What Affects the Strength of Steel?

[@4G12]

This video does a great job of not only describing the material science of the steel, but also shows why bolts that have been removed via heating cannot be reused.

[@timothyball3144]

When he showed the microstructure of the air-cooled bolt, I started picturing times that I have heated a bolt to remove it. As long as the temperature is kept low enough - such as warming a bolt to break the thread locking compound - it would be fine. But exceed that temperature and all bets are off.

[@AlessioSangalli]

Unless the bolt is grade 2…

[@Backstabbio]

I worked with a mechanic who heated and removed, then reused, probably thousands of bolts in his career. This is the norm across numerous mechanical fields. Unless you're building airplanes or race cars, I wouldn't worry about it too much.

[@AlessioSangalli]

@@Backstabbio the fact that such mechanic did it does not change laws of physics - maybe in his field there was a lot of redundancy in the design. If I ever have to use oxy-ace to remove a suspension bolt, I’ll never ever reuse that fastener… it’s common sense.

[@Backstabbio]

​@@AlessioSangalli You can replace all the bolts you like. But still, consider the experience of a man who has staked his reputation on re-used bolts for 40+ years. He's even re-used crank pulley bolts after having to heat them to remove them. No call backs for a broken bolt. If this was a real issue, every mechanic would know about it. It's not. We re-use heated bolts all the time.

[@orthomeca2060]

few people understand correctly the heat treatment of steels and alloys. This video pertinently explains the influence of heat as well as their composition on steels. THANKS.

[@frosthoe]

When I was a machinist and worked next to heat treat, in the winter, mice would run thru the dried quench dust. Then we,d just stand back and watch as it was hopeless to try and help.. sodium cyanide was in one tank. I never made production bolts, but did make some giant 3 inchx 3 foot+ (75mm dia, by about 1mtr long) Tool steel bolts for Detroit diesel, they were custom one offs for some ships crankshaft rod bearing caps. P.s It was neat to make such huge stuff , I usually made tiny Indy car/F1 style engine parts.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Unlucky mice. Yet it totally get your fascination in making BIG stuff. I just love heavy industry. Freighters, mining trucks, massive refining reactors. Something powerful about it.

[@Infrared73]

Love the visualization of the two treatments of the originally grade 5 bolt. I wonder how feasible it would be to look at the metal under a microscope while it is cooling.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I have dreamt of the same thing. Yet myself do not know how to or have the equipment to do so safely.

[@steini19o4]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage I've got 0 experience with metallurgy, but couldn't you try to do the reverse process first? Prepare your sample, then heat it? Then see if there is still anything useful left to see during the cooling process. The main issue being if there is any point to observing the microstructure being formed at the surface of the sample at all and how the etchant is involved in making it visible, because I doubt it'd remain at the surface during the heating. The rest is just a matter of protecting the sample and microscope objective, which is doable, imo. I could sketch a quick apparatus concept and send it to you via mail, if the main issues aren't a deal breaker. Expect squiggly lines, tho, I'm restricted to a tablet for some time :)

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

@@steini19o4 haha, I will let someone else melt their microscope.

[@steini19o4]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage Np, but that can be solved by just limiting the time the objective is exposed to the heated sample. Eg rotate the sample over the microscope and sync a shutter (or flash) to it. That way you could reduce the exposure of the microscope to heat to sub-milliseconds through thermal radiation per measurement.

[@malvinshu]

I find this topic very interesting indeed. But i think it would be much more appreciated if metrics conversion were added inside the video (could be as subtitles/additional texts or even voiced/verbal conversion) I think this could help the channel to grow more and reach far outside U.S.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I will see what I can do for the next video.

[@tonyhowe3676]

I had taken a course on basic metallurgy at the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology many years ago during CNC training and found it really interesting. Now my hobby is machining ( lathework and milling etc) and your presentation has again peaked my interest in this area as it applies to metalworking . Please continue your quest in this area as I'll be watching. 😊

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Will do!! Hoping to have the next video out next week.

[@insAneTunA]

In the Netherlands a person was tragically killed by a big loudspeaker at one of those indoor tropical swimming paradises. As I remember it correctly the speaker was bolted down with stainless steel hardware, but because of the chlorinated water it lost strength and as a result it came down after some time.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

That is tragic. Although stainless steel is quite corrosion resistant, chlorine is its Achilles heel. Chlorine within water can cause stainless steel to corrode - specifically corrosion pitting and corrosion cracks that we call 'chloride stress corrosion cracks' (Cl-SCC).

