What Can You Actually Learn from Your Genome?

Genetic tests can give you advice about what lifestyle, diet, and level of exercise are best for you. But you should take those suggestions with a grain of salt, because, when it comes to our bodies, our genes aren’t so much an open book, as the world’s biggest crossword puzzle.
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Sources:
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/dep...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/hun...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HBB#loca...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HTT#loca...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/dtcgen...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/hgp/ge...
report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/...
www.biorxiv.org/node/84500.full
www.genome.gov/19016904/faq-a...
www.genome.gov/pages/educatio...
www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-c...
www.nature.com/articles/265687a0
www.nbcnews.com/health/health...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2...
www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topi...
www.npr.org/sections/health-s...
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www.sciencedaily.com/releases...
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www.sciencenews.org/article/h...
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www.scientificamerican.com/ar...
www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/n...
www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/c...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/VKORC1#l...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testin...
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/VKORC1#c...
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Images:
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[@SciShow]

Skillshare is offering SciShow viewers two months of unlimited access to Skillshare for free! Try it here: skl.sh/scishow-14

[@grantsturgeon7881]

Could lifting weights (and increasing bone density) effect height when someone is growing?

[@joecurran2811]

Could you do a financial management crash course with 2 Cents? Those guys are awesome!

[@Stigmadiablo]

Show me how to live

[@lk6789]

I agree, I did a Dna test, mainly for health information. I received some information that was definitely incorrect. I am a natural redhead/ginger, straight hair, blue/green eyes, freckles etc. my result I was neither a redhead nor a blonde and had curly hair. Also stated I had high blood pressure, but I have always had low blood pressure. I guess DNA testing is in the early states so hopefully it will improve. As I have the raw data I did some research and found different snps that gave red hair and straight hair that were not being used in the DNA test, Very interesting subject and lots of free information on the web once you have the raw data.

[@limalicious]

My mom is a retired nurse. When she was a nursing student, her very first patient was a teenager with Huntington's Disease who was part of a study at NIH. He was already displaying symptoms of the disease, knew he was going to die, and was willing to let scientists study him in hopes that they might learn something to save future generations with the disease. It was the first time my mom realized how you strong you have to be a medical professional, because she couldn't break down and cry around a young man only a few years younger than her as his body broke down and died.

[@pandekuri]

I took a GeneSight test for medications. Found out I have a variation of CYP2D6 that is a “poor metabolizer”, making me very sensitive to CYP2D6 substrates which are most anti-depressants and opioid medications. It saved me the grief of experiencing adverse side effects and finding medications that would be good for me. Genetic testing is the future of personalized medicine.

[@Sciencerely]

As a stem cell scientist, I really appreciate the advances in life sciences in the early 21st century! For instance, DNA sequencing costs decreased over 180 000-fold over the last 15 years! Currently, there is also an international project which aims to characterise the total gene expression of each cell type (!) in the human body! We sometimes acquire huge datasets in single experiments and, although this often makes work a lot more challenging, we finally get closer and closer in grasping the concepts of life!

[@Sciencerely]

@Prowler Cam I am not entirely sure to which of my points your response belongs to. To sequence an entire human genome, you currently have to pay around 500 bucks (which of course is not cheap). However, some years ago these costs were over 1 billion dollars and they are still expected to fall. The gene expression project is fundamentally an open database, every scientist can contribute by sharing his data. The goal is, for example, to be able to compare which genes are expressed in healthy cells over time vs. tumour cells. As a consequence, we could develop new cancer therapies (which are also probably expensive, but some health systems cover the costs - and this issue is more a political than a scientific concern).

[@k.chriscaldwell4141]

The problem is not life, it pretty much takes care of itself. The problem is delegated killing, war. Well, actually those that manipulate and maneuver to benefit from war; The psychopath and Khazarian _"genome"_ in civilization. _"Ignorance is Strength." I'm weak._

[@SamualHatfield]

Thank you nanopore for cheap sequencing of long contigs!

[@Sciencerely]

@@SamualHatfield oh yeah their technology is awesome! MinION is a sequencing machine of the size of a USB stick which enabled to reconstruct the spread of the Ebola virus during the Ebola outbreak (to prevent further dispersion)

[@spamuel98]

Identify the genes for perfect eyesight and big dicks, and you'll have all the funding you'll ever need.

