Were the Peruvian Stone Walls Vitrified / Melted During Construction? | Ancient Architects

[@AncientArchitects]

This video features the work of Antonio Zamora, Jan Peter de Jong and Christopher Jordan, comparing the stones of Peru with vitrified hillforts in the UK and Europe. Links to their work are in the description. Polygonal masonry and 'nubbed blocks' are covered more in depth by channels such as UnchartedX, Brien Foerster, Ancient History Criticisms, Ancient Alternative View and so on. Links to their Twitter handles where photos and information are shared daily are also linked in the description. Thanks everyone!

[@adamofgrayskull7735]

Happy New year

[@seanclarke5915]

I would love to meet Antonio Zamora. He's remarkably underappreciated for the work that he has done. Glad that people such as yourself provide a larger platform for his work. Happy 2021 to you.

[@bermonz]

Ancient Architects is this like geopolymer concrete theory?

[@HerreNeas]

I think you might well be very close on this one Matt, on the nubs, a control point to monitor melting point? Maybe a viewing point to monitor the right moment to add or remove heat intensity, then being left as a mark of the skill of the mason? Masons often leave their “signatures” in their best work, great vid.

[@ancientalternativeview9011]

Thanks matt nice work.. thanks for the mention happy new year

[@RostislavLapshin]

Several methods of fabrication of the polygonal masonry using clay/gypsum replicas, a topography translator, reduced clay models of the stone blocks, and a 3D-pantograph are described in the article “Fabrication methods of the polygonal masonry of large tightly fitted stone blocks with curved surface interfaces in megalithic structures of Peru” (DOI: 10.20944/preprints202108.0087.v5). I do not provide a direct link, because KZbin does not allow a comment with this link. Search by the article title.

[@EldeNice]

As of yet, it has never been peer-reviewed so take the content with a grain of salt.

[@Eyes_Open]

he is the author

[@BillBird2111]

@@Eyes_Open I have not read it, but I did find it online and did read the synopsis. In order for this theory to work, it required the arrival of "builders from Europe." Given this proposal, it means Europe discovered the Americas centuries before Columbus sailed the globe. Since this type of building style is found in all four corners of the world today, it does lend some credence that someone, or a group of people, could have discovered the North and South American continents. But, I also agree with the skeptics. If there was such an advanced race of builders, what happened to them? Where are they? Where are the tools or machines that they used? Where are the traces of that civilization? Nothing like that has ever been found. Until we find evidence of it, it's tough to place any sort of belief in this theory.

[@Eyes_Open]

@@BillBird2111 If I recall correctly, the idea proposed is that the natives could not have performed the work and therefore Europeans created the more complicated stoneworks in the 1500 to 1600 AD range. I disagree completely.

[@BillBird2111]

@@Eyes_Open I understand. It falls into line with the skepticism. If Europeans really did build these structures, why is there no mention of this anywhere in recorded history? Why did Europeans suddenly abandon all of these areas? Where are the tools they used and left behind? At the same time, I do have a problem with native civilizations creating these structures because they didn't have the technology either. I have a hard time buying into the argument that the technology was "forgotten." Call me a skeptic.

[@billmillmine3106]

I am a metal sculptor and this looks like the slag left over from melting bronze or iron. When you skim off the impure slag after melting a cast able metal, it is dumped to the side of your smelting pot and accumulates over time. Stone is used to make the metal softer when melting it by adding lime. Especially with iron. It is very simple to do. Sometimes a kiln or melting pot can have a blow out and all the coke (fuel) the burns at 3000' will melt sand into glass when it contacts it.

[@JasonSmith-kh7cf]

Thermite and stones. Use a high temp clay molding and light from the bottom, adding stones. 2700 degrees infused stones reaction lowering temp.

[@whatthefunction9140]

*the nubs keep me awake at night*

[@AncientArchitects]

Me too 😂

[@coryCuc]

Same. Those damn protuberances.

[@lisad1993]

NUBS!!!!! *falls to knees* *shakes fists at the sky*

[@coryCuc]

@TheLastBoyScout is back youtubebitches lmao

[@TheSonicDeviant]

Likewise

[@chaseweston7060]

This may sound stupid, but is it possible that the knobs are a manufactured leg and fulcrum rocking pivot for the sculptors, NOT a lifting point for placing on the wall, but for allowing a gap in order to place slings and levers in order to flip/swing the face side stone back over on the ground after the shaping; before it is on the wall, Firstly, face side and outline with knob leg of stone is hewn , then it is rolled face down, the knob leg gap allows straps and levers for movers to flip it back upright when the back is finished. Second, the back side is then roughed out and adjusted for fit. The back side of the stones are rough hewn, correct? Maybe upon installation, stones were flipped forward and backward into the wall until the the Back-cut or correct COPING was achieved. By having a gap space a worker doesn't have to fight to get under the stone to reorientation the stone face out. You don't lift the rocks up the wall you add a dirt and raise a plateau aside the wall, then remove the dirt after wall is complete. a dirt scaffold if you will. its like the lost wax technic. OR how they do that with sand. I believe that it is a manufacturing or moving advantage. not to be used after the stone is placed, because they don't line up for level and are not symmetrical for aesthetics. Maybe a fulcrum to swing into place and to stop the forward momentum/ pivot point not for lifting? Why do some stones have them and other do not? What is the difference in the joint gap from the face to the inside rear of the stones? Tolerances. Furthermore, why is this tech on multiple continents as well as the key stone joints?

[@Kuki_ogl]

Good point really.

[@howiegruwitz3173]

Maybe they just put boobies on everything. We draw dicks and dead criminals on walls today

[@TheBubblybobby]

Right on sounds possible ! :)

[@satchpersaud8762]

I was thinking the same...

[@samyoungblood3740]

I Wondered if the stones weren’t exposed to extreme heat and that is where the stones maybe started to melt before the stone solidified again. Causing a brief candle drip effect. Ways I thought possible were From plasma burst from our sun, ancient comet impacts, volcanic eruptions, etc.

[@mccarthy86]

My idea for the nubs is that when they heated the blocks to make them soft and put them in place, they simply placed supporting rods or planks of wood to push and hold in place particular spots where the soft stone may have pushed out a bit. And after the stone started to harden they pulled away these wooden planks but because it was stuck to the surface it pulled out a nub. If you poke some sticky toffee with a pencil then pull it away, the pencil will pull out a bit of toffee and make a nub.

[@methylene5]

They weren't heated. You can't soften granite by heating and it still remain granite.