[@insAneTunA]

@@Shane_at_SteelImageIt is such a freak accident because those people who installed the loudspeaker thought that they were doing the right thing by investing in high grade hardware, not knowing that chlorinated water is the one thing that destroys the strength of the stainless steel. It goes to show how important engineers with good knowledge about the properties from the used materials are.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

@@insAneTunA - I can appreciate why they thought the stainless would be better... but I also agree its quite important that engineers know the basics to metallurgy and what damages it. Unfortunately, I'd argue such topics have not been presented in an interesting or thorough manner. Many people are not interested because of how its been taught or have yet to see the value in learning it. I'm trying to do my part in changing that.

[@insAneTunA]

@@Shane_at_SteelImageI think that your videos are very good. But I actually meant to say that it is important to seek the advise from a good engineer when it comes to installing structures with a heavy load, even when things seem to be very straight forward, such as installing speakers. Especially when it concerns structures inside public spaces or commercial spaces. Because installing speakers is often done after the building is ready, and not necessarily inspected by an engineer or even part of the plan.

[@insAneTunA]

@@Shane_at_SteelImageP.S. Veritasium's latest video is a great video about the strength of steel, but in this case from a Japanese katana sword. With great animations about what happens inside the metal when carbon atoms and other elements are added to the iron and the metal is quenched and heat treated. There are many overlapping similarities with your video.

[@dw8931]

Very good content, and I am ready for more! But please give us SI (metric) units as well, especially for forces.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Really glad you like the content. I'm afraid it gets cluttered having to always use to sets of units.

[@ottomakers]

This is one of the most concise and practical presentations of the topic I've seen. Balancing the technical details with the real world application in an accessible, easily digestible manner.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you @ottomakeers

[@d.lindsey5583]

A very good introduction to steel microstructure, alloying elements, heat treatment, and strength. What I didn't see was the effect of brittle failure due to not tempering the quenched steel. Or the iron-carbon diagram every strength of materials college class goes into in its first course. Nor the crystal structure, body centered vs face centered and why they are important. Nor why the alloying elements are important in stopping the migration of voids in the molecular structure to stop "micro-cracks" from growing. But that's Strength of Materials 307, a senior level course, not 101 entry level.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Haha, yes my 10 minute video did not cover the content of an entire multi-month course. But to your point, I think there is a great opportunity to introduce steel in a different way than common classes have done in the past. I'm curious to hear your thoughts, why is BCC vs FCC important for steel? I ask because I think most classes teach materials science rather than metallurgy.

[@Akkillies]

Great explanation

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Really glad you liked it!

[@aldvelothi755]

On my son's glider plane we used the ambient air tempering procedure described in this video. This allowed us to buy lower diameter bolts, saving both weight and money, without compromising on structural integrity. It's amazing what you can do once you have a little knowledge.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Gliders, neat! Probably quenched and tempered (not air cooled). But in the end, yes, increasing the strength allows for less steel and less weight. Hence useful for any light weighting efforts.

[@brianbender7438]

Very well done. I have been studying steel alloys and their uses for several years now with all different sources of information. This is one of the best to recently cross my screen! Even though I know much of what he said already, just a little different explanation makes a big difference to me and deepens my understanding of the subject. Thanks a lot.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Really appreciate you saying so. Thank you.

[@MrGlenferd]

Very interesting. I would have liked to see the image of the grade 5 bolt after retemperimg.

[@olincahuite240]

Aircooling is what's called annealling, I think. In order to be able to work or machine high carbon steel and then tempering the finished product to harden it again.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Annealing is very slow furnace cooling. And you're right, its use to soften the steel and puts it in its easiest condition to machine/work with.

[@GregoryHawkins-d2p]

Thank you for explaining this to us so well.

[@daschantal0533]

This video is really informative! I'd love for you to explain all the different types of microstructures in further detail, as I'd always had trouble understanding their different properties when i was in vocational school

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I'll be touching on this a bit more in my next video. Stay tuned!

[@heyyowatchthis]

We need more of this! Thank you. I have looked at a lot of datasheets, been in a lot of classes, even read the machinery handbook, but having someone explain the grades and available materials is very helpful.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I agree! We need more of this!

[@bradnail99]

I’d like to see a video on crevice corrosion in stainless steels, and the effect of a chloride environment.