[@PaulPaulPaulson]

The new fashion trend: Jeans that make up about 60-80% of someone's height

[@Charmlethehedgehog]

So... Overalls?

[@-4subscriberswithahammerad521]

biology teacher- thats right, you can actually LEARN from biology and the human genome

[@George-ze9hx]

I decided to check out your channel and found ZEST AMV. Thanks, youtube probably would have recommended C R E A M eventually but through happenstance I got there early.

[@sooskca]

Props for not accepting a deal with 23andme, yo.

[@maracachucho8701]

Why? That was dumb...

[@starkeclipse]

@@maracachucho8701 There are a number of ethical concerns with that company's use of the dna info.

[@maracachucho8701]

@@starkeclipse But no actual verified lawsuits, right?

[@InaBlueNutshell]

I love what Sci-Show and in general vlogbrothers are doing for the world. Maybe this is a little unrelated to the content of this video but I feel like information like this is so important that I'm just grateful the world has both of them putting it out to the world.

[@ivoryas1696]

Pauliebre Eh, it's close enough. It's important to disseminate information to people who are curious and even quite a few a those who _aren't!_

[@lesliebehringer2372]

THANK YOU for saying "in most people" there are 23 chromosomes. Trisomy disorders run in my family.

[@tomsadler2548]

I'm not a gnelf or a gnoblin I'm a genome

[@imagineexistance4538]

Mr Purple you stole my joke

[@tomsadler2548]

And you've just been GENOMED

[@asherschmidt9820]

Anna K, don't you mean cagencer

[@bengoodwin2141]

NOT sponsored by 23andme?

[@samuelfeder9764]

Having this episode sponsored by 23andme would have felt cheap and tasteless, like it was just a long ad... I'm really happy they didn't do that. =)

[@happylittlemisery]

@@samuelfeder9764 Why though? They are supplying us with knowledge and entertainment for FREE. It is perfectly ok to put ads and be sponsored. What is not ok is to bait people like KenHub or some other channels.

[@RockBandRS]

@@samuelfeder9764 Idk, this seems more like a "Hey everyone, stop thinking you have every risk factor companies like 23andme say you have." Which honestly would make them the perfect sponsor. Next level irony.

[@Eneov]

I freaking love the work you and the scishow team do Hank. You've been a major source of knowledge and learning for me, for years.

[@GANTZ90]

The SNP test point was huge and yet such a small portion of this video. The huge difference in information you can get between these tests is critical to understanding their limitations. As sequencing becomes easier to access this will be less of a problem. Also explaining the methods that tests like 23andMe use, by reading their white papers, would really demonstrate how these conclusions are less genetic and more association by similarities.

[@drakosmajor]

There are tests like the one mention for medications that also work for antidepressants, and can help your doctor make it easier to find the right medication for you with potentially less trial and error!! It's called a gene sight test! I recommend it if you are having a hard time finding one that works well for you!!!!

[@jammbbs1688]

I was genetically tested to see how medication effect me and I found out alot of stuff like why I woke up way to early on my open heart surgery and the also during spine surgery why I always had to take such a large dose of pain meds to get pain relief and so much more

[@Delemaroth]

I wish my professors were as engaging and well spoken as the SciShow Hosts. How much money must we throw at you guys to make SciShow University a thing? Id study at SSU.

[@Tfin]

Today, Hank recommends adding salt.

[@StretchyDeath]

Wish you'd also distinguished between whole genome sequencing vs other types like microarray genotyping

[@Sciencerely]

Good point. RNA-seq, Human Cell Atlas etc. would also have been great to mention as they are currently hot topics in biology!

[@Tinyvalkyrie410]

For those of us unfamiliar with genetic biology, could you point me to a resource on the difference? Because I have no idea, and it feels like a thing I should know...

[@PyroDesu]

"Also, what if the condition you're studying is actually multiple conditions that look similar? How do you control for that?" Story of my life...

[@Articulate99]

Always interesting, thank you.

[@LEDewey_MD]

Great summary and description of an incredibly huge and diverse topic!

[@youtubeviewer1211]

"What can we learn from our genome?" ...well studies have shown that approx half the personality we have is the result of our genetics. So in that sense we should be able to learn A LOT. Wish you guys touched on that a bit. Snpedia is a fun site to read up on known genes to which a dna test can show if you have any of them. Anyway love the show guys, keep up the great work

[@PaleGhost69]

What I learned from my genome test is that I'm not human! I'm so proud to not be apart of this community.