[@MrJento]

Every igneous rock is vitrified. By definition. The skin of smooth rock you cite is technically a glaze. That is a partial remelt of a vitrified whole. Common building brick is made of clay that is molded to shape and then fired. The surface of a brick may have a slight glaze due to higher than average temperature. Basalt and quartz melt at about 1250C. Wet quartz will melt at about 700C. But only in a shallow layer, 1-3mm on the surface. An enclosed wood fire my reach 300C. More with an air blast. A coal fire is capable of 400C, and up to 1000C when reduced to coke with an air blast as in a forge. An appropriate gas forge may attain 2000C. An atomic air burst, or the kinetic air burst of a high velocity astronomic object, may generate 100,000,000C. Radiated heat falls off with the inverse of the square of the distance from the source. The concussive force of pressurised air falls off in direct proportion to distance. Thus in nuclear tests wood frame structures at some distance are blown apart long before the combust due to radiant heat. And yet nuclear glass is found at the center of detonation due to the initial high temperatures. But no structure remains standing. So. Stone walls will not be melted, nor vitrified, by embers from adjacent burning buildings. Not even by a wood fire in a forge. Not by coal fires nor even with open gas flame. Nor would a stone wall that was close enough to a detonation to be glazed, much less melted to a point where it could vitrify on cooling remain standing in face of concussive blast. An yet we see evidence of selective melting of igneous and sedimentary stone in situ in a highly selective manner. This is the Conundrum that engineers and archaeologists and the simply curious face in explaining such artefacts. I offer no solution. Only an elimination of certain explanations by application of physical facts with logic. Discussion?

[@jacquestone750]

I have read a lot of speculation on this post. I don't know science but I thought myself that there's no way a simple fire or even a big fire would cause stone to soften or melt "into shape". That makes no sense. What was holding them in place while the cooled? If they were that hot wouldn't wood just burn?

[@erikjbaker]

You don’t need heat to vitrify stone, see “the Hutchison effect”. All you need is the sympathetic resonant frequency of the molecular bonds of the specific type of stone. Pass a current through the material using “electrodes” and viola! The nubs are the electrode contact points. Once vitrified and placed the electrodes were pulled off of the softened stone pulling some the material with them as they are disconnected. Remember also this doesn’t provide an explanation for how they moved such heavy stones in some of the locations like Baalbek and Aswan. Plus many of them show scoop marks which means they worked the stone WHILE vitrified!

[@stevefaure415]

The Hutchinson effect is, at the most generous, something that has been replicated by no one except Hutchinson himself. It sort of provides an explanation, just like so-called 'geopolymers' provide an explanation, and just like alien intervention provides an explanation. It's not though. I can't even say this is a theory any more than saying they applied pixie dust to the rocks. I'm not trying to mock you but something that cannot be repeated is not an explanation, it's just at best a leap of faith. How these stones were manipulated is an enduring mystery. I have no clue. No one has a clue. It's one of our few mysteries and we should maybe just enjoy it as such.

[@shanedog9082]

That’s the best theory I’ve ever heard after years of thinking about how this could be done. I really think you’re onto something !! The nubs are electrodes, got to be. Then they scrape the heated stone with the copper tools, hence the scoop marks on the faces of some blocks.

[@jasonpapai73]

Dumb shit incoming in 3 ... 2 ... 1 ...

[@erikjbaker]

@@stevefaure415 just trying to piece together my compendium of knowledge in my engineering/physics graduate education background with the physical evidence of the stone itself and “what” it would take to make it look the way it does. Might I refer you to this demonstration which proves you can not only vitrify but also levitate material with electric/magnetic current of the right intensity and frequency. kzbin.info/www/bejne/bpqVgImnjNRsqZI

[@alanderson9711]

Looking forward to watching your video proving this. Until then it’s just another sci fi premise that requires Proof The Hutchison Effect occurs as the result of radio wave interferences in a zone of spatial volume encompassed by high voltage sources, usually a Van de Graff generator, and two or more Tesla coils. (Wiki) Did they have these?

[@fressfisch]

I just realized I have spent days of my life staring at walls :) I regret nothing

[@fressfisch]

@@davepowell7168 what are you goin on about, kid?

[@owl6218]

these walls are probably THE biggest enigma on earth. more than the construction of the pyramids. the stacking, the finish of the boundaries between the stones, the glaze, and the nubs, not to mention the H shaped structures - they are an elephant in the room

[@2013Arcturus]

Do you think that they could have used Giant Gold Parabolic mirrors to scorch the finish onto the walls? We know the Spanish took a lot of HUGE gold artifacts and melted them down. Ironically in the "Duck Tales" movie they go to Peru and there are Giant Gold disks that focus sunlight.

[@JasonSmith-kh7cf]

I agree, mirror could heat and melt stone, but stone with thermite reaction, controled heat, extreme 2700deg minus cool rocks. Mirror could be used with crops and focus heat miles away. Zeus lighting bolt. Golden mirror.

[@keithkarnage]

The thing that gets me is, if they are melted and poured into place, why aren't the top of every block flat. Not an expert in how molten stone cools, but liquids tend to level at the top.

[@M13x13M]

Yes, the poured concrete theory is nonsense. Poured concrete requires molds .

[@nickguord1107]

The nubs may also be a flue hole where the air for the fire or the fire itself came into contact with the rock. That would also, coincidentally, be a spot of greatest heat concentration therefore melting the rock even more

[@hannibalbarca6308]

Why would they quarry/shape the blocks to have uniform, smooth fronts to create a flush, smooth wall face, yet leave random 'nubs' all over the place? If the objective was an aesthetic, proper smooth-faced wall, they could have easily smoothed out the nubs at the end. They deliberately left the nubs there for some reason.

[@daveybass655]

The Inca themselves say they did not build it.

[@lost4468yt]

Honestly the grinding theory seemed the most likely when you showed the full picture of the wall. If you look closely then you only ever see complex downwards facing features. They never ever face upwards. This gives a lot more credit to the grinding theory in my opinion.

[@chazikins]

Take a shot every time he says “Vitrification” 😂

[@b.griffin317]

vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification, vitrification. you're welcome.

[@madigorfkgoogle9349]

I cant, already watched different video with different word. Bottle is empty, damn...

[@jayray6488]

I really enjoyed that one! Another small step forward in understanding our clever ancestors!

[@mattperrin8372]

Probably the first time commenting on your channel, really enjoy your videos, the fact you know your stuff but are also open to other ideas that can't yet be proved really keeps me watching.

[@AncientArchitects]

Thank you! In my next video I’m correcting myself on another recent video too. I’ve been proved wrong on something - and I’m more than happy to admit it!

[@racechick2033]

​@@AncientArchitectsI wish that archeology as a whole was more open to your methods.

