What are PID Tuning Parameters?

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▶ Check out the full blog post over at
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⌚Timestamps:
00:00 - PID Introduction
00:59 - PID Temperature Control
03:06 - Closed/Open-Loop Control
04:24 - Gas Flowrate PID Control
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PID is an acronym for Proportional, Integral, and Derivative. A PID controller is a device that is used to control a process.
The controller can be a physical, stand-alone device or a control block found in a PLC function database.
The PID portion of the controller is a series of numbers that are used as adjustments in order to achieve your objective.
A very simple example of a PID controller would be the regulation of a heating and air conditioning system in a home.
Although there is a lot more to the controller than this example, this will give you a basic idea of the purpose of a device like this.
Consider that you have the temperature in your home set to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. This setting would be called the Setpoint or “SP” for short.
The current reading from the thermostat is 68 degrees Fahrenheit. This term is the Process Variable or “PV”. The heating or cooling unit is the Control Variable or “CV”. The Control Variable may also be referred to as the Manipulated Variable or “MV”.
There are different types of control action and for the temperature control in the house, the controller action is a direct-acting device meaning that the calculations are Setpoint minus Process Variable (SP-PV).
In our house example, we have a SetPoint of 70 and the Process Variable is 68 degrees Fahrenheit.
For this control when we subtract the Process Variable from the SetPoint we see that we have a value of 2. This result is called the Error or “E” in our process.
In the simplest terms, our house is too cool and the controller tells the heating unit to turn on. Remember, we are trying to get to 70 degrees. The unit will remain ON until the Error in our process becomes zero.
Now let’s say that someone opens a window in the house and it’s very cold outside. This disruption in the process is called Disturbance.
The factors in this process control may be:
- “How fast do we want the temperature to reach the setpoint”.
- “What could disturb our process”?
Clearly, there are many factors that can impact our processes and adjusting our controller’s parameters is how we deal with those factors.
In an industrial plant, since there are many factors that we need to consider, we need a robust controller that takes our parameters into account and does hundreds of calculations to determine where the process is and where it needs to go.
Say we need to control gas flow through a pipe. The Setpoint of gas flow is calculated based on a calculation of some factors. This Setpoint can change at any time based on the parameters used in the calculation.
We will control this flow based on a modulating valve. In this case, the more open the valve, the more gas allowed to flow. The requested position of the valve is our Control Variable.
Downstream of this modulating valve we have a flow meter that will measure the gas flowing through the pipe, this is our feedback or our Process Variable.
Let’s take a step back and talk about the parameters that we will be adjusting for our control.
First, the PID term, as stated earlier, stands for Proportional, Integral, and Derivative. These parameters can be used individually or collectively.
Meaning, you can have just a proportional controller, a proportional and integral, a proportional and derivative, or of course a proportional, integral, and derivative controller.
To sum it all up, we, as control engineers, need to control processes and in order to do that, we use devices available to us in order to facilitate that function.
The stand-alone and integrated PID controller is the most widely used device for that purpose.
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You are very welcome! Happy learning and let us know if you have any questions along the way!

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[@realpars]

Great to hear that, Shami! Thank you.

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Using the first example, sometimes you will hear the temperature sensor referred to as the primary control element and the heater referred to as the final control element.

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[@realpars]

Hi Abdo, thanks a lot for your kind compliment! We are always extremely happy to hear such positive feedback! If you ever have any questions, feel free to reach out to us. Happy learning!

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[@realpars]

Hi Vivek, Thanks a lot for sharing your positive feedback with us! We are always happy to hear that. If you have any questions along the way, always feel free to reach out to us! Have you also had a chance to check out our free course on PLC Hardware? bit.ly/2XnnUrF Happy learning!

[@user-xz2su7bk8m]

The explanations are great, i get simple tuning tips of pid parameters 1. Usually, we use PI controller without D 2. First, disable I and D, give little P parameter, and see the tune result; double P parameter until overshoot and vibration arise. Then change the P parameter to 5o%.

[@realpars]

Thank you very much!

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[@realpars]

Hi Cris, Thanks a lot for your support and thanks for sharing your suggestion with us! I have sent this over to our course developers. Happy learning!

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[@realpars]

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[@realpars]

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[@realpars]

Thank you, Ahmed! Happy learning!

[@qaiserbozdar1542]

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[@realpars]

You are very welcome, Qaiser! Let us know if you have any questions along the way! Happy learning!

