Validity during CFA made easy

In this video I demonstrate a new excel tool I've developed for quickly creating a factor correlation matrix and validity table using the output from AMOS. The tool is available from the homepage of my wiki: statwiki.gaskin...

[@Gaskination]

Here's a fun pet project I've been working on: udreamed.com/. It is a dream analytics app. Here is the KZbin channel where we post a new video almost three times per week: kzbin.info/door/iujxblFduQz8V4xHjMzyzQ Also available on iOS: apps.apple.com/us/app/udreamed/id1054428074 And Android: play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.unconsciouscognitioninc.unconsciouscognition&hl=en Check it out! Thanks!

[@Tabsit_Academy]

I have almost a similar model in my PhD i mean it's actually huge. As i have 2 big blocs of determinants ( cultural and sociological) . May I ask please if it's a good idea to test each bloc of determinants apart? Thank you for the sharing in the video🙏

[@Gaskination]

Best practice is to do a CFA with all latent factors simultaneously, as this will help identify any discriminant validity concerns.

[@sabinkhdk]

Hi James, Is there a work around to check validity if I have two latent variables? Thanks.

[@Gaskination]

Sabin Khadka I have an old stats tools package that will let you do it. Just email me and I'll send it. [e-mail]

[@karinegg4809]

Dear Mr Gaskin, Thank you very much for you tutos that are very helpful...Phd student all over the world owe you a lot!!! I used your excel stats tools Package to proceed to the discriminant validity... There are no validity concerns but it shows a MaxR(h) index.. and I not understand what is it about. Thank you in advance for your answer..

[@joseluisgonzalezgeraldo1577]

Same problem as Karine GG. And, if MSV should be < AVE, why there is not issue with OC and OCC (minute 1:29)? Many thanks and congratulations for these videos!

[@Gaskination]

No need to include MaxR. No one really uses it. No one uses MSV either... Most just use CR and AVE.

[@cunghoctienganh]

Hi James, a book that I read also mentions testing Nomological validity. Did you have any video about how to test Nomological validity? thank you

[@Gaskination]

Nomological validity refers to the theoretical completeness of the model. As such, it is difficult to test statistically. However, there are some indirect approaches, such as tests for endogeneity and percent of variance explained (R2) in the dependent variable. A better way to "test" it is to make sure a good literature review is completed before designing the study. This will ensure all appropriate and potentially confounding variables are identified and controlled for.

[@Gaskination]

Low AVE is due to low loadings. The AVE is essentially the average of the squared loadings for each factor. So, if you have a really low loading on one of the items, you might consider removing it (if possible) in order to bump up your AVE.

[@Gaskination]

Have you met the caveats and assumptions listed? People send me their data all the time saying there is an error that they just can't figure out, but then I find out they've not met the four caveats and assumptions I list right there below the button on the spreadsheet. If you have met these, and there is still a problem, feel free to email it to me to troubleshoot: james. gaskin@ byu. edu

[@Gaskination]

I must not understand. Discriminant validity of what? Typically we test the discriminant validity of latent factors. But we do this with measures like MSV, correlations, and the square root of the AVE. I do not understand why you would use a chi-square difference test for testing discriminant validity of latent factors. If you are testing between models, then yes, chi-square difference test would work. Just use the chi-square and df for each model and input into my spreadsheet. Hope this helps.

[@Gaskination]

Excellent question! Usually numbers are red for one of two reason. 1. the factor has a low loading (or average loadings below 0.70), or 2. one of the factor correlations is greater than the average loading. To fix the first issue, see if you can drop a low loading. To fix the second issue, you might want to see how individual indicators correlate across factors. If you find two from separate factors that are highly correlated, see if you can remove one of them. Hope this helps!

[@Gaskination]

The most likely scenario is that you have not met the assumptions listed. If after reading those, and complying, it still doesn't work, feel free to email it to me separately using the email listed on my wiki or youtube channel.