[@valorouswolf8853]

I think the H blocks were really just tooling blocks used to press form the walls on site. The tapered notches are perfect for hammering wooden beams into and the crosses fit perfectly into large wheel like blocks with step sided diamond shaped recesses that would allow them to be rolled along the wall and adjusted as needed. If you look at the art carved into the gate of the sun you could possibly be seeing a foreman standing on a wall being constructed with workers on both sides pushing in. I also wonder if the flower like headdresses shown on the workers depicted were polished gold mirrors used to focus the sun into the blocks and would love to know if a significantly high temp could be reached in this manner. Modern Quartz countertops are made in this way.

[@carmineredd1198]

fresnel glass

[@craigboden2435]

Fresnel lens, there's a guy on here that melts rocks in videos. Also, remember the stories of the Greeks was it? They used a big lens to burn an army of wooden ships as they were invading.

[@valorouswolf8853]

@@craigboden2435 mythbusters tried it with a bunch of mirrors but NO ONE has ever used gold as the reflecting surface for obvious reasons. Being a perfect solar reflector, that might make a bigger difference than you think.

[@craigboden2435]

@@valorouswolf8853 and we all know that they had a lot of gold, and crystals which we now use to focus lasers... Hmmm

[@craigboden2435]

@@valorouswolf8853 also, it doesn't need to be pure gold, surely gold leaf or plating would suffice as itd just be for the initial reflection of the sunlight into a lens or crystal or some kind. And gold leaf is surprisingly cheap.

[@MrOaty09]

Ok then if virification was used what material was used to shutter the material whilst it cooled?

[@inthefade]

That was my thought as well. But if they used large enough stones you would expect only the exteriors to truly melt or soften, while the interior wouldn't quite reach those temperatures. I think you could use clay to try to hold the shape maybe... It is a very interesting hypothesis, at least. Someone should do some experiments.

[@carlbernsen1290]

Acid. As I understand it, there’s an account written at the time of the conquistadors which describes using highly acidic, red waste run off from gold mining, mixed with pulverised plant matter, to make the surfaces of the stones soft. As the acid neutralises and washes away the rock hardens again, leaving the surface finely granulated and smooth, like floated cement. The waste from Peruvian gold mines is still seen today and is known to be very acidic and will soften granite. I can imagine that similar waste water would be found where other ancient mining took place. Ancient miners would notice softened rocks where the mine waste flowed and learn to use it in other places.

[@kirkjohnson9353]

Some of these theories are bothering in that they don't seem to appreciate how incredibly difficult it is to reach temperatures necessary to melt stone. I've done controlled burns many many times in the course of my life and even used fans to get my fires as hot as possible and NEVER once reached the temperatures necessary to melt stone. I've enjoyed melting glass in some of these fires but even melting glass takes a lot of concentrated heat. A blast furnace is hot enough to melt stone but that uses electrically powered forced air and insulated containment. It is really difficult to reach the temperatures necessary to melt stone and it takes an enormous amount of fuel. The problem of the nubs is really bothersome because I haven't seen one theory that explains them all. Every idea has large numbers of nubs that don't fit the theory. I would be in favor of getting rid of the nubs so I can sleep better.

[@kathykonkle1097]

They did have that acid mud mortar. For all, we know they may have coated the stone with some substance that made a chemical reaction that increased the temperature they could make with fire alone.

[@al2207]

agree to melt granite you need 1250 degree C , and in Cusco area there were no tree in past only brushes

[@al2207]

@@kathykonkle1097 sorry no

[@arthurkuipers6282]

II am glad you join this discussion, Matt! There has been said a lot about these walls, often highly speculative. Love to hear your sensible scientific view.

[@TheGrmany69]

Aliens!!

[@daeholm]

Do we know if the precision fitting of the stones runs through the interiors of the structures or is it more of a surface treatment? If we were to take a wall apart would we see rougher fitting on the interior joinery?

[@masterneo96]

I think matt did a video. Youll find it on this channel. I remember that some walls were joined just on the side facing the outside. Inside wasnt as tightly fit

[@randomdude2832]

in some there's a rougher fitting in the interior, in others it goes all the way through.

[@masterneo96]

@@randomdude2832 indeed

[@johnbryan459]

They are roughly worked and back filled with off cuts, as these are normally retaining walls.

[@091glass]

What I saw last year when I was there, last year, is it is fitted all the way through

[@MannyDer]

that very first shot with that stone, you just have to smile in amazement

[@jay-ll3pd]

I think a type of geopolyma is the most plausible theory, they set them in place why they are still malleable

[@adamtichy8008]

geopolymer... not geopolyma, lol. but yeah, thats what i lean towards as well.

[@acheronlv-4268]

to make a 10' tall and 30' large wall, you lay down a 10' x30' and 3' high enclosure, fill it with your geopolimer and then trace your irregular shapes introducing sheets of paper(or similar) vertically in the mix and let it dry. after drying you have your wall lying horizontally in the floor, just need to rise it up stone by stone. they will keep the perfect design that you trace before. it's my theory.

[@christinolopezjr7078]

I think they used sound wave or vibration of a certain frequency to cause the rocks to turn to soft “play dough” like material.

[@dubsydubs5234]

I think you're overlooking the energy required to melt the stone, a wood fire wont melt stone, it would require massive amounts of energy to melt a small stone let alone a very big wall with 100+ tonne stones.

[@AmitSharmaTheMariachi]

True

[@dubsydubs5234]

@@AmitSharmaTheMariachi And how do you pick up a 100 tonne stone that's over 1000'c and dough like, what sort of oven gloves did they have back then, a few wet leaves wont cut it. And what tools did the use to get them perfectly flat/straight. You only have to look at massive modern forging machinery to realise the impossibility of the idea.

[@AmitSharmaTheMariachi]

@@dubsydubs5234 👍👍👍👍

[@valkenburgert]

Accidents happen. I accidentally melted my stone shed once, all that was left was a round puddle of rock. Heated rock is dangerous stuff. That’s why fireman wear helmets, so they don’t get drops of molten stone on their heads.

[@keepmoving1185]

I keep thinking a chemist and geologist would figure out how to melt stone in this way.

[@realmaxpower]

oxidation of iron sulfide in the rock could naturally create an acidic paste and is a natural byproduct of mining anyway ..and it looks like gold!

[@yewtoob2007]

yes, it's the acid from a mine 'tailings' which is toxic and can be a serious environmental problem.

[@ottodidakt3069]

You can easily build a DIY fresnel lens set up that will turn granit into obsidian like rock at around 38000°F. But that would have required that they have such lenses back then (whenever that was) and that would be a feat in itself, those lens are a high tech product. Other suggestions are that the meteor shower that occurred in the younger Dryas period probably set parts of the americas on fire, burning pretty much everything available. We may never know ! let's see if he mentions any of these 2 ideas.