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mee too

[@adamcunningham3763]

Totally. I read quite a bit on PID and I was attempting to understand WTF is going on and what I need to set for a water recirculation system. None of the articles I read helped and my boss just makes a comment on what each one means. He simplified it like in this video and it just all of a sudden clicked and I was like "HOW THE HELL DID THIS JUST HAPPEN?" I LOVE RealPars. They are a little dry but for me they explain everything so well for people without major engineering backgrounds.

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[@realpars]

That's amazing! Great job. You are very welcome, feel free to leave any question you might have in the comment section. Happy learning!

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Hey another metallurgist?!

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[@patilprashanth1]

appreciate the video...explanation is just awesome....

[@realpars]

Thanks a lot!

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[@realpars]

That's amazing, Fadhil! Keep up the learning curve!

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[@realpars]

Thanks for your support! Great to hear. Let us know if you have any questions!

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[@realpars]

That's great to hear! Thanks a lot for your support and happy learning!

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[@realpars]

Hi Smail, Great to hear that! Thanks a lot for sharing that with us. Happy learning!

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Thank for making this simple.

[@realpars]

Glad it was helpful!

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the best channel ..thank you

[@realpars]

You're very welcome! Thanks for your kind support

[@luciddream2033]

The best way I heard PID explained was correcting error by looking at accumulated error over the past which would be the I component, the present which would be the P component, and the future by the D component.

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Thanks a lot, August! Happy to see you joining the RealPars family soon!

[@namangoku2649]

Thanks for this video Plz plz make a series about how can we programe a PID controller and other calculations that are required to implement a PID controller in a process Please add this series in RealPars course for Beginners to Advance.

[@realpars]

You are very welcome! We have already added a course on our library on How to Configure a PID Controller in TIA Portal. You can watch it here: learn.realpars.com/how-to-configure-a-pid-controller-in-tia-portal We are adding a new video to this course each week! Happy learning.

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Glad you like them!

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You're welcome!

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[@realpars]

Hi Emile, thanks for your great compliment! I am not sure about that as it is all done by our graphic and animation department. Happy learning!

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For animation maybe they use TIA portal for programming the hmi with all vues

[@reckz420]

The training courses that you've on your website, are these just the tutorial videos or do you also provide access to some kind of PLC software to train on?

[@realpars]

Hey! Thanks for your comment! To answer your question, although it is not required to have access to PLC software to be able to complete our courses. It would, of course, be greatly beneficial if you could practice the material, therefore we provide the option to purchase STEP7 software, either by itself or in a Starter Kit over here bit.ly/2l4YjWD Hopefully, this answers your question sufficiently. If you have any other questions or would like any further assistance, feel free to reach back out or email us at [e-mail] We are more than happy to help! Happy learning!

[@nazimmirza9421]

I am waiting for your next vedio, always

[@realpars]

Hi Nazim, great to hear your enthusiasm! We will launch a new course video again on Monday. Happy learning!

[@emiller233]

Great video! At about the 6:20 mark, you say that each one of the combos have their own place in the control world. Could you elaborate on this? Do you mean things such as industrial presses, pumps/flow, ect. Which combo should we use for what task?

[@realpars]

The use of P, I, and D elements in an industrial control scheme depends upon the application. The PI combination is most widely used for all types of control, since P-only control will always end up with an offset between SP and PV, and Integral is very efficient at eliminating that offset and keeping the PV near the SP. Derivative (D) is useful for processes that do not exhibit a large amount of noise or disturbances A noisy flow signal, for example, is not well-suited for any combination that includes the Derivative term. Therefore, flow loops often are just controlled using PI controllers. Pressure and temperature, depending on the stability of the process measurement, can benefit from PID or PD control. A more detailed presentation of PID control is available on the RealPars.com website in a multi-part video series. Check it out!

[@emiller233]

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[@realpars]

Happy to hear that! :)

[@muthuakshaya74]

Nice education video

[@realpars]

Thanks for your support, Muthu! Happy learning!

[@ruan2587]

Nice video. Any hint when the next video will be available?

[@realpars]

Hi Ruan, Thanks a lot! We always upload a new video on KZbin every Monday. Happy learning!

[@user-xw9zr6tz5w]

It is explained that there are different effects for each type of PID controller mode in the cruise controller of a car speed? the different effects of these three modes.