[@Gaskination]

Is it giving you the same error? If so, then you just need to google the error. If it gives you a debugging option, then it is a problem with the code and I can troubleshoot it. Feel free to email me @ james. gaskin@ byu. edu

[@Gaskination]

Hi Toby. For some reason it won't let me reply directly today... I do have an older tool that will do it. If you email me ([e-mail]) I'll send it to you.

[@Gaskination]

Oh, you have a single factor that has eight items. I understand now. You can use my old stats tool and old validity video. email me for the file: james. gaskin@ byu. edu

[@Gaskination]

Means you probably did not meet the assumptions and caveats of listed under the button. Or your tables were not formatted the way AMOS outputs them.

[@Gaskination]

I have videos for measurement model invariance. Go to my channel to find them. You can access my channel by clicking on my name.

[@Gaskination]

Sounds like you need to enable macros. Google it. Or you might be using Excel 2008 (which doesn't allow macros).

[@Gaskination]

Email me at james. eric. gaskin@ gmail. com and I will send you an example spss file with a correlation matrix.

[@Gaskination]

+Viccolino Margharetti, Look at the caveats and assumptions listed under the button. These are critical. I'm in the process of making a new one, but in the meantime, you'll need to conform to these caveats and assumptions.

[@Gaskination]

It is on my wiki on the homepage. statwiki. kolobkreations. com

[@Gaskination]

I include all latent constructs that are not control variables.

[@Gaskination]

It is on the homepage of my wiki: statwiki. kolobkreations. com It will probably not work for Lisrel since Excel is expecting a specific format as in the AMOS output.

[@syedprop680]

Hello SIr, I am research student of MBA. having issue with value of C.R and AVE values. where Values of AVE below 0.5 i.e. (0.389 ,0.369, 0.237, 0.385 respectively for my each variable of model i.e. 6 in total among them 4 independent one mediator and one is dependent. Can, you please guide me with any reference paper that may say that such values are except-able due to some Rules or principal declared by any Author. Please i need reference plus, solution to that. Please note that in CFA i have reached three-indicator rule (Hair et. al 2010) so i can remove items more. I am end of my reaserch work and only these values making it difficult to continue with submittion work. Best Regards Nabia Iqbal

[@kesiarozzett]

Nothink has worked yet! When debuging, I get the following line highlighted in yellow: CR = SSLS / (SSLS + SumErr) I've worked with VB before, but it's been a long long time! And now I have no clue how to fix this error! :-/

[@aronlindberg83]

If you google "SPSS Syntax aronlindberg", click the first link and then go to "insert correlation matrix" you can use that syntax to import a correlation matrix to SPSS, save it as a .sav file which can then be opened in AMOS.

[@TobyNorman]

Amazing tool, thanks so much for building this! Can you calculate CR/AVE if you only have 2x latent variables? I have 6 items I want to test in latent variables of 3 each, and while your tool does a great job with 3x latent variables it doesn't seem to work with 2x. Thanks for any advice!

[@aronlindberg83]

Check out my video on "Introduction to Syntax in SPSS". I will make a video later on how to import correlation matrices in SPSS, however it can only be done through syntax.

[@belindaflannery2902]

Hi James, I am trying to test a model with only 2 latent variables which goes against caveat 4 :-( does this mean I am unable to do a validity check? PS your tools and youtube tutorials are awesome!!!A big THANKYOU!

[@Gaskination]

+Belinda Flannery You can use my old tool for this. Just email me and I'll send it: [e-mail]

[@cchubbycatt]

I found it now. I am trying to do discriminant validity. How can I do it with the excel macro? I finished the CFA and EFA

[@Gaskination]

This is a measurement error. Sometimes this happens if you have only two indicators on a single factor. You will get reliability of 1.00 if there is only one indicator. More likely the situation is that you are mistaking C.R. in the regression weights table in AMOS. This is the Critical Ratio (or z-score) which should be greater than 1.96 for significant values at the 0.05 level. This is not composite reliability.

[@Gaskination]

The equations are very simple. MSV is Maximum Shared Squared Variance. So, it is just the maximum correlation (squared covariance) with any other factor. ASV is average shared squared variance. So, it is just he average of all correlations with other variables. I'm not sure of the reference, but the math is simple.