[@johnwalker1553]

It needs to be ground to powder. with a certain grain size. Sintering of Limestone in Calcination/Carbonation Cycles pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie502069d#

[@TenheadLife]

Really though, love that you take us along your search for truths and history

[@Al-AI]

Enjoyed that. Respectful as usual! Unlike some!

[@howiegruwitz3173]

You're like a giant orange flag. We get it. You like bringing attention towards minor amounts of negativity that most people don't see

[@AggressiveBeagle]

Stfu nerd

[@svenv460]

Thank you for the videos! About your question on the nubs. When I was working on a terrarium backdrop I tried to get as many photos and videos of the stonework and the occasional nubs to make the backdrop Peruvian wall 'realistic'. I am in no way an expert, i do have an engineering background. I don't think they are a by-product of the process, this might be possible but I doubt that's why they are prominent. I noticed they appear in mostly horizontal and sometimes vertical patterns. Sometimes the alignment is a bit skew or on an angle. Locations on the stone (can be multiple nubs on one stone) tend to vary, but if the pattern of stones is rather polygonal, the nubs can be on any location on the stone. Most of the times its near a corner or one of the edges. Some of the stones in these walls can have significance as well. There are examples of them in the pattern of a snake or a different animal. I Imagine there are some abstract formations in parts of the stonework we have not noticed yet. I read that some of the civilizations/cultures in region used a cord with knots or beads like systems instead of a written language or pictographic material. The nubs would likely be a language or numeral system. I'd like to mention some of the oddly small/tiny stones in some of the polygonal stonework. They seem to have a symbolic purpose. Sometimes it's part of the speculated animal shapes. Some seem to be in 'random' places, perhaps the stones around it form some abstract symbolism or like the nubs it might are part of a sequence. As most of the pictures on the subject I found show only a fragment of the structure it's hard to see the nubs in full context. I should restudy the photos and videos to figure out if the sequences of nubs are located near or on the stones that potentially formed the animals. And draw the potential nub sequences on paper. Apologies for the load of text.

[@realmaxpower]

Have you considered an acidic paste being used to "melt" the rock?

[@keithkarnage]

Either placing it between roughly correct shaped stones to just melt the edges for perfection, or mixing rocks with paste/liquid inside a mold. I like the idea of some plan they harvested and used to make the paste, that they harvested to extinction, so now we can't find it. Would we still find residual evidence of such paste if two never removed blocks were separated?

[@realmaxpower]

@@keithkarnage oxidation of iron sulfide in the rock could naturally create an acidic paste and is a natural byproduct of mining anyway. Edit: and it looks like gold!

[@sheep1ewe]

I think that is a possibility, in aincient Egypt there are traces od acid, probably made from vinegar, that etced away the binder in the sandstone. They probably chiseled away as much as possible first, then they used the acid compund on woolcladded woodpads (wich save the acid and made it possible to control the process) for the finetune.

[@johnwalker1553]

@@realmaxpower Artificially cast or 3D printed limestone do not have the compressive strength as naturally grown limestone. please see scientific articles on Sintering of Limestone in Calcination / Carbonation Cycles. it means Sinter of Artificially limestone. There is another way to make artificial limestone. by blowing carbon carbonate into a basalt layer. as a result, limestone grows in the hollows.

[@realmaxpower]

@@johnwalker1553 interesting. I was thinking they would only affect the edges for shaping.. Some sort of lost stone soaking method or something.

[@giakon1]

2:53: why you are so sure that this walls are built by humans? it is better to say “I assume that these walls are built by humans”.

[@leser380]

Thank you very much for this video! :)

[@ancientalternativeview9011]

Great to hear you mention the nub phenomenon andrew and I and the team study .. great work mate thanks for the kind words on the subject very much appreciated Phil aav

[@lynnmitzy1643]

Hey Phil

[@ancientalternativeview9011]

@@lynnmitzy1643 hello lynn all the best to you 😊

[@justinwelgemoed]

Hey Phil. You and Andrew need to look at the scoop marks that are directly alongside the unfinished obelisk as Aswan. And I mean you REALLY need to look at it. What you will see is that the tool producing the scoop marks generated waste granite that accumulated at the base of the granite wall, like snow. That waste granite hardened and is now a slightly different greyish color. It is now separated from the original wall by a crack (i.e. it didn't bond perfectly with the unmachined wall against which it acculated) but you'll see that the scoop marks run down the wall AND into the accumulated waste granite. What this means is that the machine making the scoop marks did in fact liquify the granite. They forgot to clean up the waste material. Once you see it you will never be able to un-see it! Please send my regards to Andrew.

[@justinwelgemoed]

I also have some other significant finds that make this Ancient Architects video seem like a rhetorical question. I've sent them to Vladimir Kudrin but they are from a site that he's recently covered so it might be some time before he's able to do something with them. I feel they are of incredible importance at this time.

[@ancientalternativeview9011]

@@justinwelgemoed have you seen the nub language tktc and I colaberated on ? That gives good insight imo anytime you want to chat to us if you have Twitter find me and il add you to thread with myself and andrew and we can discuss in detail any theories we all have would be a pleasure to have you in the team tbh il leave it with you ..

[@evbbjones7]

Seems like an easy enough theory to actually TEST, has this been done before? I'd be willing to bet if it was some sort of 'melting' process, they probably used ground rock sand. So what we're talking about is someone getting a bunch of sand, building a wooden scaffold around it, lighting it on fire and seeing what happens. Well, not exactly that, but pretty close. ;)

[@Saugaverse]

Keep in mind, they have very few trees there. If there was an ample supply of trees, they would have built their walls out of wood, and not stone.

[@evbbjones7]

@@Saugaverse I don't think that's accurate. Peru has the 9th largest forest resource in the world, and is 2nd to the Brazilian Amazon if you look at only South America.

[@evbbjones7]

@@Saugaverse Eh, the average elevation across the entirety of Peru is 5,102 feet above sea level. Also, the evidence shows massive intra-tribe, and intra-culture trading across South America. Wood would definitely be an essential trade resource for any culture that was lacking it. Cultures like Egypt almost single handedly deforested the fertile crescent. What point are you attempting to make here?

[@evbbjones7]

@@Saugaverse Not sure why it has to be one or the other, they clearly used both. I don't understand your logic here. If we were to extrapolate on it, why would the Mayans build with stone, when they were surrounded by jungle? Again I ask, what point are you trying to make here, exactly?

[@billd.iniowa2263]

@@Saugaverse Maybe thats where the trees went, into firing the walls.

[@spiritflower6640]

This was very interesting and can't wait to hear more about it at some future date! I really appreciate the way you think and approach things... thank you for what you do! 😊👍

[@doomed2die595]

Hey Matt, whats the chances you could do a video of the Le Perthus Pyramid in France close to the Spanish border.

