Virginia Through the Eyes of Governor Berkeley

[@dr.floridaman4805]

Virginia the first to abolish slavery in the world?

[@NathanDudani]

Try Denmark

[@HistoricalContextUSA]

Virginia was not first.

[@DreaminNirvana]

You must read and learn your own history. Partus Sequitur Ventrem. Every woman was a slave. Gender and Reproduction is entangled in Slave Code. "Partus Sequitur Ventrem" which means "that which is brought forth follows the belly (womb)" "offspring follows belly". Slave Law and the History of Women in Slavery is deeply rooted in the design of White Supremacy. When we learn Partus Sequitur Ventrem is based in Roman Law, which is used in a system claiming justice, then why are we still to date using "folklore", a word defining Roman Law, to explain anything? The legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was derived from Roman civil law, specifically the portions concerning slavery and personal property. The doctrine assured that white men-particularly the privileged ones who passed the law, who fornicated even with what we consider white women today could have sex with enslaved/indented women, produce children who were items of capital, and never have to worry about losing their property rights in them. Was Tupac most accurate in his lyrics of Dear Momma? So yesterday was International Women's Day and not a single line was dropped on this subject. I waited to share this today as women globally should be celebrated. This is a conversation we all must have as a collective to dismantle Roman Laws which are the basis of "Justice" based on Emperor Justinian The Twelve Tables - Thus a committee of ten men called the decemvirs was established in 451 BCE to write down the law for the first time. Interesting Facts About Roman Law: The Romans had three branches of government including the legislative assemblies (branch of the people), the senate (branch of the nobles and patricians), and the consuls (executive branch). Roman women had limited rights as citizens. They could not vote or hold public office, but they could own property and businesses. In 212 AD, the Roman Emperor Caracalla declared that all freedmen in the Roman Empire were full Roman citizens. Emperor Justinian I, had the laws of Rome written down and organized. These laws became known as the Justinian Code and were used throughout the empire. Didn't they age well? The laws were enforced by an official called the praetor. The praetor was the second highest ranking official in the Roman republic (after the consuls). The praetor was responsible for the administration of justice. To keep the laws in the city, the Romans had a police force called the Vigiles. Is that a root to "Vigilante"? "Atlantic slavery rested upon a notion of heritability. It thus relied on a reproductive logic that was inseparable from the explanatory power of race. As a result, women and their experiences of enslavement shed critical light on what it meant to be enslaved or free in the early modern Atlantic world. Regardless of the rate of reproduction among the enslaved-which remained low in all early American slave societies-the ideological solidity of those slave societies needed reproducing women. Building a system of racial slavery on the notion of heritability did not require the presence of natural population growth among the enslaved, but it did require a clear understanding that enslaved women gave birth to enslaved children. Resituating herita￾bility was key in the practice of an enslavement that systematically alienated the enslaved from their kin and their lineage. Enslaved people had to be understood as dispossessed, outside of the normal networks of family and community, to justify the practice of mass enslavement." Jennifer L. Morgan Partus sequitur ventrem (L. "That which is born follows the womb"; also partus The birth follows the womb) was a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; In British America and the United States, most claims to freedom depended on a legal premise known as partus sequitur ventrem, which meant that the legal status of children would always follow the mother. Thus, the children of enslaved women would always be legally enslavable, but the children of free women should legally be free, regardless of the father’s status. While partus sequitur ventrem was most typically used to keep the children of enslaved women in slavery, over time enslaved Indigenous people used it to gain their freedom by demonstrating that they had a free maternal ancestor (and then therefore that freedom should have been passed along to successive generations). Everywhere else we find slavery, when first casually mentioned, an institution so long established as to