[@Gaskination]

The AVE is average variance extracted. The average of a single loading is itself. But this measure is also squared and takes into account some error. However, for a single item, the loading is 1 and the error is zero. So, no. There is not AVE for a single item measure.

[@erikpaolo22]

(Ok... potentially stupid question) Here's the scenario. I got a very complex model integrating four theories together (e.g. Theory 1: A and B affects C; Theory 2: D affects B and C; Theory 3: E and F affects C, Theory 4: G affects B and C). Now, I am thinking of doing five SEM tests: one for each theory and the fifth is for the overall integrated model. Does this mean that I have to do five CFA tests as well (one for each theory and then the fifth for the overall model)? Thank you!

[@Gaskination]

You can try running the EFA separate and then combine them for the CFA to see if you can achieve discriminant validity, but likely you will run into trouble. You cannot run the CFA separately for DVs because of this issue of tautology. I don't know if others have published papers that say you can, but from a purely practical standpoint, you cannot/should not.

[@Gaskination]

@vahidaryadoust Factor correlations should be less than the square root of the AVE on the diagonal. As long as they are below it, then discriminant validity is acceptable. However, correlations should be less than 0.9, and ideally less than 0.7. The factor correlations say nothing about convergent validity.

[@Gaskination]

Most likely this is because you are not meeting the Caveats and Assumptions: 1. Your latent variable names do not end in numbers (bad: F1, Factor12). It is okay to have oberved variables named whatever you want. 2. Your error/residual names (if any) do end with numbers (good: e1, res12) 3. Your variable names are not any of the following: AVE, ASV, CR, MSV 4. You have more than 2 latent variables.

[@Gaskination]

@mrahimAustralia It is on the home page of my wiki. The line containing the link looks like this: "You may find this set of excel tools useful/necessary for many of the analyses you will learn about in this wiki: Stats Tools Package". KZbin won't let me type or paste a URL in a comment (for spam issues I think).

[@Gaskination]

Neither of those are issues. You are welcome to send me an excel workbook with your data in it (prior to running the macro). One other issue might be the Excel version you are running. I used Excel 2010, and I know it also works with 2007. I'm not sure about 2008, 2010, or 2013.

[@Gaskination]

You will have to look at an EFA with only the two constructs that are overlapping. Then see which items are crossloading the strongest. Perhaps delete those items one at a time and try again.

[@Gaskination]

I would test for discriminant validity during the confirmatory factor analysis. Also, I would use composites created by AMOS rather than averages. See my video on Imputing Composite Variables in AMOS.

[@jayaprakashkanagaraj8163]

I have downloaded excel sheet. But, its not running the output. Its showing Macros is not running. Even after I am enabling the macros from my excel settings. Its not running again. Its showing as Run-time error '91' - Object variable or With block variable not set. What shall i do it sir???

[@nedaghazi5702]

yes, it is the same error. i checked it in the 4th computer and the error was the same. I googled the error. the error is: "... the micro isn't available in this workbook or all macro may be disable." I made enable all micro in the trust center setting, but it doesn't work.

[@Gaskination]

yes. it will create the validity measures and the matrix with the highest order factors for any set of factors. So, if you have several first order factors as well as some 2nd order factors, all factors will appear in the matrix except the lower order indicator factors of the higher order factors.

[@coldbloodisback]

Sir I am getting all the composite reliability above 1.00 . What does that mean? 1.00 means perfect reliability I suppose. So what does score above 1.00 means? Sorry If the question is stupid but I am an undergraduate just introduced to SEM,FA etc

[@Gaskination]

Most likely this is due to either not having the output formatted exactly as it is in the AMOS output window, or not following the caveats and assumptions listed under the button.

[@Gaskination]

Most likely because you have violated one of the four caveats and assumptions listed below the button. Review them to make sure they are not the problem first. Another potential issue is that you have included non-latent variables in your factor analysis. Get rid of those. Or maybe you have formative factors. Those won't work. Or could be third order factors... Not sure what those will do. If you still experience this issue, then email me the excel file (prior to running it).