[@psylocibin9359]

🙏

[@rogerkarlsson3996]

No mystery, it's an artificial pyramid-shaped hill built from materials excavated during the construction of a highway during the mid 1970's..

[@hannesthorvaldsson7747]

The melted forts of Europe, esp Britain, makes much more sense of why men thought up stories of fire breathing dragons - burning down castles ... they could see someone did, so what else could it be

[@wpherigo1]

Honestly, it looks like weathering of a smoothish surface to me.

[@ninjachin]

i think it might be simpler, my theory is those nodules are the end of what come out of a nozzle. The rock was crushed to a very fine powder and was mixed with a type of resin that react to sunlight and hardens just like UV resin nowadays. Thus the end protrusion would harden and it would leave that little end bit like when you use a pastry sleeve.

[@TurboLazer007]

Oh my god I'm following your channel for a long time I never realise you are from Leicester! I live here also!

[@masterneo96]

U fans of the foxes?

[@TurboLazer007]

@@masterneo96 yup, by default 😀

[@masterneo96]

@@TurboLazer007 thats nice. 2015 season was a bannger :) fck all those bigboi prem clubs and primadonas. Vardys my boi :D

[@TurboLazer007]

@@masterneo96 hahaha too right!

[@simonjames8628]

Answer solved, I couldn’t work out the accent, the last word before a comma, full stop or pause gets dragged out 😂

[@finlayfraser9952]

What a fascinating hypothesis. But how would external heating have penetrated so deeply into the blocks allowing sufficient plasticity to create tight fitting joints right through the structure? Nonetheless , thankyou for giving more food for thought. There are no Inca reports (Verbal to Spanish Interlocutors) of this stone forming technique supposedly practiced by their immediate predecessors. Either the Spanish didn't ask, or they had no answer. Anyway thanks.

[@grizzly3956]

"I just like to make people think". That is the keystone, and thank you for pointing it out. We all need to digest the information ourselves and not simply parrot what someone else says. If we simply accept what is told to us we become cattle. Happy New Year (I turned 48 on New Year's Day!) to everyone and I hope we all have a slightly better year than the last.

[@arturouriarte4006]

Indeed, really enjoyed the video. Well based info & common sense applied. I also agree with no lasers used to make the huge stonebuildings. Thanks!

[@okioshinko]

I think they were struck with giant lightning storms from the Sun, contributing to the forgotten past.

[@EskWIRED]

Naw. The reptilians just made things look that way. They work in mysterious ways.

[@tumblebugspace]

I'm fascinated by them, for sure! Would like to commend you on the recent Great Pyramid video. To realize that they were *in fact* built as tombs *with specific religious symbolism* has been a breakthrough for me on that subject. I've told myself that I need to study Ancient Egyptian religion in a more structured way, because that's where answers will be found. Your video helped me see that *the religion itself* changed after the building of Khufu's pyramid and that is a reasonable explanation for the later "shabby" pyramids. Thanks for all your research, and presenting it in a format that laypeople can digest!

[@thomas_jay]

2:24 Can you see the rectangular features on the stone wall? I wonder what that is all about?

[@Alamyst2011]

Probably where other stones were quarried from. You see lines like that one quarry walls.

[@connieh.4689]

Your pronunciation of vitrification was spot on😊. Now going to check out the other video. Thank you!

[@unwatchabletrash]

When you say you don't believe in ancient power tools, are you including the saw and drill marks in Egypt and the Americas? I was under the impression that there's not much debate left on that.

[@evbbjones7]

Drills and saws have existed since the dawn of civilization. That's the dirty secret about 'advanced technology'. It's all just old technology with a power source.

[@unwatchabletrash]

@@evbbjones7 Yeah I doubt they generated so much power by hand that they overcut by several centimeters.

[@mikecassidy1623]

Im going with some kind of poured mix followed by a vitrification to give it a crust and shape whilst drying, then quickly move onto the next.. the nubs seem to be an aesthetic imperfection indicating that they were part of the building process and very functional, almost easy to manufacture.

[@entertherealmofchaos]

I have a canoe made of melted basalt rock. It's mixed with polypropylene fibres and moulded in resin. It's 16' long and about 20 kgs. Sorry I had to tell someone.

[@DR_SOLO]

Row row row your boat / canoe gently down the stream merrily merrily merrily merrily for life is but a dream! I love that we gave our selves reminders.. 😉 🙏☮❤♻️

[@MK_ultramaxing]

basalt canoes, built to withstand corona discharge'

[@sofa-lofa4241]

Rock wool which is commonly used in the building trade as insulation is made from spun melted basalt and chalk

[@davidk4869]

- let’s build a canoe - oh shoot, we’re out of logs - I know, let’s build it out of rocks! - 🤔

[@MK_ultramaxing]

I wasn't even kidding it's one of the companies slogans

[@tommangen4821]

Thanks for the info. As an engineer I am flabbergasted every time I see photos of the Peruvian walls. I really appreciate your attempt to work towards a rational explanation without immediately calling in the alien experts. I have so many problems with those guys not the least of which is if they had such an advanced culture as to get to our lonely little planet and took an interest in the primitive inhabitants, why would they have taught them a skill that was of such limited use as opposed to something more useful like advancing their agricultural or metalurgical abilities. But whatever the method used it is clearly a very high but lost art. Good luck with your future research.

[@al2207]

beside the rational explanation why suggesting aliens high technologies is out of context ? we humans never have this kind of CNC type cutting technologies not mentioning heavy lifting , rock carved directly from mountain face , did you see the LAH report by Russians scientists ?

[@leed2883]

The nubs probably are very weathered. Maybe they were used to hold some kind of lighting / candles or lanterns?

[@091glass]

When I put both hands on the knobs I felt a connection with the stone like plugging into an electrical socket.

[@kawasakikev8905]

welcome back Matt ,,, i don't know where you've been but someone has been posting videos pretending to be you , great video with a bit of speculation and sugestion ,well balanced and informative ..it really is you .. i cant see that these stones were chiseled to remove the face and retain the knobs , that's a hell of a lot of work to leave something to aid fitting , it would be much easier to chisel a hole and insert something to move the blocks ,and obviously the knobs don't exist on every block so that rules out aids for positioning the blocks , vitrification is evident so it must have been used for part of the process ,we just have to work out what part now .... thanks for the video .

[@jacquelineloveselvis]

Good video. I still think the substance was originally soft, like clay. That is why we see smoothed joints. Over time the claylike material has turned to stone.

[@Saugaverse]

Keep in mind these a granite stones, and they know the quarries where they were carved from. You can't simply take "clay" and have it turn into granite, it just doesn't work that way.

[@madincraft4418]

Moving heavy things you really like a protuberance that stops the block from lying flat on the ground. It also gives leverage points and rocking action.

