What Do The Dead Sea Scrolls Teach Us About The Bible - Sidnie White Crawford

The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls have caused a revolution in scholarship concerning the canon and text of the Hebrew Bible. Fully 25% of the scrolls discovered in the region of the Dead Sea are copies of the books of the Hebrew Bible. The lecture will reveal what new information the scrolls have given us about the growth of the biblical text and the development of the canon, explaining what we now know, that the text of the Bible was fluid, not fixed, and that Jews did not all agree on what books constituted sacred scripture.
Sidnie White Crawford
The Willa Cather Professor of Classics and Religious Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, is a world-renowned expert on the Dead Sea Scrolls, she was part of the editorial team that published the scrolls in the 1980s and 90s. She has published several books on the scrolls, including her most recent, Rewriting Scripture in Second Temple Times (Eerdmans). A sought-after speaker, Dr. Crawford has presented papers in Israel, Great Britain, Finland, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Japan. In November she was a featured speaker at the 500th anniversary celebration of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible in Madrid, Spain. She is the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem, a trustee of the American Schools of Oriental Research, and a member of the Council of the Society of Biblical Literature. She belongs to several editorial boards, including Hermeneia and the Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception.
For more information, go to www.judaic.arizona.edu or Like us on Facebook, / uajudaicstudies

[@Language_Guru]

This lecture is very interesting and well-informed. I just wish the speaker had either stayed put in front of the mike, or had worn a clip-on mike. The constant change of volume between loud and barely audible is really annoying!

[@krenomichael1812]

Agreed.

[@generaltheory]

Really distracting, I couldn't comprehend the last 10 minutes well.

[@krackerToo]

You have to understand she is a PHD so you file in the banks :)

[@chillinebony]

This was sooo interesting (although I agree with everyone that the audio was terrible, she should have been mic'd). Thank you for sharing.

[@egwpisteuw]

Enjoyed the lecture. Thanks for posting.

[@holdingfast7]

the audio is messed up on this video as it fades out many times and you cant hear it :( it was very annoying as I was very interested

[@lovv.profile]

they could manually fix it after record is converted in to video . pity she has zero awareness about the location of microphone

[@TrustinJC]

I found a huge problem with this lecture and assumptions that she makes. For there are other reasons why one book may have 30 copies and another only a few. The problem is that she assumes all authoritive books would be treated the same. But the scrolls tell us some books were only given to followers after they had proven themselves for a period of two years. So books that were read by anyone and everyone would require more copies than scrolls that could only be read by initiates who had proven themselves. A similar thing is taught in 2 Esdras and Peter's Epistle to James and James's response to Peter. In these writings it is made clear that some books were for the general public while others were kept from the general public. So some books would require more copies while others would require far fewer.

[@veerabhadraraokoppula]

Keeping in mind that each copy requires years of work, copying each character by hand-,( vellum, paper, papyrus, hide are expensive)- I would argue that important books are more likely to be copied.

[@whoevwhatev]

@ 21:00 I notice 🤔 the familiar control of information = power. Much like the Google techligarchy of today Hypothesis: the lack of copies re:Chronicles indicates it was possibly more valuable (?)

[@joecantello4022]

Two comments--1) Yes, I agree speaker should have had a wireless mike-- 2)The Book Of Enoch was reportedly about a figure mentioned in Genesis (5:21-24) but was supposedly written about 100 years before the birth of Jesus--so that could explain the multiple copies found at Qumran (a community that existed for about a 300 year period 200 B.C-100 A.D.). Obviously they liked 1 Enoch because the Essenes , the sect that lived at Qumran, agreed with the book's view of God as it closely matched their view.

[@mongoharry]

@Abraham Mani dude, get a grip. You don't even KNOW god exists, LET ALONE what color lipstick she prefers 🌈🌈✨

[@jamesVallancehello]

Bibles are compilations of Books.

[@christopherodonnell2375]

How coud they read these fragment or piece them together

[@Kali08012]

I’ve been testing the book of Enoch for 5 years now. Within the first chapter there is a prophecy on this book being revealed to a remote generation in the end times. This book has been excepted scripture to the Eastern Orthodox Church in Ethiopia for approximately 2,000 years. I think this book and the book of Jubilees deserves the Deuteronomy 13 test.

[@richardlilley6274]

Why didn't someone drop an hint to her that the microphone wasn't following her on her little walks..?