[@Gaskination]

This is definitely a convergent validity issue. Addressing standardized residual covariances is a model fit issue. As for the AVEs, you can look for items that have the lowest loading and drop those (if possible), or you can try to do the EFA again to see which items are cross-loading. Fidget with those until you get a good pattern matrix in the EFA. Then the CFA should go much smoother.

[@Gaskination]

The reason is because items from one indicator are too highly correlated with items from another factor. Did you run an EFA to see what the factor structure should be? If not, that is what you should do first. This will also tip you off to know which items are causing the problem. You might be required to drop one or two items, or create a new factor you hadn't expected, or combine factors that are too similar. Do the EFA. That will help you figure it out.

[@Gaskination]

Most likely this is due to either not having the output formatted exactly as it is in the AMOS output window, or not following the caveats and assumptions listed under the button.

[@Gaskination]

Of course! I lived in Tokyo for three years. I was in Yokosuka on the military base. The excel tool is on my wiki. See my channel homepage for a direct link. statwiki. kolobkreations. com

[@Gaskination]

Composite reliability is a specific measure for establishing construct reliability. Cronbach's alpha is another specific measure for construct reliability.

[@qianli8866]

If the AVE score is below the 0.5 and CR is also below 0.7. does that mean I should throw this factor out of the model since it's not being well presented by variables? Thanks very much!

[@Roselineyong]

Dear Gaskin, thank you for sharing this. I am a PhD student in Tokyo University, and I wonder if it is possible for you to share this new excel tool with us in Tokyo. Thanks.

[@itssridevi]

Hi, Could you pls let me know the formula that you have used to calculate MSV and ASV. I was able to find the formulas for CR and AVE but not for MSV and ASV. Pls do let me.

[@Gaskination]

MSV stands for Maximum Shared Squared Variance. So, it is just the square of the highest covariance for that factor. Hair et al 2010 talk about it indirectly.

[@Gaskination]

Sadly no. It is not very robust. It is only good for reflective models in AMOS. Although it can handle 2nd order models as well. Best of luck!

[@999MOHAMMEDKSA]

Dear I could not run it in excel, I have receive the following msj: The macro might not be available in the workbook or all macros may not be disabled

[@Gaskination]

That could be due to a few different things. Have you complied with the four caveats and assumptions? If not, then do that and see if it works. If so, then email me separately to see what the issue is. My email is listed on the channel's homepage.

[@shujaatmubarik]

Dear James! I have AVE=0.46 of one of my construct and its CR=0.85..have it adequate convergent validity? some ppl referring Das et al, 2000 & Gerbing and Andersen, 1988 claims convergent valisity OK because of CR>0.70.. Thank you

[@Gaskination]

You can claim convergent validity based on the CR alone, even if the AVE is not high enough. The AVE is a much more conservative measure.

[@pikecp]

Thank you for the answer. Is it possible to check discriminant validity on just one group structural model whith chi square difference test?

[@Gaskination]

Possibly days :) because you can quickly test alternative models (which previously took hours for complex models).

[@Gaskination]

I'm not sure I understand the question, but I'll guess. You could create composite variables (I have a video for this) and then use those composite variables as indicators in a cluster analysis.

[@jknepper108]

Hi James. Your videos are a godsend. I am trying to run validity master in excel stats tool pgk and showing runtime error 91 (object variable or with block variable not set). I have 2 latent variables with 6 & 5 factors respectively. After reading the other blog posts I think I need the old stats tool pkg cause I am running only 2 LV's. Is this right? If so, I emailed you asking for the old stats tool pkg. Thanks again

[@osrrra]

Hi Games, Many thanks for all your video tutorials, it helps my a lot! i have one question, plz. in your web site statwiki.kolobkreations.com/wiki/Exploratory_Factor_Analysis#Convergent_validity, you suggested that the sufficient factor loading for AVE is .30 based on sample size over 350. Do you have a reference that I can used for this in my article, plz? I have some construct with AVE value of .4 and .36 and my sample size is 506.