[@driverben]

We all know giants once existed, I'm sure they had a part in these places

[@johnwalker1553]

And do you think a bigger head indicates inevitably a higher intelligence?

[@coleteachman6980]

Good job Matt also enjoyed the self depreciation

[@AncientArchitects]

I had a lot of problems saying that word 😂

[@henryhewitt1571]

Thanks Matt, It's not clear to me why so many, including you, are so resistant to the idea of concrete. If you have never poured it or worked with it it may seem mysterious, but having worked with it 50 to 100 times (lost count) it is clear to me that no other explanation is worthy, both here and at Giza. Davidovits is right. If you haven't read him and you haven't ever poured concrete you need to do some homework. Aliens and Giants are out. Picking up multi-ton stones and getting the shape just right so they fit like, er, concrete, isn't possible, nor is dragging them hundreds of miles or loading tippy boats to ferry them to Giza. Machining requires a power plant and diamond bits, which are nowhere to be found. The holes you see in various places are due to whatever was pulled out of the concrete while it was drying. Depending on weather and temperature, it could be a matter of an hour or a few before the cement dried enough to pull, and in general twist so you don't dislodge the good stuff. This explains many 'mysteries." The bulges and knobs in Peru and other places are most likely (I can't say certainly) due to the lack of plywood at the site. The Pharaohs sailed to Lebanon to get cedar logs that were hundreds of years old. You can float them in a log boom down to the Nile. You don't need to worry about tipping your boat over. Log booms are not unknown to Puget Sounders of a certain age. (And I don't mean Stone Age.) So, the forms, or molds as Davidovits calls them, used to guide and contain the 'pour', are smooth and solid at Giza; at Cuzco and other places I assume that the forms were more like a basket, you could probably do it with papyrus if you didn't have plywood and I don't know what the Americans of that day used, but the two bulges would sort well with pulling out the ropes or vines or whatever you used to lift the mix or mud in the first place. This isn't rocket science. The sooner you grasp that these remarkable structures were poured, not hammered and dragged, the happier you will be. Regards, Henry Hewitt

[@davis4555]

I agree, but tests on the stones indicate that they aren't a concrete. The mine where they were extracted is also known. Unless they knew how to make a concrete good enough to pass for natural stone, even under a microscope, then they most likely weren't poured.

[@henryhewitt1571]

@@davis4555 His concrete in France is very hard to tell from the Giza blocks unless you have a microscope and a lot of knowledge. This video from the good Doctor on the Tiwanaku stones may interest you. To me the single most compelling thing about Giza is that you cannot make hand cut stones fit. not in a thousand years; you cannot help but get perfect fits with concrete. I could do it with teen-aged boys in 20 years with concrete. Rule out the impossible. kzbin.info/www/bejne/qJecon5vhrmfp5I

[@phlix1]

dont you think geologists can tell the difference between rocks and concrete? besides, they found the quarrys for the rocks

[@henryhewitt1571]

@@phlix1 That is a fair question Boris and the answer is No, most of them cannot without a microscope and expertise in materials science that most of them lack. Bringing material from a quarry is one thing, but in what form? How do you know it was not disaggregated there and brought to the job site. Where do you think the word Khem-istry came from. Heat and chemistry are both possibilities as are hammers. Packing rubble is easier than hauling large blocks that will tip your boat over and land you in the jaws of a crocodile. Joseph Davidovits has much to say about the question you posed and I urge you to look at his remarkable work. First, eliminate the impossible. The most compelling logic is that when you pour cement, perfect joints are Unavoidable. When you saw with copper or beat with chisels, perfect fits are virtually impossible, even in a thousand years.

[@honsville]

​@@henryhewitt1571it does look like concrete. I did see one video where they showed stones that were cut and placed along the way to this site though. Some of the stones were even twisted. Thanks for the comment, it sure is interesting pondering all this. :)

[@buckshoth585]

I would love to see a mason experiment with this idea. Perhaps build several walls of different types of stone to see which ones "flow" the best.

[@johnwalker1553]

If you want build this architectural angles and guides regime. you need a constructions software, by using a suitable tolerance system. And kind of a copy milling portal like CNC. Otherwise you can see an elephant standing behind the wall, by looking through your fabricated gaps, in lack of exact processed angles.

[@TheLostHistoryChannelTKTC]

65TH.. Plasma possibly? Seems everything in the today and now was triggered by an Aurora event in prehistory, one the ancients knew about and prepared for, but how they done these things may be a result of a different Solar system than the one we know!

[@ancientalternativeview9011]

Hey Michael all the best mate

[@lynnmitzy1643]

😲♥️🌠♥️

[@ancientalternativeview9011]

@@lynnmitzy1643 hello lynn hope your well .. all the best to you nice to see everyone's listening to the nubs phenomenon now so pleased

[@TheLostHistoryChannelTKTC]

@@ancientalternativeview9011 🍻 Phil 👍

[@TheLostHistoryChannelTKTC]

@@lynnmitzy1643 😘⚡🌟😇

[@wallylasd]

I have seen the nubs even on smaller stones, to me they look like artist signatures to prove work done by a team that can't be claimed by someone else like what they did with quipu knots.Nobody appreciates someone else getting rewarded for your back breaking work and if the reward does not meet your expectations you just leave the nubs on the blocks.

[@cafearga]

That’s a lot of fuel to vitrify stone in the open air.

[@AncientArchitects]

Yeah. I thought so. But it happened in something like 50+ forts across Britain and Europe - through burning. Very odd but the evidence is all there 🤔

[@masterneo96]

900 degrees celsius is alot. You need some 1500-1200 to melt steel. Well i guess if the draft of air/wind is enough you could do it just by accident.

[@masterneo96]

Alot of asumptions tho

[@per2]

@@AncientArchitects so they vitrified the stone and then they modeled it somehow into block with knobs? or how would this work?

[@patrickebner7672]

@@AncientArchitects just thinking if the European forts experience vitrification from accidental fire isn’t the easiest assumption that the Peru walls existed and then experienced similar accidental fires over their own history of use? And maybe that’s what’s caused surface vitrification, probably just less fuel?

[@Laura-li3um]

I like that you always give different perspectives. Thank you for your work.

[@zarni000]

If it were melted as u state to achieve this close fitting you would see significant bulging of the blocks at the bottom. No such bulging is apparent. The joints between the blocks are also way too straight and clean. You would have a much messier appearance. Think lava. This is as clean as legos. Sorry but no.

[@owenbigdinthelee9752]

It's would need to be boxed up like formwork for concrete, but then the walls would be flat....

[@danthefrst]

Yes and the nub features should have a more flowing like appereance, which they dont have.

[@zarni000]

@@danthefrst also nubs are too symmetrical. They are quite obviously not random.

