Video 7.3: CPs

Andrew Carnie presents Syntax: A Generative Introduction. 4th Edition. Wiley Blackwell.
Video 7.3: CPs
Carnie discusses applying X-bar theory to CPs. He also argues that every clause has a CP on top of it, even ones where there's no overt C
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[@alexmark9476]

Is there any compelling evidence that the subordinator in adverbial clauses is inside the Complementizer layer? On one hand, temporal subordinators certainly look as if they head a PP with a CP (or free relative NP/PP) complement: [*before* [the class]] [*before* [the class started]] right/long [*before* [the class]] right/long [*before* [the class started]] since [*before* [the class]] since [*before* [the class started]] On the other hand, I really have a hard time thinking of words like "because, if, etc." as prepositions. "If" can sometimes be signaled through subject-aux inversion: If I had known Had I ___ known Moreover, a lot of these words have a central and a peripheral use, where the peripheral ones seem to me to be quite similar to coordination.