[@noelfrancis9028]

Great video. Need regular videos from you.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Although trying to comply, it took me two months to make my next big video. Hope you like it.

[@danr1920]

When I rebuilt my '65 Corvair's suspension I used grade 8. Or if Genera Motors thought it was necessary to spend a few cents more, it is necessary.

[@renegade1520]

Great video. I liked seeing the micro slides as it really showed that there is quite a difference between metals. Please make more videos continuing your topic. I’d be really interested in how you actually test samples for strength; the strength stats of steel are pretty mind boggling. Thanks

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Will do!!

[@markhallberg8195]

Well done

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you Mark.

[@ronniekeates3349]

Excellent video! I love the micrographs!

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Really glad!!

[@Cratercitysmith]

Can’t wait for more videos on this topic, steel is so fascinating

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Me too! Aiming for the next video next week (real work permitting).

[@markbarber7839]

Great video thanks. It proviked memories of college metalergy during my toolmaker apprenticeship in Canada 1979

[@ForensicCats]

I use a Skidmore Wilhelm and other rest equipment to do field verification of clamp-force and anchor pull-out test... You did a wonderful job on this video... Wish your channel huge success...

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I am a big fan of the Skidmore Wilhelm test.

[@garycornelisse9228]

Very good video. It explains and answers questions I have had for a while. I'm a former machinist and have worked with various types of steel as well as other metals, however a comprehensive understanding of steel alloys is not in my skill set. I occasionally watch these guys pounding on steel with a hammer on an anvil, and they make some interesting knives and stuff, but it seems like a lot of work relative to the end product. I am wondering what alloys of steel could be used that might not require all that hammering. I can see the heat treating (hardening), tempering, and such but I suspect there are alloys that don't require the hammering, and I may not be correct in that assumption. I would like to see videos on what applications various steel alloys are good for. Again very good video.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Really glad you liked the video and am grateful for your words. I have SO many things I want to talk about. I hope to build up to talk about knives and the steels used. In the meantime let me say your intuition is right - most knives mass produced are machined to shape and all knives I've seen are quenched and tempered.

[@Nudnik1]

Many people do not understand stress reversal or dynamic forces fatigue cracking stress concentration etc. We go over this in mechanical engineering Physics class. Perhaps do a video on these subjects . שלום

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I admit I feel better leaving discussion of service stresses to mechanical engineers. I'd like to focus on what I know best - metallurgy and damage modes.

[@Nudnik1]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage Ok . Basic F= ma and KE equations would show most how huge impact force can be developed. Nice channel 👍

[@machinewrangler4682]

Well presented and explained. Shows you have considerable knowledge. Not everyone can explain in such a straightforward manner and certainly beats decoding 300 pages of technical jargon. About 15 years back I was introduced to hydrogen embrittlement. At work we had a box of M8 12.9 SHCS that were zinc plated, many of them their heads snapped off when tightening. I now understand that zinc plated higher alloy (10.8 and above) fasteners should be used with caution.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you machinewrangler4682! I give a course talking about that very thing - our experience with hydrogen embrittlement and it includes some Grade 12.9.

[@haroldhenderson2824]

Looking forward to more videos! Work hardening, cryogenic processing, cast iron /ductile iron / wrought iron. hardness vs strength (toughness)

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Love the ideas - please keep them coming. The next one will compare strength with toughness.... tentatively.

[@nixxonnor]

This video was extremely interesting. And the concept of steel qualities was very nicely explained. I am no metal specialist by any means, but was it ever mentioned that the main ingredient of steel is iron (Fe)? Excuse me if it was mentioned, then I must have missed it :) I am now subscribing to this channel

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

It was not mentioned!! I might do a video a bit later on alloying and will remember to start with that.

[@metallurgysoup]

Great combination of visuals here. It’s hard to find both the heat treat process and the resulting microstructure documented visually 👍 Usually it’s only one or the other.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you @metallurgysoup! Means a lot coming from you.

[@brandonharvey7939]

What "affects" the strength of steel is that in which the strength properties of steel is attributed whereas what "effects" the strength of steel is what alters that affected strength after it has been forged...... from a cause and effect perspective, affect is to cause a thing whereas effect is the action caused by it

[@mentals555]

Shut up

[@josephbarovich8733]

proud to be in the first 2k subscribers. keep them coming

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Haha, I am shocked so many people signed up. But dare to dream, I hope you are right - that you are amongst the first few to subscribe.