[@johnwalker1553]

Melting stone has a Oxigen reduction problem you will destroy the minerals.

[@zarni000]

@@johnwalker1553 right

[@JM-co6rf]

my theory is it's poured concrete, then 'fired' to harden it

[@mrl8443]

The green chisel... Col. Fawcett spoke of it while looking for "Z" in South America. The plant that softens stone.

[@owenbigdinthelee9752]

First I've heard about this... Thank you 👍

[@johngalt1199]

Yep, soften the stone chemically, then apply heat.

[@joearchuleta7538]

There is a city in India that still uses that Technique, I wish I could remember the name!!!

[@fireandicewine]

This is a very interesting idea. The heated outflow, hence the creation of the nubs, answers both mysteries. Great video, Thanks.

[@jimmyzbike]

So much has been lost in time. Maybe someday we can find the secrets

[@johnwalker1553]

Actually there is only one secret now, the building age.

[@neiljones3154]

Just a brief thought. What temperatures were achieved by iron age smiths smelting and refining iron? Were they using charcoal to do it?

[@michaelchildress7617]

9:40 Do You Really Think Open Air Burning Of Wood Would Melt Stones LMAO No Never Could Because Of Temperatures LoL #CommonSense

[@MK_ultramaxing]

I thought the same. maybe we should be looking for ancient Kiln teck

[@michaelchildress7617]

@@MK_ultramaxing Glass And The Sun Maybe The Right Direction... #LikeBurningAnts

[@MK_ultramaxing]

@@michaelchildress7617 constructing a fresnel lens would be quite a bit more difficult to achieve than say discovering a chemical process, they dont even need to understand the science to use it effectively. i try to start with the simplest explanations first.

[@alexbadillo9940]

This is one of the most down to earth explanations I have heard!!

[@ericharrison1251]

I've heard that people used to heat treat stone to make them easier to shape into tools. Perhaps fire was used to soften the stone to make it easier to cut in the quarry leaving vitrification along the surface as they continued to make more fires to cut through.

[@seetheforest]

I'm no expert but I've worked with cements and mortar for decades. I have also been researching geopolymer and alkaline lye cement. As for the melting and softening rock and shiny edges and areas of old "stone". When you make a alkaline geopolymer you need enough silicate lye mix to bind or glue the mix together. You don't want water like in concrete you need the silicate liquid or super saturated liquid to start the process. This lye mix will precipitate in the "stone" it moves in and out depending on temp moisture and how much the surface is tooled. If you make two blocks next to each other they take time to cure and get hard. Concrete gets to max hardness in 30 days. In 30 days geo mix is just getting started. The geo mix can be soft for days or weeks until enough silicate and other crystals can form to make a very convincing "stone". If you came back on a soft geo lye mix during this time more of the lye binder can precipitate to the reworked troweled area. This can also happen with no extra tooling and I have a sample that got random blotches of glass like areas on the sample that would be described as melted. Just a shiny area where more crystals formed due to moisture temp etc. My "lab" is outside so it gets the full weather experience. Cool nights warm days dew, rain, with direct sun and shade. Basically the geopolymer is a living transitioning thing. You organize and mix the components set them in a desired location and they bind together and start growing a crystal matrix over a long long time. Calcite, silica, alumina and quartz all working together and living the rock life. Now as for melting glass and combining it with natural calcite.. I saw a counter top in a local house that was cobalt blue glass with oyster shells in it and this was cut and polished like granite. It was an amazing thing to see. If you ever tried drilling an oyster shell you can imagine how hard it would be to slice through a block of them embedded in glass but they did it. End transmission..

[@torque-ej4nu]

Maybe the protuberances/nubs are where a hole in the cast for the block was to allow air to escape when they were poored? Or when the blocks were heated? Seems most of the pics shown the protuberance is at the bottom of the blocks in most of them. Just reminds me a lot of "casting flash" found on metal and plastic castings before being fine finished.

[@chaseweston7060]

Another bad idea? If it has a rounded surface on the bottom of the knob then it could be used for rocking the stone, if it's flat on top it could be for adding accessories or framing in the future, or a point for pulling the the stone. If it's flat on the bottom it could be a that instead of using the knob as the rocking pivot point, they Chocked it up to a log and used the log as a axle and the 90 degree angle face allowed for better contact with axle. I know that in South America they didn't have the wheel but they did use logs as axles, if memory serves me correct. Some of the larger stones do not have them but the smaller ensemble cast of stones does, possibly because these are the coped fitted stones and the larger stones set the course. the dimensions of the knobs and the distance from the joint should be noted not just for a hinge effect but for the consistency of swinging the rock face flush with the others. It is like a jig-gauge to ensure the correct depth of placement when pivoting into place.

[@MissAllanPoe1988]

Vitrification aside, the "melting" effect can be caused separately by application of scalar waves. In many cases, the effect seems deliberate, as an aesthetic touch. Scalar waves are a real phenomenon, but very rarely discussed. They are apparently capable of "dissociating" the molecular bonds of most materials. I found discussions from Thomas Bearden (Lieutenant Colonel in US Army, Ph.D nuclear engineering) to be particularly educational on the subject. I don't know if any of his videos are freely available, however.

[@abrahamluquetrocones6140]

Thank You very much. Very interesting🎉🎉

[@iforce2d]

Interesting video. It seems abundantly clear that these rocks were at one time very soft, if not pretty much a liquid. The nubs look like an outlet 'sprue' that might have helped to draw more material downward and fill all the way into the corners. Only the last stones to be fitted into a row would need an externally visible sprue, the earlier ones could have their sprues on an internal face (this would help the wall hold together better too). You seem to be underestimating the energy required though, I mean... fire? Looking at the layout of stones in those Peruvian walls, there are many cases where it appears that the seams could only be made if the stones on both sides were still soft at the same time. Not impossible, but it would require enormous amounts of energy, and stone ready to go so the process could be done without taking long breaks.

