod from G-d in other words.

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

Regarding the question "Hoth", I really recommend the booklet "The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems". :)

[@Flowmystic]

Bespin Thanks Fraser. Really rely on you for all this wonderous information.

[@Sembazuru]

I remember hearing about ideas for enclosed, pressurized lunar rovers that tank(s) of water inside the outer walls of the rover as (among other reasons) a protective layer for cosmic rays and solar wind. I don't remember many more details, but it was an interesting thought experiment.

[@Chris.Davies]

It takes over 2-metres of water to protect a human from Cosmic Rays.

[@Sembazuru]

@@Chris.Davies So, that probably sank that idea. Pun intended.

[@MusikCassette]

Re Hoth I am quite convinced, that the question whether there is live elsewhere in the solar system will transfer into the question, how exactly we define life. (given, that we actually start looking for it.) The only way, I can think of, that this will not be the case is that we find something we can agree upon actually being live.

[@Czeckie]

18:00 I think the answer should contain words like 'fourier analysis'. It's a mathematical method how to extract periodic components from a signal data. This idea is used everywhere in technology from audio to MRI scans. In audio think of sound decomposing into basic sine waves. Here in the radial method, the wobble is a sum of it's periodic parts - the various planets. Extracting these modes gives you the planets. Sort of. It's more complicated surely, but this is the basic idea.

[@Jason-io2vy]

The picture of Ganymede at 34:01 has 8 craters with smaller craters almost perfectly centered inside each. The odds of that must be a billion to one. That was just the ones I noticed I think there is more.

[@yourguard4]

Probably, the smaller craters are not craters. They are formed from the same event that formed their host crater. But don't ask me for the exact mechanism :P

[@Jason-io2vy]

@@yourguard4 Yeah, I thought of that right after I posted. The dimple in the center on some of those are from the original impact. But pictures of the moon don't have as much.

[@yourguard4]

@@Jason-io2vy Maybe it's because of the material (ice instead of rock).

[@jessepollard7132]

drop a rock into water - what you will see are circles inside circles - if that froze it would be the same.

[@brokespoke5424]

Remarkable content!

[@thebogsofmordor7356]

Quick question about the LISA interferometer: Wouldn't it make sense to have a triangular prism configuration with 4 sensors vs an equilateral triangle with just 3?

[@MCsCreations]

QUESTION: about the issue Hubble's having, loosing altitude and needing a boost... Would it be possible to build an as big space telescope using the idea of solar sails so it wouldn't run out of boosting fuel? (Sorry for my poor English.)

[@arnelilleseter4755]

Boost, not bust. Otherwise your English is pretty good.

[@MCsCreations]

@arnelilleseter4755 Thanks! I just corrected it. 😊 Well, perhaps it is... But sometimes a word tricks me. 😬 I need to travel to the US sometime in the future, so I can get better at it. It would be a lot of fun, no doubt about it!

[@jessepollard7132]

depends on where the space telescope is put.

[@michaelmurphy6195]

Since it can stay in orbit for years and re-enter at high velocities I can only assume it is an orbiting weapons platform that they can drop out of the sky anywhere they want to

[@NoNameAtAll2]

nukes?

[@michaelmurphy6195]

@@NoNameAtAll2 It could be testing lasers to take out adversary satellites. It's either defensive, or offensive

[@jessepollard7132]

@@michaelmurphy6195 or neither one.

[@Aangel452]

I saw this exact craft fly over my home which is under the radar for the local military!

[@MZ-bl6wg]

The X37 is actually the smallest of 5 re-entry vehicles for Space Force . There’s a promotional video showing all 5 built, the biggest being bigger than our last shuttle

[@rayreynolds7066]

alderaan my favorite item this week although lots of detailed answers to some good questions

[@TheNordicCat]

Hey Fraser, I always hear people talking about how CERN could create black holes by accident (which is not possible because higher energy collisions happen all the time in the atmosphere) but this got me wondering: Are we even able to create black holes with our current technology if we really wanted to?

[@pressurechangerecord]

If we could make a black hole now then we would have. No?

[@jessepollard7132]

Nope.

[@pepe6666]

at 19:40, regarding multiple planets wobbling a star: i didn't know that it was the doppler shift of the spectrum. i think a fourier transform would work here to break up the individual oscillations of the spectrum lines. kinda cool really - doing a frequency analysis of a doppler shift of a spectrum.

[@FrancisFjordCupola]

My immediate question would be whether a replacement camera would be needed, or did solar activity increase tremendously as of late?

[@windowboy]

First time listener.. I’m interested 👍

[@essay8634]

He's the best, check out his interviews!