[@jannsander]

Thank you for your effort!

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Happy too!

[@MAACotton]

Ok this is a great presentation! Subbed and wanting to learn more

[@rorymacintosh6691]

Wonderful! Thank you so much.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Really glad you liked it!

[@markhooper5824]

That was really interesting mate.👍

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you! Really appreciate you saying so. Working on the next one now.

[@willmcgo8288]

At 4:20, I'm thinking the grade 5 bolt photo strength read 20,200 lbs, and not 15,500 lbs. Later in the video it is revealed it would be 15,500 lbs if it is heated and air cooled. So, how does chromium and moly help increase the strength? Actually, how does carbon help? Ideas for a future video. Nice length, not to long. Keep making interesting videos!

[@metallurgypoints]

Very nice dear..😮

[@Gabriel-my8jv]

This is really valuable content. Can you explain the different kind of stresses and properties like yield strength, elasticity modulus, tensile strength?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Perhaps at some point. When I look online, I feel this topic might be overdone. Thinking of focusing on less covered content. Or topics that I feel could be better explained.

[@profitablecopy]

Supremely clear. Thanks!

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you for saying so!

[@MAsWorld1]

Interesting thankyou

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Great! Stay tuned for more.

[@gordonmorrow]

Damn. Where were you when I was in engineering school??? I would have understood a lot more with your video, that’s for sure. Well done.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

More to come!!

[@bryanh1944FBH]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage Dang, this was good! Period! You are a great presenter too.

[@richg0586]

Good video, Shane. I’m enjoying the channel.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you Rich!! I appreciate you saying so. Haha, there is a chance it might just be you and I watching a LOT of videos of steel. 🙂

[@gibbogle]

This is fascinating and very well explained. One bit of info is missing. When you did the comparison of (heat + quench + temper) with (heat + air cool), what was the steel grade of the bolts you started with?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

The bolt we compared was the Grade 5 bolt.

[@gibbogle]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage So the bolts had already been though the heat-quench-temper cycle. Does the heating remove the effects of the previous quench-temper?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

@@gibbogle it does. Getting to red-hot temperatures undoes the previous heat treatment.

[@bsimpson6204]

Enjoyed that, thank you

[@gillafunk]

Interesting

[@chrispy1965]

Please also compair stainless with steel. Many times an topic of heated discussiens.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Will do! There is so much to cover!

[@Chasval]

Great video. Great approach. I learned a lot fast. I hope you cover hydrogen embrittlement in your series. I am very interested in hydrogen fuel and the coming hydrogen economy.

[@briancarton1804]

I think the hydrogen economy is a long way off. Lots of problems storing and distributing hydrogen. Expensive to produce also. Toyota are working on lots of other ways to power our transport as well as hydrogen. These include solid state batteries and an internal combustion engine running on ammonia. Don't hold your breath waiting on hydrogen as you would die waiting.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Late reply - sorry. I do have a course that covers in depth hydrogen-based damage (you can find it at www.steelimage.com/training). I do have one high temperature hydrogen attack idea in mind for a video... but most of the damage you'd be interested in with the transmission of hydrogen is called 'hydrogen embrittlement'.

[@joachim.charleshogg4728]

The strengths quoted assume a none threaded portion of a test bar - why then are the bolts you show have the implied strengths given that the threads must be intrinsically weaker?

[@thenerv37]

Can you describe the difference between regular steal and bearing grade and its impact on strength

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Haha, we have a lot of ground to cover before we get to bearing steels.

[@gregoryschmitz2131]

I am curious as to why the jump out of US Standard and into Metric rated bolts? 2 and 5 being US and 12.9 Being Metric so the size would be different as well. Grade 8+ is close to or the same as Grade 12.9

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Just a demonstration. And being in Canada, we use both systems quite often. Besides, most Grade 8 bolts of this size are not alloy steel while Grade 12.9 are always alloy steel.

[@markae0]

When mechanics heat up bolts to loosen them, can they reuse the bolts, or does the heat effect the strength significantly?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

What temperature a bolt can withstand before its starts to weaken depends on the bolt grade. For example, the Grade 5 bolt would soften if it comes close to its tempering temperature of 800F.

[@JeffDoan-h3e]

So the water/oil quench is freezing the carbon content while it's in solution at temp?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Slightly more complicated than that but, at a high level for the Grade 5 bolt - 'yes.' The steel is brittle in the as-quenched condition. However, the tempering after quenching allows the carbon to escape the matrix, forming the fine, dispersed carbides shown in this video.