have lost its novelty. In each of them there are three points to be noted: the first mention of slavery, its first regulation by law, and the establishment, by custom or positive law, of the civil law rule, partus sequitur ventrem, instead of the common law rule, partus sequitur patrem. The latter rule, making children take the condition of the father, was the natural rule for English colonists, would have made negro slavery far more tolerable, and would have established a constant agent for its ultimate extinction, since any connection between a slave father and a free mother would have been comparatively rare. The former rule, that the children should take the condition of the mother, which was everywhere adopted by custom from the beginning, not only relieved the system from check, but even gave it an added horror, of which the variations in color among the inferior race are mute but indelible certificates. In summarizing the introduction of slavery into the original thirteen states, begin at Mason and Dixon’s line, going first southward, and then northward: its introduction into the new states and territories comes under the fifth subdivision. The whole slavery struggle is therefore the history of a custom at first universal in the colonies, then peacefully circumscribed by the rise of a moral feeling opposed to it, but suddenly so fortified in its remaining territory by the rise of an enormous material interest as to make the final struggle one of force. Why was this Roman Civil Law still applied after 1865? And that is why they want to ban CRT. Imagine the shear wealth of many lines of heirs still in office today and how that wealth would be most contested by all the family tree work many are continuing in radical healing work. Talk about flipping the script! Happy Belated International Women's Day. Keep seeking the truth to sharpen your wits, connecting us together and may we all continue to be inspired in Creating Common Memories. #internationalwomensday "The rule of partus sequitur ventrem, is universally followed" Judge Marshall Here are a few cases that cite this rule: Williamson v. Daniel, 25 U.S. 568, 12 Wheat. 568, 6 L. Ed. 731 (1827) March 16, 1827 · Supreme Court of the United States 25 U.S. 568, 12 Wheat. 568, 6 L. Ed. 731, 1827 U.S. LEXIS 413, SCDB 1827-046 Williamson v. Daniel, 25 U.S. 568, 12 Wheat. 568, 6 L. Ed. 731 (1827) March 16, 1827 · Supreme Court of the United States 25 U.S. 568, 12 Wheat. 568, 6 L. Ed. 731, 1827 U.S. LEXIS 413, SCDB 1827-046 « BACK TO CASE Hudson v. Wadsworth June 1, 1831 8 Conn. 348 · Connecticut Supreme Court · Connecticut Smith v. Bell Jan. 1, 1832 6 Pet. 68, 31 U.S. 68, 8 L. Ed. 322, SCDB 1832-025, 1832 U.S. LEXIS 457 · Supreme Court of the United States · United States Hill's Lessee v. Hill June 1, 1833 5 G. & J. 87 · Court of Appeals of Maryland · Maryland Duncan v. Martin March 1, 1835 7 Yer. 519, 15 Tenn. 519 · Tennessee Supreme Court · Tennessee Moody v. Walker July 1, 1840 3 Ark. 147 · Arkansas Supreme Court · Arkansas Pringle v. Dunkley Nov. 1, 1850 14 S. & M. 16, 22 Miss. 16 · High Court of Errors and Appeals of Mississippi · Mississippi Kuhn v. Webster Nov. 1, 1858 12 Gray 3, 78 Mass. 3 · Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court · Massachusetts Robinson v. Bishop & Wife May 1, 1861 23 Ark. 378 · Arkansas Supreme Court · Arkansas Slaughter v. Slaughter May 1, 1861 23 Ark. 356 · Arkansas Supreme Court · Arkansas Bethea's Executor v. Smith Jan. 1, 1867 40 Ala. 415 · Alabama Supreme Court · Alabama Village of Brattleboro v. Mead Feb. 1, 1871 43 Vt. 556 · Vermont Supreme Court · Vermont Hall v. United States Oct. 1, 1875 92 U.S. 27, 23 L. Ed. 597, SCDB 1875-145, 1875 U.S. LEXIS 1721 · Supreme Court of the United States · United States Richardson v. Paige Jan. 1, 1882 54 Vt. 373 · Vermont Supreme Court · Vermont Temple v. Sammis Nov. 6, 1882 16 Jones & S. 324, 48 N.Y. Super. Ct. 324 · New York Superior Court · New York Shepard's Heirs v. Shepard's Estate Oct. 1, 1887 60 Vt. 109 · Vermont Supreme Court · Vermont Executors of Judevine v. Judevine May 1, 1889 61 Vt. 587 · Vermont Supreme Court · Vermont Conant's Ex'rs v. Palmer Jan. 1, 1891 63 Vt. 310 · Vermont Supreme Court · Vermont Alberty v. United States April 20, 1896 162 U.S. 499, 40 L. Ed. 1051, 16 S. Ct. 864, 1896 U.S. LEXIS 2229, SCDB 1895-203 · The decemvirs was established in 451 BCE to write down the law for the first time. How many times was this civil law cited in the Supreme Court of the United States United States? indigenousslavery.org/category/uncategorized/ www.econlib.org/book-chapters/chapter-v-3-entry-195-slavery/ cite.case.law/us/25/568/ #WomensMonth #internationalwomensday #whitesupremacyisterrorism