[@redcirclesilverx4586]

Hoth, great explanation

[@jimcabezola3051]

I enjoy the explanations of "how we know what we know", so Tatooine it is this week. So help me, Tatooine even beat Alderaan with its promise of...Ganymedian space whales! BTW, I found a little benefit of living here in Hawai'i. Your live Q&A appears on KZbin in the afternoon! Aloha, Fraser and Co.!

[@moybone6641]

“Congratulations to me” 😂

[@raymonddaniels1658]

Hi Fraser! What is the current thought on when two black holes are merged, do the two singularity remain separated, or would they merge as well, and what effect would that have on the new black hole?

[@alangarland8571]

By far the most anticipated outcome is that the result will be simply one larger black hole with one singularity. There will be no remnants of the original black holes which merged.

[@raymonddaniels1658]

@@alangarland8571 Thank you.

[@President_Mario]

Hoth. I loved your apple analogy.

[@frasercain]

Awesome!

[@bbbl67]

[Coruscant] Regarding looking for Hawking Radiation, it's not likely to work at the smallest scales of black holes, which would be those primordial black holes. Once the black holes get tiny enough, let's say with a mass of the Planck mass, and a radius of 1 Planck Length, there just won't be enough energy that can be produced in a quantum fluctuation, often enough to evaporate a black hole away completely. You'd need a quantum fluctuation with the energy of 1 Planck Energy to evaporate a black hole of 1 Planck Mass, and that energy itself will end up creating the black hole that it was supposed to evaporate. In fact, Planck mass black holes may be so stable that they may form the basis of what we call Dark matter in the universe!

[@jessepollard7132]

sbut then, they would react with matter.

[@bbbl67]

@@jessepollard7132 No, that's the beauty of the super tiny black holes, they are even smaller than protons. A PMBH can fit inside a proton, and the proton would look as big to the PMBH as a galaxy does to a proton! Now the PMBH would weigh much more than the proton, it would have the Planck Mass afterall. But the most that would do is it would displace the particles out of the way, you wouldn't be able to tell the difference between a PMBH passing through and standard Brownian motion. It could definitely not swallow any particles bigger than itself.

[@danapted]

An array of small inexpensive telescopes, maybe 40 to 50 thousand of them, in orbit around the sun could be focused in interferrometry style with computers to correct for positional errors and obtain great resolution. It's not just for starlink. Large arrays are great for everybody!

[@kylegoldston]

Kamino, what about the "Radiation bubble" concept of using the excess radiation from a large and poorly shielded, in most directions, Fission reactor. This, as I understand, would be more like an artificial heliosphere as opposed to the Earth's magnetosphere. It could reduce the total exposure, and a spacecraft with one reactor at each end could have significant coverage with two circular radiation shields/water tanks. Pump all water to one end for accel/decel burns and split for 50/50 power production during the coast phase of flight. I haven't heard much about this concept in a while.

[@MrVillabolo]

Hey Fraser, I vote for Kamino. Tell me what you think of an Orion nuclear propulsion spaceship? It was designed in the 1960s to be built with 1960s technology. It would be a great way to go to Mars in a couple of months instead of nearly a year, one way, with conventional rockets. It can also carry heavy cargo. There's the idea that it could be lifted into orbit by a ring of solid booster rockets, which will avoid nuclear detonations on the surface or atmosphere.

[@TheJimtanker]

Kamino: The biggest solution to space travel is reliable fusion power. Fusion power will provide plenty of power for propulsion, allow us to have rotating habitats, and protect us from radiation. We need to be funding fusion power research, which will allow us to colonize the Moon, Mars, and everywhere else. THAT should be our focus.

[@frasercain]

Fusion power is always 30 years away, unfortunately.

[@nimismie]

Is It possible to align two gravitational lenses one after another to get some kind of ultrazoom effect?

[@kevinwilliams8218]

As far as I can see...infinity is a theory,if you perhaps gaze upon a single drop of dew,does it's spherical form not reflect the infinite? 💖

[@buckstarchaser2376]

They probably should have tested the pin release mechanism on the little shuttle dealie for 2 years before betting the farm on it. Future probe missions should simply avoid all the automatic latches and deployment machinery and just put a little Canada-Arm on there to unfold all the things. It could even have a little hammer to perform percussive maintenance now and then. One good bonus would be for it to pick up a spare gyro and position it in the direction that is needed when the others start to wear out. Perhaps it could detach it and puff it away, then grab another if it becomes hopelessly saturated. Otherwise, it could move a fold-out, mylar-coated, giant tennis racket for a particular orientation thrust effect that is not stuck to one direction. The possibilities will make little arms on satellites and probes an eventual necessity. It would allow for complex configuration changes for the mission phases. Being able to put an item away or take it out of a shielded interior will certainly have value in long duration missions.