[@Gaskination]

This comes from Hair et al 2010 Multivariate Data Analysis. However, neither I nor they suggest this will be sufficient for AVE. Hair only says that this is probably sufficient to demonstrate convergent validity for a sample size that large.

[@supremehh]

dear James. i always appreciate you professor and i have a question. i want to know getting AVE formula(Fornell & Lacker's formula? or Hair's formula?). and as far as i know, diagonal number is root square of AVE, and put the coefficient of determination(SPSS). but you used correlation, standardized estimate via Amos. also i want to know this reference.Sorry for bothering you.. best regards. i'm a big fan of yours in South Korea.

[@Gaskination]

+supremehh I'm using the formula from classroom.synonym.com/calculate-average-variance-extracted-2842.html but I'm estimating error instead of using exact standard error values. The estimate is 1-loading^2. The square root of the AVE is on the diagonal. I did not include the coefficient of determination (R-squared).

[@horeenbutt1056]

James Gaskin. I need your help please! Using your tool i was able to find CR AND AVE for my first CFA model. But in the second CFA model there comes an error saying ''Application-defined or object-defined error''. What should i do?

[@ericchen670]

Hi James, I have a sample size of 170 and given this size items with factor loading greater than 0.45 is acceptable according to statwiki. I was able to obtain very good model fit, but when I calculated the AVE value, it is only 0.35, far below 0.5 to pass convergent validity. This is rather confusing because with a large sample size it is difficult to obtain high factor loading (which is why statwiki accepts greater than 0.45), therefore it is also hard to obtain an AVE value above 0.5. So does it mean that I have a convergent validity problem despite the fact that my model fit is great? Many thanks.

[@Gaskination]

+eric chen Correct. While the lower factor loading is acceptable for the EFA, the CFA will still require a strong loading for convergent validity. You might be able to still get away with it if your composite reliability score is greater than 0.700 Malhotra and Dash 2008 and 2011 say that you can get away with a bad AVE if you have a good CR.

[@dr.sadafkhan5403]

+James Gaskin Hi, Can pls Pdf version of this book Dash 2008 and 2011?

[@Gaskination]

+sadaf khan I can't, but here is the reference: Maholtra, N. K., and Dash, S. Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation, 6th Ed. Pearson Education, 2010.

[@FaizaSalam]

how can we improve the value of CR? as it is below 0.70? i am waiting for your response .THANKS in advance

[@Gaskination]

Here is a video for this exactly: kzbin.info/www/bejne/rofPZ3mdZ6ZsfaM

[@ImanRahmanian]

I couldn't understand that code! I'm not too familiar with SPSS.. can u give me more comments or a simpler way to do it?! thank you

[@faiqazahra8510]

Hi Sir, Hope you'll be doing good. I'm a student of MS. Currently working on my research project it's almost about to end but I'm just stuck at the stage where I need to use stats tools package. I tried my very best but couldn't find it anywhere to download. Will you please share the link or attachment with me from where I can download it. Will be a great great favour from your side. Waiting for your response. Regards.

[@Gaskination]

It's on the homepage of statwiki, as noted in the video description: statwiki.gaskination.com/

[@mrphool57]

dear dr. Gaskin! do we need to test the reliability and validity of 2nd order factor in CFA? if yes, how can we go around it?

[@fassmo]

I found the problem. My current settings in AMOS uses commas (,) as decimal separator instead of dots.... Mystery solved 8-)

[@nedaghazi5702]

Dear Gaskin, I tried the excel file in 3 different computers, (excel 2007 and 2010) and enable all micros, but it doesn't run.

[@Gaskination]

This means that the factor has some issues, but they could be fixed possibly by removing the lowest loading item. You should aim for an average loading of about 0.700.

[@Ruchi5920]

I am unable to run mastervalidity plugin in AMOS 21 version. Its showing an error "Error running plagin...Process can not access the file because it is being used by other process" . I also tried to use EXCEL model that was given on the website to test discriminant and convergent validity but it is also not working. Kindly suggest me how test discriminant and convergent validity.