[@costradissocial7828]

I'm in the some sort of acid type lacquer/varnish finish camp myself. Seems like a similar kind of polished finish (not as finely finished of course) we see on the granite boxes in places like the serapeum. Look underneath the lids of these boxes which weren't finely finished and you can see obvious drip marks where whatever this substance was has settled. A little like painting a wooden garden fence and paint drips settling at the bottom near the grass where your brush can't get under. I'm from Scotland and I've seen numerous examples of the type of vitrification you mean. My problem with your comparison is that most of the vitrification I've seen has happened with rocks and bricks about the size of a forearm at most. Temperatures of 1200c can easily do this to stone and bricks, we make bricks in kilns after all but when it comes to stones which are 5, 10, 20 tonnes an upwards, how much heat would be required to do this and how would it be controlled? In many of his videos Brien Forester has shown that the precise finish (not the polished finish) isn't only on the face side, it continues through the back too. How much heat would be needed to make a 10 tonne stone malleable enough to work with (even to make the top 5cm malleable), how long would you have to shape it before it cooled and hardened? I believe they were shaped in some other way and finished with a long forgotten lacquer technique. You stated again you don't believe in the power tool theory and I was the same until recently. I'm don't believe electrical power tools were used (the didn't nip down to B&Q for sure) but I'm starting to think some kind of advanced powered tools were in fact used. Possibly water powered, possibly gravitational powered? We used similar techniques in the 1800's to power machines long before we had electricity. In my opinion it's the only explanation for drill holes and cores. These require power, end of story. What the drill bits were made of is of course open to speculation too and a discussion for another day. Great video, keep up the good work! ;)

[@dccar1]

Maybe ,after working with pouring molds , they are the results of a pour into a mold . Just a crazy thought .

[@stevefisher2553]

Yes, notice they are at the bottom, the gate.

[@stephenbailey0278]

Thank you very much for the great content. Your videos are extremely well put together.

[@JamesMichael333]

Are the blocks natural stone thats been shaped? If yes, what type of stone is it? Or are the blocks something that was created like from a type of cement?

[@kn1b1s95]

just some thoughts on 13:00, far from every block have nubs though

[@PedroFerreira-ze5yp]

wow! perfect timing! great video, thanks!

[@JohnRankinFunGuy]

Hi Matt. I have been to Peru (but not to Egypt) and I've seen the stone walls there and I have some ideas to test out for ways these walls could have been made. The first idea I had was what if the Inca made large brass or gold parabolic dishes to concentrate sunlight onto a very hot focal point? Presumably the dishes could be aimed in various directions at different points on the wall being built. Another idea was to have portable coal kilns that could be fired up and also raise higher as the wall gets built. Molten rock could then be poured from the kiln onto where it is needed as the wall is built from the bottom up. The nubs could be the remnants from where the kiln towers were resting on the wall as each layer was laid with the guides for flowing the molten rock down into place. Another idea was to divert running lava from a volcano along channels to where you want the wall. Another idea was to make large glass lenses that could focus sunlight onto points on the stone wall to melt the rock there. Regards from John in Melbourne.

[@TopazBadger6550]

I don't think you understand optics.

[@RicardoPetrazzi]

This may sound a bit Sci-Fi for sure but it really does appear that the example shown at 4:50 in the video, appears to be melted from some form of directed energy (weapon?) - a sustained period of increased energy focused in an area that has melted and it quite obviously has reached a temperature causing plasticity causing drooping under gravity. For a comparison to this idea like when you place a soldering iron tip (hot of course) against the side of a plastic container and it melts.

[@craigboden2435]

Fresnel lens... There's a guy who does vids on here melting rocks with it

[@glennclaes]

Let’s say the stones were casted by pouring some kind of unknown stone polymer or heated liquid stone or what so ever. Wouldn’t it make sense then that one would make a casting mould and that you would need a pouring cup or cups to poor the liquid material into the mould just as we do even today? So I would suggest that in that case, the nubs that you see on the stone may just be the the leftovers of the pouring cups and or gas vents, more or less as you see them on today’s poured castings. Only we tend to completely remove them after casting when finishing the final product. Maybe in the ancient past they just didn’t? But i must admit that it certainly wouldn’t make any sense to cast a different shape each time. Kind of takes away the advantage of casting a shape that you copy again and again. In that case they probably would have made large bricks somewhat as we use today, which they obviously didn’t. So it probably isn’t the case at all. Even casting some stones to fill up the holes for which they didn’t find the proper size stone for looks to far fetched to me to be honest. Unless someone looked at casted stones ones, maybe already a long time after the technology was lost they started copying the nubs on there carved stones because they just thought it looked nice and made it into a worldwide fashion. ;) conclusion... I really have no clue what so ever how the ancients build there monuments. But it never ceases to amaze me...

[@peterbarratt8699]

Since no 2 stones have been seen with identical shape, molds are out of the question.

[@gizmonomono]

I've not thought this through, but the nobs could be there to indicate blocks that could be removed if a wall needs to be repaired. One nob for blocks that could be removed, and two nobs for blocks that depend on the one nob blocks for structure.

[@patrickcrayton3622]

Howdy Matt. I really enjoyed your video. I have been working in Masonry for about ten years and though I've rarely worked with stone of such scale, I do know that a scoring method can be used to create predictable fractures. Perhaps this technique was used in conjunction with hand sculpting and vitrification to create such uniform joints. Thanks for making these awesome videos.

[@davis4555]

The nubs were lateral support connections to ensure the rocks didn't slide off when the joints were being fused.

[@davidk4869]

Well done. I like the way you present including your humility. There is a research paper that proposes the stones were treated with an acid that was a byproduct from precious metal mining. The acid was reddish in color and traces of it were found on stones. I thought it was a likely proposal.

[@gideonram4607]

The melted stone wall seems to be an intended message built into the stone construction. The message is showing the difference in using applied heat to the rock effectively turning the rock into magma and alternately it’s showing that’s not how polygonal masonry was accomplished. So heating the rocks to accomplish polygonal technique is out is what the wall is endeavoring to communicate. What’s left in explaining polygonal technique? Softening the rock is still a viable possibility. Granite is porous and could absorb a softener to allow shaping easier therefore making wave like shapes in the rock possible if imagined it as soft as clay. Being porous the granite could exude the softener and harden back up. Once soft the rock could be placed into the curved joints without the need of any mortar because of the almost melted character of the adjoining rocks to each other when hardened remained in steadfast lock with one another rarely needing iron clamps to hold positions over time. This show doesn’t cover the many plant species that have gone from the earth over time but with the right plant extracts one could easily soften and shape granite. Evidence of softeners made from plants is extant in India today.

[@philosothink]

The nubs could be used to hold awnings or walkways in place. By carving a cup shape into the Nub into the end of a beam. This beam would support the canopy or walkway. If the top is secure and the Nub is a good fit it will bear a load. Another beam could be carved out to wedge the angled, cupped one from below and pounded in for a tight fit, if greater load bearing was required

[@chrisbarker2700]

The rocks you have shown are small and not very nice like the walls in Peru. Some places in Peru look like they got hit with a high power laser or giant lighting bolts. Giant lighting bolts could hit almost everywhere on the planet during a massive solar flare. Which is what I think the ancient people around the world seen. That's why the survivors started digging down under ground in fear of it happening again. Plus every culture around the world started watching the skies and built cities underground. It's also why I believe the Egyptians worshiped the Sun as a God.

[@pgtmr2713]

I wonder if the stones tightened up over time with settling.