[@nerufer]

We're always talking about cosmic radiation and its effects on living matter, but what about it's effect on computer hardware? As I understood it can wreak all kinds of havoc on cumputer systems.

[@formarosastudio]

Thanks so much Fraser ! Love hearing about JUICE and saving astronauts from cosmic rays.. first thing that comes to mind to protect the astronauts is kevlar-type materials that are super dense and light. Some computer woven synthetic silk type thing. Hope they figure it out, wed all love to visit mars :)

[@frasercain]

Unfortunately kevlar is just various types of atoms and doesn't have the blocking power. You need a meter of water, rock, or kevlar, it doesn't really matter.

[@revmsj]

@@frasercainwasn’t there some sort of polymer that was formulated to be used possibly in gateway that’s properties include the ability to at least aide in blocking galactic rays while remaining relatively thin? Or is it that it can only protect from the solar rays? I remember hearing about it about a year ago but I don’t remember in what article, channel, or whatever medium I may have heard/read about it.

[@frasercain]

Yeah, blocking particles from the Sun is relatively straightforward. And severe storms happen briefly and then they're over. Cosmic rays are random, ongoing, and orders of magnitude more energetic.

[@Shizzlewish]

Alderaan .. I get excited when there is talk of the ocean moons

[@frasercain]

Same, so exciting.

[@miskatonicalumni5612]

@Fraser Cain I am rather curious about your, and your audience's thoughts on this. Could Black holes eventually be the only matter left in the universe, simply eating/merging with one another until all that is left is one black hole that contains all the matter in the universe, as a singularity in it's core. Could that be a cyclical universe? Or maybe that happened in another universe and our universe is the remains of another previous universe and we are in fact in a black hole? It's 3 am here, maybe I should sleeep. Thnx.

[@revmsj]

Isn’t that basically The Big Crunch?

[@mihan2d]

Another question. How come Neptune has the most intense winds in the Solar system despite receiving so little energy? I know this is at least partially a mystery but are there any good hypotheses? I heard the 750 degrees C thermosphere is the real mystery about it but those two gotta be connected. Also, what is your opinion on the relatively short (250-350 years) timescale on the Mars terraformation effort in the Expanse? Too unrealistic for the hyperrealistic sci-fi setting of the Expanse?

[@JROD082384]

Neptune has internal heating from radioactive sources that primarily contribute to generating the winds. Solar gain is a small, but not entirely insignificant, factor, given Neptune’s low albedo. It’s not rocket science. It’s not even high school science. This is elementary school science.

[@jessepollard7132]

doesn't take much - there is a lot of atmosphere there, and it was hot when it initially formed.

[@nerufer]

Dear Fraser, I would love to hear from you what you think about the origin of life on earth and why we still havent figured out how to make life out of lifeless material. Will we ever figure it out?

[@Yezpahr]

13:56 The search for apples in increasingly ludicrous locations is as intense as the laborious task of the Paperclip Maximizer 2003, perhaps even going a step further as no conversion of matter is done so the pile to search through doesn't shrink.

[@denispol79]

Hi, I have a question. Why the first light that got thru in the recombination era is assumed to be red? I thought it was much hotter.

[@jessepollard7132]

it is also moving away from us, and the frequency of the emitted light goes down.

[@denispol79]

@@jessepollard7132 Hi! Yes, that part I understand. My question is - How do we know that the original wavelength was in visible red range?

[@jessepollard7132]

@@denispol79 normally done by looking at the spectrum, thus identifying the atoms that released the photons - then comparing them to the known spectrums of local atoms. When matched - the offset of the spectrum specifies amount of the red shift of the original atom as measured from us.

[@TheJimtanker]

Coruscant: I guess you’re more of a Leonard guy than a Sheldon guy.

[@ReggieArford]

The way you "tease out" the signals of multiple planets, from changes in the star's radial velocity, is called Fourier Analysis. There's a Wikipedia page (of course).

[@frasercain]

Yes, but using that word wouldn't help people understand it. It's an extremely technical math.

[@yevjenirussell9628]

Hello Frazer How much water would be required to make Mars have as much water including, per it's volume, including subsurface, as tgat of the earth.

[@realzachfluke1]

Coruscant. I loved that question, and I loved that answer. Both were excellent. Thanks, Fraser and co.!!!