[@ralphfoster6254]

Grrrr, stop leaving the mic,i cant hear you!

[@davidfolts5893]

Excellent lecture!

[@hubbcrutchfield9211]

A great lecture. Such a shame so little of it is Audible. I wonder if the lecturer is a novice or is this a little bit passive-aggressive. However perhaps she is actually a genius as I ended up listening to this lecture 3 times to get the entire information.

[@christopherodonnell2375]

Isnt that a mic im seeing

[@fgbowen]

23:55 - the speaker needs to stand behind the Mic. She cannot be heard otherwise. 34:17 - get behind the mic! 41:12 - can't listen any longer - because I can't hear her.

[@edwardjsinger]

she is great. wouldnt usage be important? need more copies of frequently used docs versus less used. ie if book of ruth used once a year not too much need for copies.

[@barbwellman6686]

Really odd that the professor never explained that the Septuagint "the Greek Old Testament" was written by 70 independent Jewish scholars over 250 years before the Incarnation. "(The Translation of the Seventy') derives from the story recorded in the Letter of Aristeas that the Hebrew Torah was translated into Greek at the request of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247 BCE) by 70 Jewish scholars or, according to later tradition, 72: six scholars from each of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, who independently produced identical translations. The miraculous character of the Aristeas legend might indicate the esteem in which the translation was held at the time; Greek translations of Hebrew scriptures were in circulation among the Alexandrian Jews. Egyptian papyri from the period have led most scholars to view as probable Aristeas's dating of the translation of the Pentateuch to the third century BCE. '

[@bonerici]

Audio so annoying

[@christfollower5713]

19:15 Damascus document column 4 as she said that if a man caught fornicating twice , and having another women and his first wife still living and in the beginning of creation God created male and female" i think this is a law not against Divorce but it is against Polygamy , am i right?

[@kamarudinhj.dolmoin8578]

Conclusion: There were MAJOR, BASIC changes, variations in the bible text.

[@kamarudinhj.dolmoin8578]

... and it is confirmed that Bible WAS CHANGED along the way..

[@Instramark]

Thanks for the posting. I think I will stick with the John Allegro Sacred Mushroom schema, especially for high order Gnosticism. Gotta be tripping to cook up the Aeons of the Pleroma!

[@kamarudin30]

For instance, listen carefully at 48:45 and on.....

[@rayfiore7779]

Wasn't it the books of Deuteronomy & Psalms that Jesus quoted the most?

[@Tessmaria1015]

COULD YOU PLEASE WEAR A LAVALIER WIRELESS MICROPHONE??? ITS IRRITATING TO WATCH A GOOD LECTURE WHERE THE SOUND IS ON & OFF !!!🙄🙄🙄

[@stephenballantyne2386]

Stay by the mike

[@montymartell2081]

So they took individual comic books banded them all together and called it the Bible😀😃😄😁😆😅😂🤣😭🩲

[@CharlesEllis-ph6ge]

I wish she would stay at the microphone 🎙️🎤🎙️🎤 PLEASE ! 👍

[@christinalandry8871]

In reading the reviews it became obvious that those who did not like this video have a very narrow way of understanding the Bible and that they whole heartedly believe that their way is THE ONLY RIGHT WAY. I once was a part of this kind of thinking. The material is very good. She makes it clear that her views are her best educated guesses as a leading expert in the field. I congratulate her willingness to see the history of the Scriptures as they actually are rather than as what we "believe" they should be. I found the presentation very disappointing. She moves from directly speaking into the mic to moving a few feet away so your volume has to be adjusted if your room is being occupied by others. Very frustrating turning the volume up and down. The necessity of quoting a document gives a real measure of credence when the quote is intended to give weight to your argument. This is basic historical thinking. What the community uses is also a key to the present state of the canon in a variety of historical church communities. Exposing your self to scholarship should challenge your faith. The nay-sayers can probably do a great job of quoting scriptures as poof texts. Study to show yourselves approved. If you think you know it all then you likely have never approached theology as a humble teachable servant. I have and after years of studies I have learned to synthesize some of the out of the box ideas into a faith wholly reliant on God, his great love and his provision in his son. In the past he spoke in diverse ways but in these last days he has spoken through his son. The Son is THE ultimate WORD OF GOD, not the Bible! Check it out, that is what the Bible teaches.