[@KateeAngel]

I still like to imagine I am a bird. Afraid to test my genome in case it destroys my dream

[@TheSparkythespark]

The irony of using 'apart' instead of 'a part' in this sentence is the kind of little thing I really appreciate

[@tjbaculi6170]

Hahahaha

[@derekbauer2125]

Luckyyyy :(

[@Kalevala87]

The trouble with mental health conditions such as depression is that the diagnostic categories themselves may not be valid. So, it doesn't really matter how many hundreds of thousands of samples you have in your genome-wide association study - if you're looking across different conditions that only happen to have some behavioural symptoms in common, you're not going to find any actual gene variants in common.

[@puzzleperson2007]

Nice breakdown of such a complicated and nuanced science! It has been an exciting field with the advancements in technology allowing for better understanding of the multifaceted helix.

[@nla440]

Can we have an episode on carriers of genetic diseases, different ways of carrying a genetic mutation, and difference between carrying the gene vs developing the actual disease or disorder?

[@charles4112]

It would be interesting to have a talk show on this.

[@starkeclipse]

I would really like to see a scishow video on the ethical/privacy concerns with different genetic companies. I've heard from acquaintances in the insurance field that companies are looking towards genetics in the future. And I believe 23andme hooked up with GSK for medication. There are so many benefits to large DNA samples, but there are also many risks. I feel like you should at the very least add a warning to consider buying life insurance *before* getting a test like this if Huntington's Disease or a similar disease is moderately likely to show up...

[@limiv5272]

I really liked the video, except for the last part about the ways to test for genes, you could've done much better. The important thing to know, is that most commercial genetic tests do NOT sequence your genome. Instead, they use a different method that basically allows them to only check for the presence of DNA sequences they are looking for, and the number of those is limited. Therefore, if the company you use doesn't check for a mutation you have, or you have a rare or new mutation, they won't find it. If, on the other hand, you get your entire genome sequenced, then you can check for everything known to human kind, and in the future when new discoveries are made you can go back to the data and look for new things. Of course, that costs a lot more...

[@rickharold69]

Nice! Thx!

[@marrus1372]

G darn it, my thousands of major depression genes.

[@lindabroer8995]

Fun fact: in a lot of clinical settings we are currently testing the use of implementing genetic testing for so called complex diseases. These diseases are caused by a combination of genetics and environment, yet knowing someone’s genetic predisposition to the disease may help. I would not recommend doing this with some company though. Let the professionals do their jobs in a clinical setting for these kinds of tests.

[@AverytheCubanAmerican]

I can learn that genome is gnome with an e

[@Guru_1092]

With an EXTRA "e". Important difference.

[@JAzzWoods-ik4vv]

A kind of incomplete but useful way to show something? seems about right

[@Eban11235]

I learned I have quite a bit of neanderthal DNA. Which is super neat.

[@KevAlberta]

Caveman intensifies

[@juno7424]

Everyone does

[@TyTheRegularMan]

Very much digging the "I Like Fun" shirt.

[@SewFun]

One huge problem I see in some of the current research from the major testing companies has to do with how they collect some of the data. I had the test done and then filled out a self-report on my health and mental state. One question that struck me was about sleeping habits. There are a lot of reasons why a person might not be sleeping well, but this only asked how many hours you sleep or if you sleep through the night. Then later there was a 'report' about how my genes relate to this sleep. I'm not a scientist, but even I can see problems with studies based only on self reports like this.

[@jeremiasrobinson]

April 10 2019.... I actually found a science video uploaded to KZbin today that is NOT about the image of a black hole. Amazingǃ

[@bobjones5166]

As someone who has been and will always be on high doses of pain meds, I have a prob. I'm allergic to most pain meds. With the new policies against opioids my Dr is removing them from his practice. This means I need a new Dr or a new pain med I can take. They just did a DNA test to see how I will react to a ton of different pain meds. Pretty kewl if it works. :)

[@rhiannon14982]

Did it work? What pain killers did you get put on?

[@mellie4174]

hi, could you guys do a video on the mthfr snp? that would be super cool!!