[@HexenzirkelZuluhed]

Visuals were great. Sound levels could be more uniform. Still: liked and subscribed.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Yeah, I agree I need to work on the audio. Harder than I though switching between microphones. I'm going to make a few more videos hoping to get better using the tech I currently have. If this content is well received and worth continuing making, I'll then look at what I need to buy for better everything.

[@paintballthieupwns]

I can understand how the distribution on carbides could effect the compressive strength but I clearly dont get how they would change the tensile strength.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

The strong, finely dispersed carbides pin help pin down against atom movement in the surrounding steel matrix.

[@azero919]

Great content ! Keep it up 😀

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you! Will do!

[@DrPersonman]

Really interesting! I love the images of the different steels! I wish I could see some of the weirder high strength bolts now, like the ARP ones that are rated for 230ksi or so. I also swear I heard something about some kind of aerospace specific bolt grade that was rated for over 300ksi but cost an arm and a leg. Just what goes into making something that strong?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I've never seen bolts that strong myself. I'd be quite keen to dissect one or two. If you ever run across one, I promise to make a video about it!

[@DrPersonman]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage I wish I could find that information again. The closest I've found are some mentions of fasteners made from "aermet 100" breaking 260ksi for automotive bolts (couldnt find any for sale, just L19 stuff) and some vague things about m350 maraging steel fasteners possibly being made that strong. The maraging steel thing is even more interesting as they are high strength steels with almost no carbon. How does that work?

[@ClarenceHanselman-tm2zj]

Keep it going

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Will do!!

[@Leadvest]

I always have trouble remembering the differences between strength and toughness, like I look at a stress versus load chart and it just doesn't click, I can't really separate them into different variables in my head. Like resistance to yielding, and reluctance to breaking, yeah, but which is which, and what are the underlying mechanisms? Looking forward to your hardness standards, and viscoelasticity/viscoplasticity videos. I also have a more off topic question, is it possible to line heat/flame straighten structural steel without it going out of spec?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Strength vs toughness is what I plan to talk about next! Flame straighten structural steel. My understanding is 'yes' and its done quite often. What it does to the steel depends upon how hot it gets.

[@Leadvest]

I'm looking forward to it!

[@patrickantone1203]

Ah, the riddle of steel! When I die I must go before of Crom and he will ask me, "what is the riddle of steel?". If i don't know it he will cast me out of Valhalla and laugh at me! That's Crom, strong on his mountain!

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Ha, planning on dying in combat are we?! One of my hopes is to build up to talk about 'archeometallurgy' and some of the historical weapons made - including viking swords. I have an article on LinkedIn if you're ever interested in a head start.... just in case you see Crom earlier than I can make any videos on the topic.

[@johnczirjak]

Yes, but what is Best in Life?

[@patrickantone1203]

@@johnczirjak To crush your enemies, see them driven before you, and to hear the lamentations of their women!

[@aurtisanminer2827]

I didn’t know that grade two bolts were manufactured.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Grade 5 are definitely more common. But Grade 2 bolts are out there.

[@aurtisanminer2827]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage must be why some don’t have grade markings.

[@aurtisanminer2827]

I always thought the unmarked ones were made by a company too cheap to add that feature. Lol

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

@@aurtisanminer2827 haha, they should mark their company name... should...

[@aurtisanminer2827]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage lol. Sometimes that’s just not in their best interest.

[@TexasEngineer]

Need to know about the effects of hot dipped galvanizing on bolts. Bolts with a tensile stress greater than 150 ksi are not allowed to be hot dipped galvanized. Why?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Off the top of my head, could be two reasons - the bath temperature might soften/further temper the steel and high strength steels have the risk of a damage called 'liquid metal embrittlement' when hot dipped. Maybe someone more familiar with this exact issue will comment further.

[@bman041]

Higher yield strength (80 ksi and up) steels are not hot dipped galvanized because of hydrogen embrittlement. Steel absorbs hydrogen during the HDG process. The hydrogen is trapped between the crystalline grains. Higher yield strength steels have a more refined grain structure (smaller grains) and the hydrogen can’t escape leading to embrittlement.

[@gibbogle]

@@bman041 Why is there hydrogen in the molten zinc?

[@bman041]

@@gibbogle hydrogen is from the hydrochloric acid.