[@jonathangeddes9786]

@Abraham Mani you have no evidence to support this ridiculous rant

[@lovv.profile]

Judaic Studies "University of Arizona " it s your neglection on retouching the audio before publishing it ruins entire video

[@teepee431]

Speak to the damn mike, please.

[@danasizemore5947]

Most have eyes but cannot see, ears but cannot hear. +++

[@112deeps]

Dana, true God is not in scriptures. How many look at the place where masters tell us to within ourselves!

[@JohnSmith-xn6ze]

The Dead Sea scrolls show us that documentary hypothesis is not a hypothesis anymore it's a fact... And the sources are fragmentary four main sources.

[@JohnSmith-xn6ze]

That documentary hypothesis is not a hypothesis at all it's actually a fact.That the early Christians were nothing like the Christians of today. Is that Jesus spoke Arabic and called God Allah ha Allah wa that Peter wasn't the first pope that's a lie it was James the just jesus's brother. Most of New testament scriptures have been altered to fit somebody's allegories.

[@stevemor165]

Interesting. But she says "okay" too much.

[@MitzvosGolem1]

The original Septuagint forcibly translated by 72 rabbis into koine Greek was only Genesis to Deuteronomy no one has that original copy. It is a fast day 10th of Tevet a day of morning considered a tragedy in Judaism. The LXX was put together by unknown Hellenists and Origen a Christianised version of the Tanakh. This is a commonly known admitted fact she seemed to skip over.No Jews ever refer to LXx Greek translation. Many orthodox Jewish scholars claim the Dead sea scrolls are "shaimos" (defective scriptures that have to be buried even today). So one cannot determine anything from them to prove or disprove anything. Samaritans were arch enemies of Judaism. They are mostly gone today. They claim Mt Gezerim was the site of Solomon's Temple not Jerusalem.

[@jesusdeity2010]

But do we all understand what it teaches us? What lots of people (even pastors) don't (yet) understand. God created us according to His own image and likeness. Godly. Mankind/the first Adam fell. The image of God in man got lost. That's why there is all this predicament on earth (selfishness, greed, lust, wars, sicknesses, death, etc). We are all born into that mess. For the fall of man a perfect atoning sacrifice had to be made.... that is what God did in Christ. With His own once and for all perefect sacrifice, He paid the debt for the fall of man for us, so we can be indwelled by His Spirit again and finally receive the divine life of the ages back, the first Adam let got of in the fall of man. An amazing act of grace and love by our creator. That is what you see happening in Christ's first disciples. They too healed all and walked in unselfish love. And yes.... that is still avaible today. The holy blood is in place, the Holy Spirit is here to give us understanding, power and transform us back to origin. Not to be debated about, but to be embraced and be-come. So: The Kingdom of God already came. Through Christ, in Spiritform, in those that understand. Hence the divine healing miracles we experience. God manifested in Christ to give us back the divine life mankind lost in the fall of Adam. Christ, the exact image of the invisible God. The image we were created after in Gen 1. The image we lost in the fall of man. The image that can be freely restored by Christ's blood and Holy Spirit working IN us. What a plan. What a solution. What a love. What a God. Jesus is amazing. It is the ultimate conclusion of the word and plan of God. God came full circle. He Himself stooped down from glory to restore us back to original created value: Christlikeness. Walking in divine healing power and unselfish love. Jesus, born of the Spirit of God, filled with the spirit of God. The "Son" of God, the incarnated word, God in the flesh. For three years He healed all, raised the dead, casted out demons, controlled nature, spoke pure divine truth. He said: "Follow Me. If you see Me, you see the Father. The Father and I are one. The glory I have IN My Father, I give to you. It pleases the Father to give you His Kingdom/Holy Spirit/divine nature. I will send Holy Spirit, the same as Me, He will be IN you, guide you into truth and give you explosive power. The same miracles i do, you will do too, because you will understand that the Father is IN Me and I am IN you. Freely I give you My Kingdom/Holy Spirit/divine nature, heal the sick, raise the dead, cast out demons, freely I give, freely share" Etc, etc, etc. I have experienced thousands of beautifull healing miracles through the power of Holy Spirit IN me already. Broken bones, cancers, covid, all kinds of infirmities healed in seconds. Demons manifesting and casted out by a simple "get out, in Jesus name". Jesus. De name above all names. In Him all power and wisdom is sourced and.... He calls us one with Him. God in man and man in God again. C'mon Jesus!! So.... again: God stooped down IN Christ to restore us back to Gen 1:27 were He said: "Let us make man according to our image and likeness and let them have authority.....": walk as Christ. Christ, the exact image of the invisible God. The image we were created after and being restored to by His atoning blood for the fall of man and indwelling Holy Spirit. You are free to receive this original divine life of the ages by Holy Spirit of Christ/God. Ask Him to guide you into truth. Read the Gospel of John and fall in love with your creator. You are not made for the fall of man and its effects, but for the image/glory of God and to walk like Christ. Holy Spirit is the guide and transforming power that will get you there. Amazing grace. A big leap in faith can be made when we start realizing we are already IN Christ, IN the last Adam. Free from the fall! Loved! Growing into awareness of our new (yet old) godly identity. Changing by Holy Spirit. The most fullfilled life ever. Paul healed all on Malta. He understood and wrote: "As in the first Adam ALL died (lost the divine nature), so also ALL were made alive IN Christ to walk in Zoë (= divine life) again". "IN Christ (the last Adam) we are co-cruisified (dead to the fall and its effects), co-raised (justified/made righteousness, holy, blameless, above reproach), co-seated (one with Him)" "The fullness of deity dwells in Christ and YOU HAVE BEEN MADE COMPLETE IN HIM, who is the head of every principality and power". So.... thank you Jesus! Thank you for redeeming me from the fall of man. Thank you for your Holy Spirit that makes this new (yet old) divine life come alive in me. You are amazing! In the shadow of Peter the sick healed... He understood too and wrote: "By Gods power (Holy Spirit) and knowing Christ, we have become partakers of the divine nature and have escaped the fall of man". The divine life of the ages has been returned to us by Jesus once and for all perfect atoning sacrifice for the debt of the fall of man and His indwelling Holy Spirit in us. Jesus/God is amazing!!! Ask Him to give you revelation and change you to the way it was before the fall of man: Christlikeness. He will do so. For it is written: "the Spirit brings forth after His own kind". "I have come to give you Zoë (divine life) in abundance...."