[@DreaminNirvana]

Meet the face of a person who is responsible for race baced slavery for personal gain. His actions caused thousands of people mostly those who identify as Indigenous first nations, black diaspora and some Europeans to learn how to devalue each other in ways still playing out today. Law by Berkeley: Partus sequitur ventrem. L. "That which is born follows the womb" a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that all children would inherit the legal status of their mothers. Children of enslaved women would be born into slavery. The legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was derived from Roman civil law, specifically the portions concerning slavery and personal property or "chattels". "Berkeley started a metamorphosis akin to that of other British colonists who expatrioted to Virginia to find personal fulfilment." He was not here on a religious freedom quest but on his own pursuit of land and wealth hoarding. Governor William Berkeley set out to imitate the society of inequality of wealth and education that he knew in England. By the late 1660s he had succeeded in creating a small governing elite. Berkeley recruited from England both younger sons with no inheritance and supporters of the king who were fleeing a civil war. He promoted them to lucrative offices and granted them large estates. They established an upper class made up of powerful families that became dynasties. They utilized slave labor to cultivate tobacco. Until after the American Revolution, they in effect ruled Virginia. As governor, he stacked the Council and House of Burgesses with Royalist planters then institutionalized race-based slavery in 1661 and 1662. Prior to that time in Virginia, Native American and Africans were forced laborers; legally classified as indentured servants like their European counterparts, but European Indentured servants would be supposedly set free after seven years of work for a master and were entitled to a plot of land. After passage of this law, Native American and African servants were human chattel, to remain slaves all their lives and whose children would be born slaves. "I thank God, there are no free schools, nor printing in Virginia; and I hope we shall not have these for a hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. God keep us from both.” Governor Sir William Berkeley (1605-1677) He was the son of Sir Maurice and Lady Elizabeth Killigrew who were both among the shareholders of the Virginia Company of London. Seek the connections of the Berkley Family and Their Kindred in the Colonization of Virginia and Maryland. The post generational trauma and how many Tribes he inflicted, People he stole, and children he made slaves of many races is a lot to unpack. Refrences below to help you on your seeking. The Papers of Sir William Berkeley, 1605-1677 Library of Virginia (June 15, 2007) www.csmonitor.com/2005/0125/p15s01-bogn.html quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/acf2679.0014.002/76:1?page=root;size=100;view=text gerard-tondu.blogspot.com/2015/04/1642-william-berkeley-arrives-in.html?m=1 muse.jhu.edu/pub/191/monograph/chapter/2775796/pdf www.jstor.org/stable/1919193?origin=crossref encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/berkeley-sir-william-1605-1677/ #NoThanksgiving #thanksgivingrecipes #ThanksgivingTurkey #slavery #genocide #eattherich #indigenouspeoplearehumans #IndenturedServitude #AmericanHistory #English #Virginia #jamestown #berkeley #plantation #dismantlewhitesupremacy #creatingcommonmemories #healing #journey

[@DreaminNirvana]

Meet the face of a person who is responsible for race baced slavery for personal gain. His actions caused thousands of people mostly those who identify as Indigenous first nations, black diaspora and some Europeans to learn how to devalue each other in ways still playing out today. Law by Berkeley: Partus sequitur ventrem. L. "That which is born follows the womb" a legal doctrine passed in colonial Virginia in 1662 and other English crown colonies in the Americas which defined the legal status of children born there; the doctrine mandated that all children would inherit the legal status of their mothers. Children of enslaved women would be born into slavery. The legal doctrine of partus sequitur ventrem was derived from Roman civil law, specifically the portions concerning slavery and personal property or "chattels". "Berkeley started a metamorphosis akin to that of other British colonists who expatrioted to Virginia to find personal fulfilment." He was not here on a religious freedom quest but on his own pursuit of land and wealth hoarding. Governor William Berkeley set out to imitate the society of inequality of wealth and education that he knew in England. By the late 1660s he had succeeded in creating a small governing elite. Berkeley recruited from England both younger sons with no inheritance and supporters of the king who were fleeing a civil war. He promoted them to lucrative offices and granted them large estates. They established an upper class made up of powerful families that became dynasties. They utilized slave labor to cultivate tobacco. Until after the American Revolution, they in effect ruled Virginia. As governor, he stacked the Council and House of Burgesses with Royalist planters then institutionalized race-based slavery in 1661 and 1662. Prior to that time in Virginia, Native American and Africans were forced laborers; legally classified as indentured servants like their European counterparts, but European Indentured servants would be supposedly set free after seven years of work for a master and were entitled to a plot of land. After passage of this law, Native American and African servants were human chattel, to remain slaves all their lives and whose children would be born slaves. "I thank God, there are no free schools, nor printing in Virginia; and I hope we shall not have these for a hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. God keep us from both.” Governor Sir William Berkeley (1605-1677) He was the son of Sir Maurice and Lady Elizabeth Killigrew who were both among the shareholders of the Virginia Company of London. Seek the connections of the Berkley Family and Their Kindred in the Colonization of Virginia and Maryland. The post generational trauma and how many Tribes he inflicted, People he stole, and children he made slaves of many races is a lot to unpack. Refrences below to help you on your seeking. The Papers of Sir William Berkeley, 1605-1677 Library of Virginia (June 15, 2007) www.csmonitor.com/2005/0125/p15s01-bogn.html quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/acf2679.0014.002/76:1?page=root;size=100;view=text gerard-tondu.blogspot.com/2015/04/1642-william-berkeley-arrives-in.html?m=1 muse.jhu.edu/pub/191/monograph/chapter/2775796/pdf www.jstor.org/stable/1919193?origin=crossref encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/berkeley-sir-william-1605-1677/ #NoThanksgiving #thanksgivingrecipes #ThanksgivingTurkey #slavery #genocide #eattherich #indigenouspeoplearehumans #IndenturedServitude #AmericanHistory #English #Virginia #jamestown #berkeley #plantation #dismantlewhitesupremacy #creatingcommonmemories