[@gibbogle]

@@bman041 Molten zinc contains HCl? I see that HCl might be used in pre-dip cleaning of steel, and if it was not properly flushed off there could be some remaining when the piece was dipped.

[@thigtsquare950]

Thank you. You are explaining masterfully the metallurgy of steel. And to think that 0.22% of carbon makes that huge of a difference. (SAE 1018 vs SAE 1040). I was wondering… Could you please explain what’s going on with cryogenic treatment?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I myself don't have much experience with cryogenic treatments and last I checked the literature seemed mixed (and perhaps biased?). So I'm not sure if I'm the best person... but let me try to the get the conversation started anyway. For hardenable steels (>0.35% carbon), claims either (1) more martensite is formed and/or (2) a fine, hard phase called 'eta' is formed (cannot be seen by optical microscopes). Either of these two things are reported to help the wear resistance of the steel. Hope that begins to help.

[@plkrishh]

You forgot to add the importance os steel micro purity. The fatigue strength of steel in increasing hardness levels is not a linear movement but status reducing at higher strengths due to cleanliness. Please add this in next research and look forward to your video.

[@superdog1964]

You are 100% correct. This information is something that may interest people involved in aerospace or other special engineering situations/applications? But......... The average KZbin viewer will not give a rats derriere about the details involved with specific combinations or procedures used to create a specialized fastener for NASA or other obscure application? Most of us watching this presentation are simply curious as to why the springs and shackles on our F150 use grade 8 bolts or higher and the ones holding the slide for the ashtray to the dash have no marks on the head at all? Or, "I was always told that an 8 penny nail had a shear strength of 3ooo lbs!, is that true or did my cousin tell another lie?" This is also something that would be cool? Shear vs Stretch abilities of the different bolt grades the average person uses in day to day applications. It is the first video that he has made I believe? Patience my friend, patience.........

[@ypaulbrown]

yield strength is before it bends, tensile strength is when it breaks .... and that is always more than yield strength....

[@fascistpedant758]

Maybe you mean "ultimate tensile strength". Yield strength is usually specified in tension also.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Indeed. Yield strength is arguably the primary measure of strength - at least from a design perspective. Once something distorts, we don't expect it to work again.

[@plasticjock1090]

10.9 is a nice strength with good toughness..

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Indeed a good bolt grade.

[@MartinMizner]

I always wanted to see how does the microstructure affect the properties of steel

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Martin, as I plan the next video, I can say there is a lot more of that coming!

[@madmat990]

Good video. Metallurgist here, Penn Sate '92. How about you? Most people are like "you're a what, exactly?" LOL

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you. Penn - nice! McMaster (Hamilton, Canada) 2004 myself. Haha, I know the feeling about metallurgist sounding latin to some.

[@Paul_Gale]

just subbed . good video

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thanks Paul! Good to have you along.

[@ben.alldridge]

Algorithm wins once again! You're a natural host.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Thank you!!

[@richgess9042]

as a mechanic when i heat a bolt red hot that I can't get apart is it now weaker?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Once red hot or even close to it, best to never use that bolt again. You could either soften/weak it or embrittle it depending the cooling rate afterwards.

[@Nudnik1]

Toss it out

[@Nudnik1]

Also warn many people that low quality counterfeit bolts nuts and rebar abound in many home centers auto parts . Chinesium metal . We reject many in structural engineering . Get quality bolts rebar certified from a known good mfg. Especially in critical applications.

[@ggeorges5135]

more metallurgy please

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

You got it!!

[@ypaulbrown]

new subscriber here, looks like a great channel...Paul I'm Florida

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Excited to have you along Paul!

[@John-NeverStopLearning]

Very nice!! I think you could have done this a little faster.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Noted.

[@LOZ-p8n]

Good video, a guide for those of us who know very little, but perhaps need to know... Luis, from Chile.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Hey Luis!! Really appreciate you saying so!

[@mrcpu9999]

Enjoyed it, but your audio was all over the place. liked and sub'd, hope to learn more.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Audio - agreed. Appreciate the honest feedback. I'm going to make a few more videos in hopes I can get a bit better at the tech I have. If at that point there is proven interest in this content, I'll see if its worth investing in better stuff.

[@mrcpu9999]

@@Shane_at_SteelImage I get it. It isn't a cheap thing to do. But if you ever run out of ideas, I have 200 things related to steel I'd like to know more about. :)

[@mrwest5552]

uhhmmmm ... metallurgy ? and the ingredients used to make a particular batch of steel ?