[@theeel8981]

Probably not as much as skillshare

[@Asdfghjkl-ls1or]

Sorta derailed off what u were saying at 0:20

[@AyaMohamed-ij6hu]

25 days left for hanko-de-mayo Happy birthday in advance ❤❤❤

[@TitanUranusOfficial]

It's true there are a lot of genes that can lead to neuro-atypicality and many of these lead to depression directly (OCD being associated with low serotonin levels for instance) but what your video doesn't completely take into account is that your genes are not in a vacuum - the more people in a family that get tested, the more likely *any* genetic condition can be narrowed down, helping doctors plan better for *all* the carriers.

[@faramund9865]

Finally some realism, thank you

[@LiamE69]

Your genome does not tell you what you should eat. Your genomnomnom does that.

[@yYSilverFoxYy]

I just laughed loudly at 2 am at this comment and woke up my mom.😅👍

[@DustinManke]

I really love the coat you've got in this video. Where did you get it?

[@fernandoaleman607]

I hope you talk about the necessity of diploid genome sequencing to unravel the genetic component of complex phenotypes. Right now we are mostly using short reads of DNA and that does not allow us if the read sequence correspond to your "mom" chromosome or your "dad" chromosome. Therefore we don't know the physical connection between SNPs (same chromosome or the other chromosome), because the results we get are just one long string of DNA (when we have two).

[@fernandoaleman607]

Actually, with the 10x platform you can now easily phase chromosomes. The problem is that nobody knows how to analyze diploid genomes.

[@seb2465]

Cool!

[@humblesoldier5474]

The Height study makes since in it being so complicated. I think some look at is as hey just increase the bone length. Sure which bone? Are you wanting to keep the density the same, or increase it to handle the weight? Okay, are you only wanting to increase the length of just this one bone, or are you wanting to do the same on the other bone? Keep in mind that your arms share a similar lay out, so we have to make sure we are only effecting the bones in your legs you requested. Are you wanting to also increase your tendon length, and thickness? Are you wanting to make sure the sockets still match up properly, and are cushioned properly? Now the muscles are going to be the same as before, so you may not have enough muscle to move these new limbs. Would you like to increase them as well? Etc... for all the other areas needing to be altered to ensure the proper effect is given.

[@littlevoice_11]

And y1o make it even more conplex, epigenetic expression of genes are effected by diet, microbiome, exercise, sleep, environment and hormones. These can change overtime as well rapidly over days.

[@pierreabbat6157]

At my doc's request, I uploaded my genome file to a certain website, which told me I need more of certain minerals. I started taking these minerals. The next time I took a blood test, she noticed great improvements.

[@lk6789]

Hi, What site did you use?

[@pierreabbat6157]

@@lk6789 It's called Pure Genomics and is connected with Pure Encapsulations. I don't remember the URL. She had to set it up before I could upload it.

[@lk6789]

@@pierreabbat6157 Hi Pierre, thanks for the info, I found the site but you are correct a MD has to set it up, so I can't upload my raw data. thanks anyway.

[@jacobdial2448]

nice tmbg shirt there hank

[@TomiTapio]

Genes, their promoters (when to build this protein segment), and epigenetic lock-twists (let's seal this one up due to conditions).

[@arduria538]

While I appreciate the science behind all of this testing... You know what scares the bejeesus out of me? Insurance. I'm afraid that if I submit to genetic testing at some point, my genome will get sent to my insurance company, and they will charge higher insurance rates based solely on my risk factors for certain diseases using my genome. I think that is totally wrong, and I will not support anything like that. I have never submitted to genetic testing, and I don't think I ever will. My genome is my own, and I will protect it like any other sensitive information.

[@samuela-aegisdottir]

That sounds scary. I am so happy that I don't live in the USA.

[@Guru_1092]

Was that footage around 0:20 from Assassin's Creed 1?

[@joshuayoungblood3580]

I dont know if this is going to be a major course of study for me , its gotten a little more complicated than I had anticipated, the fact of gene sequences repeating infinitely scares me like the void

[@uss_04]

Oh good, no Black Hole video today. I’ll wait for the indepth version on scishow space.