[@scottdorfler2551]

28:30 "I am so glad we're talking about Lagrange points." -Fraser Cain 🙄😔😪😵‍💫🤯

[@jklappenbach]

Re: search for life. One common feature of life, no matter it's origin or form, is that it acts against entropy. It doesn't reverse it, but it acts as a brake, limiting or slowing it down. So, if we measure the total entropy of a location, say a planet confined by its gravity well, and we have a comprehensive way of measuring the entropy of this planet, we should be able to use the entropy state as a marker for the potential of life. It's interesting that life is perhaps the one other force in nature that acts against entropy. The other would be gravity. And as entropy and time have a relationship, perhaps life and time do as well. Anyway, fun thoughts. Thanks for all you do, love your show.

[@jessepollard7132]

sorry life generates more entropy.

[@jklappenbach]

@@jessepollard7132 it actually slows it due to the order in which it enforces on matter. Think of it as a filter.

[@s0567840]

What’s with the ominous tone at 29:00 … spoiling the chill spacey music 😅

[@Istandby666]

The X-37 is also used for radiation detection experiment's. Today we have to worry about sun flare's and other cosmic radiation that can shut the power grid down. Circuit boards today need to be able to handle these kinds of situations.

[@TheBiggreenpig]

About the Wobble of stars (Naboo), isn't it the Fourier Transformation that is able to separate the various elements of those wobbles?

[@frasercain]

Yes, that's the math they use.

[@someolddude3858]

On Re: Search for life: Has any one considered the concept that there might be types of life based on other factors than chemistry, such as life based on plasma organized by/generating magnetic flux in various environments such as stars large or small; neutron stars; magnatars, early era Universe; etc?

[@Inertia888]

In the 'Universe Today Podcast' outro, there's a cellphone. I have that cellphone, and I love it. I just wish Apple didn't stop service for it. I would use it as my daily-driver phone, for the rest of my life, probably, if Apple had allowed that. (iPhone 4s is the model I have)

[@hernerweisenberg7052]

Kamino So i believe water boiles at about ~300°C (570°F), if exposed to ~95 atmospheres of pressure. Are there spots that "cold" on Venus surface?

[@razasiddiqui2123]

Can you make weekly update on James web telescope discoveries and explain images like you used to do when jwst launched?

[@frasercain]

We cover them in the Space Bites, almost a new picture every week.

[@razasiddiqui2123]

@@frasercain ok thanks

[@yevjenirussell9628]

Hi Frazer Am i correct in what I heard you say, that the CMB was initially red and is now shifted to microwaves? Wasn't gamma rays around at this time? Are these EM now visible and can we differentiate them? If so can we see microwavesvas radio now?

[@frasercain]

Gamma rays are only caused by the most extreme events in the Universe. Explosions of stars, supermassive black holes, etc. There weren't many sources for gamma radiation back then.

[@yevjenirussell9628]

@@frasercain Very interesting 🤔Thanks Frazer.

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

The radiation had a temperature of about 3000 K back then, corresponding to the surface temperature of a red dwarf star. So yes, it was red. Gamma rays were _much_ earlier, in the first few minutes of the universe. When the CMBR was emitted, already 380 000 years had elapsed, so the universe had already cooled down quite a bit.

[@jessepollard7132]

depends on how you measure it - since everything is moving away from everything else, the gamma rays may have been red shifted enough to show up as red.

[@_RedWizard]

Tatooine was a good answer

[@charleslivingston2256]

Coruscant. So, an Earth-mass black hole is still colder than the current CMB. That means it won't start losing mass (if Hawking radiation is true) until the universe has cooled down even more. The Moon is warmer than the current CMB, so it could be radiating more than it is absorbing. Earlier in time, the CMB was Lot warmer through, so a primordial black hole the size of the Moon may not have been shrinking back then. What is the original size range of black holes that would be evaluating now?

[@youlemur]

what was the díkyčau :DDDD almost made me spill my dinner Fraser! :DDD

[@youlemur]

oh you said Dicky Chap :DDD so funny, díky čau in Czech like .... kthxbye ..... it fit so well the end of the segment, lol :DDD

[@youlemur]

6:21

[@kevinwilliams8218]

That which is easy to do,is hard to see,that which is hard to see is often easy to do.😎

[@marcusambler4205]

Alderaan... Great news about space aye!!

[@russellmcgovern7783]

Surround the passenger compartment with the water tank being a shell and storage for the water needed for the trip

[@jessepollard7132]

you still need to keep it water and not ice. and ice is known to destroy any container as it expands while freezing.