[@philliplopez8745]

The continuity of atomic attraction.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Sure does help!!

[@Benoit-Pierre]

You need more subs

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

If you build it, they will.... subscribe... right?

[@Zzrdemon6633]

Why did you go from an sae grade 5 to a metric 12.9 without saying it?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

I thought I had announced when I switched to Grade 12.9. Besides, this was a talk about steel using bolts, not a talk about bolts.

[@reidflemingworldstoughestm1394]

Magnets stick to it too.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

That it does.

[@75west]

I really enjoyed your video. What about resistance to corrosion from salt water? Just as a historical exercise, what about adding steel plate to wooden ships to resist cannon balls. Also to strengthen the hull. I think the first time this was done was during the American Civil War. The Monitor versus Merrimack. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads Was the steel used in these vessels practical? Could they remain in service for years and still be useful? My guess is you could only practically make steel sheet after the invention of the Bessemer Converter which was invented about the same time as the American Civil War. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessemer_process So here’s your challenge: You have to make steel plate to add to wooden ships. You have to wait until 1870 or so until the Bessemer Converter. What would you add to the pig iron to make it more resistant to salt water corrosion?

[@BigEightiesNewWave]

[@mikegrady2756]

This should use SI units and bar graphs.

[@georgedunkelberg5004]

12.9??? grade 10? types of stainless steels?

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Hahaha, indeed, lots to cover.

[@thigtsquare950]

Shane is talking about what makes steel, not bolts (or fasteners) Think about it. There are more varieties of, lets keep it short, bolts than steels.

[@BuceGar]

I decided to melt down and recycle some scrap steel, so I created a steel foundry using jet fuel, yet I can't even get the steel glowing red, what am I doing wrong?

[@peterresetz1960]

The heat needs be substantially higher than 2,750° F. Iron smelting furnace operate at 3,200° F which is still below the boiling point for iron, but will substantially liquefy iron. To get the iron hot to the point of melting, high velocity air needs to be injected into the fire at its base within the furnace. Adding extra oxygen to a fire will substantially increase the heat output.

[@JustAnotherAlchemist]

The jet fuel has to hit the steel at high speeds. You would have to be going at least as fast as an airplane. Maybe two.

[@BuceGar]

@@JustAnotherAlchemist You get it.

[@JustAnotherAlchemist]

@@BuceGarIt's an old meme, but it checks out sir.

[@haroldhenderson2824]

Jet fuel has energy, but you need to use pure oxygen to get ALL the energy. However, hot iron burns in pure oxygen! (oxygen lance)

[@walterbrown8694]

To answer your question, - RUST !

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Rust sure doesn't help. The weakness of steel.

[@aoeuidhtnsnthdiueoa]

Jet fuel also affects the strength of steel.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Ha. Yes... but this comment probably should come with a 'do not try at home' label.

[@godfreypoon5148]

Oh, the irony.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

Yup, just trying to steel the show.

[@GERntleMAN]

So hard watching something containing science and math but using psi and inches. So unrelatable, you can't nonchalantly adapt it to any other situation a normal human encounters, it's always cumbersome, complicated and ugly.

[@Shane_at_SteelImage]

The math of dividing by two does seem to be throwing a few people off (1 pound = ~1/2 kg). Unfortunately for the rest of the world, where I live and work, imperial is the most common units used on such topics and standards (such as SAE J429 which includes Grade 2 and 5 bolts). Those involved with engineering in North America will have to speak both imperial and metric. I will try to include metric on future videos yet, with this being my first video, am surprised by how ungerntle people are in their comments.

[@GERntleMAN]

​@@Shane_at_SteelImageI very well understand the situation, but sharing with the world via KZbin also means being subject to the opinions around the world. And to share something with everyone would suggest using a common ground which 6,6 Milliards of people use. It's not unfriendly, it's factual just like science is. Let's call it courtesy to communicate in units that science uses. Of course and I really mean that, everyone is free to do and use whatever he wants. One should always be ready for headwind though. Good video nontheless

[@Davidsavage8008]

🎉 thats not true. To much carbon makes steel brittle . steel has only .02% carbon. We are carbon based creature because Carbon is the only element that when heated the resistance value is reduces. Meaning . carbon is so dense that when loosened up with heat the volts can pass esier through it. 😊

[@DrGooseDuckman]

Talk about plasticity.