[@CommanderLVJ1]

+SciShow I haven't really seen much about it on youtube so I'll just ask: could you guys possibly do an episode on the genetics of race? Talking about things like the studies that scientifically prove the existence and genetic reality of race; how race came to be; the genetic confliction and loss of diversity that occurs with interbreeding and why it should be avoided outright e.g. the north and South American wolves at the end of the last Ice age; and on that note perhaps things like the difference(s) genetically speaking between things like race and aspect, how race relates to something like dog breed and how important it is if only in terms of survival for us to be responsible in maintaining our species various races and overall diversity as well...

[@moorbilt]

I personally dont like how so many people point to their jeans as why they wont change.

[@janusloggins876]

Sooo, we are all unique, just like everybody else

[@HawaiiLimey]

I have managed to identify the mechanisms behind my family's problems with heart disease from running my raw genetic data through Strategene and Promethease. Had I followed my doctor's advice to take statins I would have exasperated other deficiencies in the liver leading to premature death.

[@ricekucing29]

I'M GNOT A GNELF I'M GNOT A GNOBLIN I'M GENOME! AND YOU'VE BEEN *GENOMED!*

[@alexwang982]

👍

[@AlexandrostheGr8]

Can you go on to elaborate on the ancestry tests and what those actually mean?

[@LesAventuresDeTigRRe]

Short answer: They don't mean much, except that you paid to give away your DNA information.

[@michaeljames5936]

"It might be worth taking that information with some grains of salt"... and thanks to our new and improved GN-4-U test, we can tell you exactly how many grains of salt, YOU should take it with.

[@growlinghands4696]

Does anyone have good advice about my doctor recommending MTHFR screening (with consequent "supplement" therapy)? I'm doing research but I'm loathe to get my genes tested... I don't have any good reason why not, yet still.

[@geniusdinges]

Should I be genetically tested? My mother and my grandmother both have Huntington's and I've been told I have a 50% chance of having it when I get older

[@starkeclipse]

Before you submit to testing, I would encourage you to sign up for insurance. Long term care insurance, life insurance, health insurance. Any insurance that you can buy and keep for a lifetime regardless of life circumstances, so you're covered at a reasonable rate, just in case you come up positive. I would also only do testing thru a doctor. Many private companies are entitled to your dna if you purchase a test. Who knows if they'll eventually sell it to insurance companies or what. But most importantly, you should decide for yourself if you want to know. I might consider heavily reflecting on how your life would change if you found out you were positive and whether living in the unknown would be a better feeling for you. Best wishes!

[@nativechimney9829]

Ok, that’s epic

[@spamuel98]

If I ever get diagnosed with cancer, I'm not going to bother trying to get it treated, I can't afford it, I'm just going to volunteer as a test subject for genetic experimentation. What's the worst that could happen, they give me cancer?

[@galenrichter41]

well, with height it makes sense that no single gene would influence height by much. height is sort of an emergent characteristic based on the sizes of all our bones and such. some slight change to one gene could cause a slight change in its bone's shape or size, effecting height very slightly. having one single gene change scaling up every single bone in our body to make us several inches taller doesnt really make sense.

[@ARYAN-gp3ld]

What is the white substance that is in the petri dish in the sci show intro?

[@marrus1372]

Ectoplasm?

[@nickgehr6916]

*thanks genome, we learned something from you*

[@mallowthecloud]

They Might Be Giants - I Like Fun! Nice shirt, Hank!

[@FiMilton]

With EDS type III they still don’t know the genes that cause it but they have identified the genes that cause the other types!

[@RJ-mk6ep]

I have hEDS, have you heard about the gene research study they're doing soon??

[@TheCoffeybeans]

8:35 also kno-called snips

[@ComputerGarageLLC]

being warfarin resistant, I wonder if I need the test. LOL History of clots, but in order for warfarin to be therapeutic I have to take 15mg daily, and occasionally take 30+ mg to bring my INR levels up.

[@iLOLZU42]

So what's the ETA on gene mods?

[@xck]

Ooh! I think genes can help me learn how to make a human. Woah, almost like what genes do!

[@heliosprime6426]

I learnt to lock my underpants draw!

[@matthewdrummond1340]

*Unrelated tech question for my fellow Sci Show viewers.* I have turned off captions in my settings but I still see captions. Does anyone know why and what I can do?

[@fraserhenderson7839]

go to settings, click subtitles, click options: set background opacity to 0%, set font opacity to 0%

[@FirstnameLastname-lt6uv]

So basically we're going to need a machine more complicated than us to understand ourselves, but a one which we also need to build ourselves.