[@russellmcgovern7783]

@@jessepollard7132 that can be done as a thermal radiator for the engines that will keep the water warm as it is recirculated in the system, and it can help to keep the environmental temperature in the habitual zone as well in the safe levels

[@jessepollard7132]

@@russellmcgovern7783 That depends on the amount of heat to be dissapated. The usual problem is that nothing radiates the heat fast enough. For most engines it would be too slow.

[@Bd-ox4mi]

What about a magnetic force to deter the cosmic rays

[@dakshpaliwal483]

A point on the cosmic ray problem... What if we harness neutrons and make a sheet of 'em and put them on our spacecrafts, maybe that will stop the cosmic rays as they are dense and tough. Maybe its the expense of this idea that might prevail in the minds of its judges, but i thought it was worth a try....!

[@costrio]

Well, considering the effects of cosmic radiation in an earlier segment, it seems to make sense that they would test their hardware and software for long term effects of being in space. I wonder how much damage will accumulate to the spacefaring Tesla over time. Might be some useful data there, perhaps?

[@brainbark]

Hoth!

[@drakeshadowraven2162]

Terms theory, law, hypothesis are specifically defined in science. Definitions differ from general use, but they are there. Only people "arguing" over terms are flerfs or those without science backgrounds.

[@maynardbradburn3901]

Eventually when a moon base is set up moon personnel can construct regalith shields for use on mars rockets. they could take moon regalith, solidify it into shields and send it to orbit for installation on mars rockets.

[@BLD426]

Gonna have to keep dropping rocks. I've yet to have one fly off into space. I'm motivated now.😅

[@richardaitkenhead]

I think the radial velocity method is incredible, seems impossible but clearly not

[@gijbuis]

To find 'life' as we don't know it would at least seem to require some sort of criteria to define life. Autonomous reproduction could be a criterium, transformation of energy could be another criterium, etc. etc. But suppose we discover 'intelligence' which does not fit these criteria. Suppose that we discover that all sorts of massive bodies in the universe seem to be communicating with each other using some sort of switching system. Could that then be considered to be life?

[@Istandby666]

The antenna has been fixed and is fully extended

[@DarkJK]

I see it’s been sunny in Vancouver island 😎

[@frasercain]

Welcome to summer Fraser

[@DarkJK]

@@frasercain Slightly cooked Fraser

[@kswis]

Say we do a gravity boost to get at 100kms, head to mars, how do we slow down without using fuel? Can we use gravity to slow us down too?

[@EmDzei]

Ha ha ha, "Take a tattoo". :-D One hint of position of your head altitude. You remember from school the "golden line". So, do not fit your head middle of the screen - just rise your chair about 5 - 10 cm or tilt your web camera 1 - 2 degrees down.

[@danmentink3256]

I can't think of a way to shield the passengers of the ship from cosmic radiation. However I do know a trick that geneticists use to repair DNA during certain types of gene splicing techniques and that is that they use chelated gold to repair the DNA strands. Chelated gold in the water they drink would be an excellent cancer preventative rather than using heavy materials in the crafts don't you think?

[@archmage_of_the_aether]

"there are no ads in the middle of this video," said the ad in the middle of the video

[@elmrjdhue6105]

Dumb question here, could a comet be used as a probe to proxima centauri, using it as both fuel and ship to attatch more robust instruments as well as inital free speed?

[@frasercain]

Absolutely, the mass of the comet could be used for a propulsion system, and a way to protect electronics, but you're still looking at an insanely long flight time. Hundreds of thousands of years.

[@jessepollard7132]

to do so would require any sensors to first be accelerated to match the orbit of the comet.

[@masi416]

29:30 here is a name for that telescope: ORION Orbital Radio Interferometric Observatory Network.

[@TheDeej26]

Could you use a powerful electromagnet to generate an electrical field that could protect astronauts from radiation?

[@PupitoManuel]

If all other masses in the cosmos are moving away from us in all directions, maybe our galaxy is the center of the universe. Otherwise, based on the direction of travel of all objects and their speed in relation to everything else, we could calculate where are we all moving away from. Can someone help with this?

[@ilessthan3bees]

I missed the live show (and can't be bothered to dig up the link). Now I have to watched the edited version like a caveman. Edit: Alderaan

[@thepackerssmacker8188]

Fraser... What SPF are you using???

[@frasercain]

50. I just turn red in the summer.

[@MrMark069]

Coruscant - Black holes are continuously absorbing CMB. So is hawking radiation predicted to be quick enough to even offset this mass gain? Maybe it won't be detectable until the CMB has lost enough energy/mass through expansion to tip the scales. I'd love to see if anyone has done the math.