[@room7594]

Your entire premise falls apart if you bother to read the Jewish Bible. You took one verse out of context and rambled on in a direction that does not match the rest of the Jewish Bible. Your feeble attempt to make the teachings of your church comport with the Jewish Bible or even the Qumranin breakaway cult’s Bible is hilariously lame.

[@yodidyahuhanachman1681]

I wish someone would yell at this lady to stay by the mic. I bet there were 10 people in the room

[@Chewie576]

The scriptures prophesied that they would say, "let the mountains fall on us." Jesus said they would flee to the mountains. Finding them here is fulfilment of prophecy concerning the end of the Mosaic age in 70AD.

[@KevinPaul444]

They teach that you are a liar, a hypocrite, and that you truly hate the Messiah although you say that you love him. That is why after you call on him for a lifetime, he will cast you aside and tell you that you do not know him, and he does not know you. The true definition of a hypocrite. All because you refused to listen to his words, and believed other selfish people over what he said.

[@KevinPaul444]

Yes this is a complex dilemma, that personally if you ask me it is heartbreaking. The viewpoint of the Greeks was like "We must transliterate the Hebrew words to our language so that when we say them, such as the Our Father prayer, it will be in our words and not theirs." I mean that is reasonable, but, that is where we lose the beautiful truth in Aramaic of what Christ really spoke.

[@KevinPaul444]

And not only do we have that, but unfortunately we also even have deliberate lies and dishonesty. Sometimes we have expressions that were metaphors in Aramaic, like proverbs, and when the Greeks transliterated them they made a mockery of the expression by giving it a literal meaning instead of the original wise metaphor. This was all done very shrewdly. Too many Christians are deceived in this very day.

[@kamarudin30]

Simply put; bible was being changed and changed over time. Period.

[@malcolmurlich604]

Yes copies were altered, omitted, mistranslated, accidental mistakes, own views added not present in the copy being copied from, the mistakes in the manuscript being copied would be copied by the scribe. including the scribes own mistakes which would also be copied by another scribe and so on until what we have today is the result of scribal errors, omissions, deletions, mistranslations, contradictions, additions not previously recorded in more older copies. MyImlist is demonstrating his ignorance without conducting sound research his bias is from a theological or religious point of view rather than from a historical perspective.

[@pegasuvius9765]

Most changes scribes made were punctuation only. There are a small number of changes which were significant to the story line, but it is considered by bible scholars not to be detrimental to the gospel truth, only cultural issues.