[@Gaskination]

If using the Excel file, make sure to comply with the caveats and assumptions listed under the button to run it. If using the plugin, I think it works with version 21, although I'm not positive. Do be sure to follow the instructions for installation shown here: statwiki.kolobkreations.com/index.php?title=Plugins#Installation_Instructions:

[@СтеванТомашевић]

Dear James, thanks for this wonderful video. I have a question. I have a model with several independent variables and four dependent variables in one model. Is it necessary to observe and display correlation coefficients between dependent variables in Discriminant Validity table? The correlation coefficients are high between these variables and and thus the condition AVE>MSV is not met.

[@Gaskination]

If they are distinct dependent variables that are not part of a higher order construct, then yes, we do need to include those correlations during the CFA. Otherwise we cannot determine with confidence what we are predicting. If they are all the same, then we do not need them all. If they are all strongly related, then consider modeling them as a higher order factor. And then just predict that higher order factor. If they are not part of a higher order factor, consider running them through and EFA in order to determine which of the observed measures is cross loading.

[@Gaskination]

Feel free to email it to me and I can troubleshoot it. My email address is: james. gaskin@ byu. edu

[@Gaskination]

My Excel workbook will do it for you. It is available on the homepage of my wiki: statwiki. kolobkreations. com. If you need to do it for a model with less than three latent factors, then email me to get my old Excel workbook: james. gaskin@ byu. edu

[@999MOHAMMEDKSA]

Thanks dear, sorry.. I have a quick question, is possible to do a t test or Mann whitney test between two groups group 1 = 392 and group 2= only 8? Any reference... Thanks

[@Gaskination]

Yikes! Yes, you can do it, but you will not be able to have any confidence in the solution... A subsample of eight is too low. This means there will be too much error. Adding a single additional case might change the results. I would recommend a minimum sample size of 35 for a t-test.

[@ibrahimmkheimer5311]

Dear dr. I get this message (can't run the macro "stats tools package" master validity, the macro may be not avaliable in this workbook or all macros disabled !!! how to fix this problem ?? thanks in advance

[@Gaskination]

Is it a standard message for any workbook that has macros. You’ll need to unblock it by finding the file in your folder, right clicking it, go to properties, find the unblock check box, check that box, and then hit OK. Then reopen the workbook.

[@Gaskination]

Yes, if you have low AVE, then remove the lowest loading item. If you have high MSV/ASV, then identify the Factor that has the strongest relationship with your problematic factor. Then do a bivariate correlations analysis on their items to see which ones are most related. Remove one of them. Or you could just look at the EFA to see if an item from one factor is loading strongly on another factor. If so, then delete it. This is probably the easiest way.

[@jakializa733]

Hi james, my dependent variable and one independent variable have convergent validity and reliability issue. How can I improve the Result.. I used your master validity excel tool.. Thanks.

[@Gaskination]

This video should help: kzbin.info/www/bejne/rofPZ3mdZ6ZsfaM

[@nadermohamed5528]

Dear Dr. James what should I do If the AVE for some scale is less than 0.5 ? for example If AVE = 0.45, Is it can be accepted? If not accepted what should I do ?

[@Gaskination]

AVE is a strict measure of convergent validity. Malhotra and Dash (2011) note that "AVE is a more conservative measure than CR. On the basis of CR alone, the researcher may conclude that the convergent validity of the construct is adequate, even though more than 50% of the variance is due to error.” (Malhotra and Dash, 2011, p.702). Malhotra N. K., Dash S. (2011). Marketing Research an Applied Orientation. London: Pearson Publishing.

[@alizain7784]

Hello Dear James, I am watching your videos it really made life easy. God Bless you. I was having this one question that how to address or overcome the AVE score in convergent validity which is below the threshold.

[@Gaskination]

It can be done in the same way as improving reliability: kzbin.info/www/bejne/rofPZ3mdZ6ZsfaM

[@drlufly]

GREAT VEDIO!!! but when I did the validity test, there was a bug and I don't know visuabl basic at all.....