[@lordgarion514]

I doubt it needs to be more complicated than the human brain, but since the human brain is literally the most complicated thing we know of(and built by less complicated DNA), it's still probably going to be a VERY complicated machine.

[@devanshbarot7477]

Secomd

[@gofaonemotlogelwa4925]

I'm an accounting student...I just missed some stimulation

[@jamess5415]

I’m 98% primate. I’m bummed, I wanted to be a cheetah. Oh well.

[@DurzoBlunts]

PFOS and PFOA contamination levels.

[@elizabethmcglothlin5406]

At 5 feet tall, I am the oldest and shortest of my siblings, who range from 5'8"--my sister--to brothers, five of them, from 6 ft to 6'7". I have a grandma who was shorter than I. Genetics, even if they cant find it. (Yep, I got cheated.)

[@GamingforGrace]

I wish i found this channel earlier

[@nabeelkhan7506]

I have a question related to diabetes can someone answer? If a person suffering from diabetes produces less insulin than normal people then why eating more sweets causes diabetes isn't it counter intuitive to produce less insulin for consuming more sugar if anything body should be producing more insulin?

[@starkeclipse]

There are different kinds of diabetes, but I believe you're thinking of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. The following explanation isn't 100% accurate, but it's a good way to begin making sense of things: If we are all born able to process the same amount of sugar during our life before our insulin-producing organ wears out, then people who eat twice as much sugar will wear their organ out twice as fast. When the organ starts to wear out, it doesn't work as well. That's when people begin to need pills to control the sugar in their blood. Eventually the organ fails completely. Those people will then need to inject insulin directly into their body in order to use the sugar they eat. Does that kind of help?

[@nabeelkhan7506]

@@starkeclipse thank you, that makes sense

[@Rick_the_Fox]

0:28 But Hank the doctors told me that with my genome it is best I have a low salt diet. =P

[@Lazerblade95]

the way they use heritability in this seems wrong. e.g. a 20% heritabilty means that 20% of the observed variance in a population is due to genetics, not 20% of the risk comes from genetics.

[@TragoudistrosMPH]

Ancestrydna seems to not test for Sickle Cell Anemia...

[@dvdb304]

Go responsibly maneuvered GMOs!

[@andy56duky]

I'm fine with GMOs as long as it humane enough.

[@lordgarion514]

@@andy56duky In Hawaii they're testing corn with human DNA. That humane enough?😀

[@moki2093]

@@lordgarion514 so they got a man to ejaculate in/onto a corn crop?

[@ROBOMAN9110]

I did a 23 and me, I'm 7% black, I can say it

[@blizzardkiehn2508]

Now then, are we going to talk about your genetic information getting sold?

[@starkeclipse]

This!

[@pahlsun216]

My wife is a genetic counselor. If anyone is thinking about completing genetic testing and has questions about the limitations and technology behind the test, please reach out and ask. That’s what they do! To find a counselor go to www.nsgc.org

[@genericeric0102]

Genetics load the guns nutrition and lifestyle pulls the trigger

[@meljurf]

Genetis currently is mostly a game of statistics

[@imagineexistance4538]

Genome, If you had one less e you would have.. im gnot a gnobblin, im gnot a gnelf, im a gnome!!

[@xhivo97]

I'm a genome, and you've been genomed!

[@ERYN__]

Oh height, what a joke. I was the tallest 3rd grader, but then I didn't get any taller. Now I'm just average height for women.

[@ffedor245]

4:24 I think what you meant there (or should have meant) is that those 60-80% also include the epigenetics, which is also determined by the environment, so genes themselves just serve as a database. 60-80% is just too high of a percentage for genes themselves to control our development. There's actually plenty of studies showing the opposite - that environment directs the transcription of genes more than the "default setting" of the body, such as chronic stress, which can cause growth delays and even complete stops in child growth, for example in kids from abusive families or war zones (psychogenic dwarfism). The fascinating thing about that is, if you take out the cause of the chronic stress, the growth resumes, and vice-versa. With this last example I am referring to Robert Sapolsky's work called "Why don't Zebras get Ulcers". Still, in the end, it really comes down to how we define genes and assign values to them. P. S. This video came out right on time because I just did my DNA test, so thank you for a butterfly effect : )