[@realpars]

Proportional - makes output adjustments proportional to the error between SP and PV (difference between how fast you are going and how fast you want to go). The larger the difference (error), the larger the adjustment. If you are going 30mph and need to go 50mph, you press on the gas harder than if you start at 45mph. Integral - makes output adjustments proportional to how long the PV has spent away from the SP. The integral adjustment adds an adjustment in the same direction (+ or -) to the output as the proportional action. This is analogous to still not being up to speed after accelerating (proportional changes). Derivative acts on the rate of change of the error. If I am accelerating and I start going down a hill and gain speed, derivative tells me to let off the gas to keep from overshooting the setpoint since my speed will accelerate as I go downhill.

[@farzadfani4688]

Hi. Please make a video about "model predictive control" . this control method is used in the chemical and petrochemical industries. thank you.

[@realpars]

Hey Farzad! Thanks for your comment and your suggestion. I will pass this on to our course developers! Thanks for sharing and happy learning!

[@TopAhmed1]

Can you Use PLC instead of stand-alone PID controller?? Like if you implement difference equation in PLC to control the plant?

[@realpars]

Absoluitely! PLC's are able to be configured to control multiple loops with a single controller. In this video, we keep it simple by introducing you to PID control using a sing;e-;loop controller. For industrial processes, a PLC is widely used because it is able to handle many loops with one controller.

[@NikhilTannk]

for flow control final control element must be after feedback element/flowmeter as far as I know

[@realpars]

The flow meter is most often placed after the final control element. This is true for not only flow control loops, but other types of loops as well (temperature and pressure). Level control sensors are often placed in the tank, which would be upstream of the control valve on the outlet of the tank.

[@NikhilTannk]

@@realpars yes,....will plz let me know why in flow control loop final control element is on upstream of feedback...I searched through Google but can't get enough explanation

[@debasishkgp]

Can you please upload a vdo on potential free contact with circuit diagram and what is interrogation voltage.

[@realpars]

Hey! Thanks for your comment and your suggestion. I will pass this on to our course developers! Thanks for sharing and happy learning!

[@debasishkgp]

@@realpars please...

[@salvoix86]

"The missile knows where it is at all times. It knows this because it knows where it isn't. By subtracting where it is from where it isn't, or where it isn't from where it is - whichever is greater - it obtains a difference or deviation. The guidance subsystem uses deviations to generate corrective commands to drive the missile from a position where it is to a position where it isn't, and arriving at a position that it wasn't, it now is. Consequently, the position where it is is now the position that it wasn't, and if follows that the position that it was is now the position that it isn't. In the event that the position that the position that it is in is not the position that it wasn't, the system has acquired a variation. The variation being the difference between where the missile is and where it wasn't. If variation is considered to be a significant factor, it too may be corrected by the GEA. However, the missile must also know where it was. The missile guidance computer scenario works as follows: Because a variation has modified some of the information that the missile has obtained, it is not sure just where it is. However, it is sure where it isn't, within reason, and it know where it was. It now subtracts where it should be from where it wasn't, or vice versa. And by differentiating this from the algebraic sum of where it shouldn't be and where it was, it is able to obtain the deviation and its variation, which is called error."

[@mnada72]

Where is that episode referred to at 6:40 ?

[@realpars]

We have an advanced course on PID Loops on the Realpars.com website. I agree the there is a tuning episode referred to at 6:40 of this video, but as of today, a KZbin video on setting tuning parameters has not been released. Stay tuned!

[@RedValentine47]

Sir can a pid temperature controller be set according to thermocouple type..I had encounterd a past issue like this in which I had to set the type as K but the controller showing J type as default and PT100 as temperature setpoint and the setting was unsuccessful... kindly please clear the doubt

[@realpars]

A thermocouple (or an RTD) in a temperature loop can be constructed from different materials. Both a "J" and "K"-type thermocouples work in the same way (generate a varying millivolt signal with temperature), but each needs a different conversion algorithm to convert from a millivolts value to temperature. Therefore, the transmitter or controller input needs to be configured or set to the same type of device (thermocouple or RTD) and same properties (J thermocouple or Pt100 RTD, for examples) as is installed in the process. Pt100 is a setting for an RTD, not a thermocouple, so if you used that setting for your input, your temperature value will not be correct. Moist controllers, transmitters, or specialized T/C or RTD inpout cards allow the type of device to be easily configured in the hardware setup.

[@tharakamax287]

❤

[@otiliamarc4040]

I read in a website that the controlled variable is not changed, but the manipulated is. Since the steering wheel can be moved around, this variable is changing...why is not the steering wheel then called manipulated variable instead? I am confused now..