[@dilantitiz659]

Hello! How can I attain spurred analyz of excel for this correlation table ? Please help me for this question you only paste on excel then excel have click to reset button. How can I make this table 😥😥😥

[@Gaskination]

It's on the homepage of the StatWiki

[@tatshter]

Hi James! We get missing values in the outer most diagonal line of the matrix- do you know why this could be? Is this a sign something is wrong? :)

[@Gaskination]

That means it didn't calculate the square root of the AVE. If the AVE was calculated, but the diagonal is missing, you can add it by inserting the square root of the AVE on that diagonal manually.

[@Gaskination]

1. Depends on the complexity of the model. If you will not be sacrificing statistical power, then split it 30%/70% for the EFA/CFA. This is a common practice that demonstrates additional rigor. You can then also combine both subsamples back together for the structural model. 2. Second order models are theory-driven. If you have a construct that is really composed of two distinct dimensions (both captured latently), then you may want to use a 2nd order factor.

[@caloycarlo9136]

Hi James, what if I got a CR issue on one variable (CR=.680) while all the rest are ok, can I just conclude no "serious validity concerns'?

[@umeshraut8081]

Dear James, Thanks for validity video, I need one help can you tell me, How to test Nomological validity.

[@Gaskination]

Nomological validity is not tested statistically. Instead, it is an assessment of whether you have included the appropriate constructs in your model and whether you've neglected any. This should be based on extant literature related to your model.

[@abbybankston5717]

I'm receive a runtime error 6 when I run this tool. I do have 4 objective variables (sales, profit) as part of my overall model that only has one variable. It does produce a table, but nothing is included in the correlation table for these variables.

[@Gaskination]

This violates the caveats and assumptions for this macro. Please follow those and you should receive output. You can also try the plugin instead: kzbin.info/www/bejne/m5ysdKCulNaWjck

[@mrsc03]

Hello James, I'm also having the same problem as Toby Norman. I only have 2 latent factors (one with 18 items and the other with 20 items). How can I calculate CR and AVE? Thanks in advance!

[@AnneOeldorfHirsch]

I am trying to do exactly this in the tool I downloaded this morning and I'm getting Run-time error '6': Overflow. What might be the issue?

[@Gaskination]

Make sure to check the caveats and assumptions listed in the orange box below the button. If it still doesn't work, you might try the plugin instead: kzbin.info/www/bejne/m5ysdKCulNaWjck

[@Gaskination]

you can use the old stats tools package for that, and the old validity video shows how to use it. email me separately for the file james. gaskin@ byu. edu

[@fariakanwal1121]

Hello Gaskin----how can I use your excel tool? is there any link available?

[@Gaskination]

Faria Kanwal The tool is available from the homepage of my wiki: statwiki.kolobkreations.com

[@Gaskination]

@jalparee1 Low AVE indicates low loadings. Ideally, the loadings should average above .7. Low CR indicates poor reliability. This is also due to low loadings. High MSV and ASV is due to correlations between latent factors being too high. Fix this by combining factors that correlate too highly (if this is in line with your theory). You may be able to create a 2nd order construct. Most of these can also be fixed by improving model fit. See my "Model fit during CFA" video.

[@sarafrost5036]

If you're late to the party like I am and you haven't had your coffee yet. You're looking for the Excel Stattools file on the sidebar of the homepage.

[@PFERDEZUCHTklatte]

YOU ARE MY HERO!!!! thank you so much for doing this, i am currently writing my masters thesis and thanks to your tool I am saving hours of work!!

[@dilantitiz659]

Hello! How can I attain spurred analyz of excel for this correlation table ? Please help me for this question you only paste on excel then excel have click to reset button. How can I make this table 😥😥😥

[@Gaskination]

Most likely due to having non-latent factors (single item factors) included in the CFA. If a factor is not latent, it does not belong in a factor analysis.

[@Gaskination]

Discriminant validity is usually tested between constructs, not models. But if you wanted to run a chi-square test between an unconstrained and a constrained model, watch this video for instructions: "Measurement Model Invariance" In this video I show how to do a chi-square difference test around 3:20

[@VahidAryadoust]

Thanks for uploading this video. Could you advise what range of factor correlation would be considered optimal to provide the evidence of convergent and discriminant validity? Thanks very much in advance.