[@realpars]

First, in feedback control loop terminoogy, the most proper term for the steering wheel would have been "manipulated variable". This is the variable that is changed in response to a feedback signal in order to maintain a setpoint. However, the manipulated variable is also often called the "Control Variable". The issue with definitions is due to the use of "control variable" in many other contexts. The definition you gave comes from experimental science, where one variable, the control variable, is held constant while other variables are varied. So the term "control variable" can be a little confusing because of its many contexts.

[@505Nur]

Hi!ay The physical position of control valve and flowmeter is not correct. Valve must be installed downstream after flowmeter.

[@realpars]

The flow meter is often placed after the final control element. This is true for not only flow control loops, but other types of loops as well (temperature and pressure). Level control sensors are often placed in the tank, which would be upstream of the control valve on the outlet of the tank. The one case where I definitely would place the flow meter upstream of a control valve is where the discharge of the control valve goes into a process line that quickly ends up at atmospheric pressure. The only consideration is that some flow meters, like orifice plates, need well-developed flow profiles to operate correctly.

[@user-ph7xi4fu4h]

Hello, Thanks alot for your video But , I wanna study plc from zero & I don't know how to get the start can you help me please

[@321Endeavor123]

at first, you need to select plc. at second, download manual for this plc. read, read, read and cry.

[@realpars]

Hi Yasmina, Great to hear your motivation! We have a whole course library filled with over 400+ video courses on PLC programming. Our courses are hands-on and specifically designed for beginners to grow into an advanced level on their own pace with our Technical Team ready to assist you with any question you might have during your course. Feel free to browse through our course library realpars.com/ If you have any questions about our courses, feel free to reach back out or email in at [e-mail] Happy learning!

[@user-ph7xi4fu4h]

@@realpars oh, thanks alot.😍

[@ahmedmetwally4911]

اقدر اساعد ؟

[@user-ph7xi4fu4h]

@@ahmedmetwally4911 ياريت والله لو مش هتقل على حضرتك ، كنت عاوزة ابدأ فى مجال الplc ومش عندى خبرة فيه يعنى هبدا من الزيرو تقريبا

[@dibakarsarkar5530]

When flowmeter is installted before control valve and used after control valve...pls ans this sir.... if it flow meter is installed before control valve can is it worked at same process....

[@realpars]

Yes. The flowmeter can be installed upstream or downstream of the control valve. There may be a preferred location, however, based on the flowmeter type or other considerations. An orifice flow meter needs a very stable flow profile entering the meter, so upstream may be a better choice. A heat exchanger may take a lot of heat out of a process stream, and placing the meter downstream may provide a better environmental condition for measuring flow. A control valve that reduces pressure on a high-pressure stream so that it vaporizes (flashes), would need flow meter to be installed upstream on the liquid side of the valve. So you can see, there are many factors that need to be considered when locating the position of a flow meter in a process line.

[@dibakarsarkar5530]

thank u sir for replying my message....One more question sir...whenever we installed a control valve and flow meter device..why we are take this device in a loop system.....pls answer this...

[@dibakarsarkar5530]

And my question was...why the flow meter is installed before the control valve in a loop system..... can we installed flow meter after the control valve in a loop system....

[@realpars]

@@dibakarsarkar5530 Yes, please refer to my initial answer to your original question. The flow meter does not care where it is in relationship to the control valve. The only consideration relates to the flow profile -- a flow meter performs better, in most cases, when the incoming flow profile (turbulence, pressure, flow, etc.) is well-developed and steady.

[@realpars]

@@dibakarsarkar5530 A control loop is only required when you desire to control the flow by measuring the flow rate and using it to position the control valve to maintain the flow rate at a given setpoint. This close-coupled feedback arrangement allows the system to maintain a steady flow rate.

[@Bendigo1]

Confusing, that is what they are... 😁

[@realpars]

Hoping that our video courses will help clear the confusion :). If there are specific topics/themes that are causing the confusion, please let us know - we would happily provide a new video course on that.

[@Bendigo1]

@@realpars Your videos do help. But it does not change the fact that PIDs are confusing. If they were not confusing, there would be no need for you to make several videos that attempt to reduce or eliminate the confusion. 😁

[@nadir5386]

Make us a free courses about PLCs

[@realpars]

Hi Nadir, We already have! :) You can register for our free bundle with loads of free video courses via the following link: learn.realpars.com/ Happy learning!

[@cranebird1467]

Only envious people can hit dislike for this video