[@kamarudinhj.dolmoin8578]

@@pegasuvius9765 basic facts, major changes. Wake-up!

[@pegasuvius9765]

Not one fact has been allowed to be changed in any detrimental way to hinder the function of the Holy Bible. The truth is Jesus is was and will be. Forever

[@arulsammymankondar30]

This shows you have not understood the meaning of the word Bible. Secondly , you have not paid attention to what is meant by canonisation. Thirdly you have ignored the fact that the very idea of a codex ( as opposed to scrolls) was absent earlier.

[@Jen-di2pm]

_"Then _*_if any man shall say unto you, Lo, here is Christ, or there; believe it not._*_ {24} For _*_there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets,_*_ and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. {25} Behold, I have told you before. {26} Wherefore _*_if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not."_* (Matthew 24:23-26) *_"And I saw heaven opened,_*_ and behold a white horse; and _*_he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True,_*_ and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. {12} His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many crowns; and _*_he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself._*_ {13} And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and _*_his name is called The Word of God."_* (Revelation 19:11-13) _"Be astonished, O ye heavens, at this, and be horribly afraid, be ye very desolate, saith the LORD. {13} _*_For my people have committed two evils; they have forsaken me the fountain of living waters,_*_ and hewed them out cisterns, broken cisterns, that can hold no water."_ (Jeremiah 2:12-13) _"Jesus answered and said unto her, _*_If thou knewest the gift of God,_*_ and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and _*_he would have given thee living water."_* (John 4:10) _"In the last day, that great day of the feast, _*_Jesus stood and cried, saying, If any man thirst, let him come unto me, and drink._*_ {38} _*_He that believeth on me, as the scripture hath said, out of his belly shall flow rivers of living water."_* (John 7:37-38) *_"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God._*_ {2} The same was in the beginning with God. {3} All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. {4} In him was life; and the life was the light of men. {5} And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not... {14} _*_And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us,_*_ (and _*_we beheld his glory,_*_ the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) _*_full of grace and truth."_* (John 1:1-5,14) _"And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: _*_God was manifest in the flesh,_*_ justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, _*_preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world,_*_ received up into glory."_ (1 Timothy 3:16) _"And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. {19} ¶ _*_Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:_*_ {20} _*_Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you:_*_ and, lo, _*_I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world._*_ Amen."_ (Matthew 28:18-20) _"What I tell you in darkness, that _*_speak ye in light:_*_ and what ye hear in the ear, that _*_preach ye upon the housetops."_* (Matthew 10:27) *_"But ye, brethren, are not in darkness,_*_ that that day should overtake you as a thief. {5} _*_Ye are all the children of light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of darkness."_* (1 Thessalonians 5:4-5) _"Now thanks be unto God, which always causeth us to triumph in Christ, _*_and maketh manifest the savour of his knowledge by us in every place._*_ {15} For we are unto God a sweet savour of Christ, in them that are saved, and in them that perish: {16} To the one we are the savour of death unto death; and to the other the savour of life unto life. And who is sufficient for these things? {17} _*_For we are not as many, which corrupt the word of God: but as of sincerity, but as of God, in the sight of God speak we in Christ."_* (2 Corinthians 2:14-17)

[@112deeps]

Jen, true however God is never found in any scriptures or outside. God is found within ourselves only once God is discovered within will God give sight to see the gift of God. God gives his or her name to moses during Moses conversation with God on the Mount! I am that I am! Meditate on this everyday and God will be in here and now. Masters in India and all over the world have discovered what Lord Christ discovered. I AM. Once a person knows the living river lives. Thank you

[@newbee1032]

Why are you preaching?

[@112deeps]

@@newbee1032, definition of preaching! Best to let people grow spiritually by their own discoveries. People on journey. apart from Jewish religion all judeo Christian religions seem to me to preach. Eastern Religions don't have this in their make up. Originally preNicene Christianity wasn't preachy it was akin to other Eastern Religions. Live and let live.

[@utubesanjay]

Give the lady a lapel mic for Christ sakes.

[@aquillafleetwood8180]

Google, Hebrew Word Pictures, by Aquilla Fleetwood, youtube! Google, the Northern Cross, by Aquilla Fleetwood, youtube!

[@JohnSmith-xn6ze]

And that the early Christians were essene Nazarene ebonite zattokite teacher of righteousness.. carrying on the traditions of Akhenaten/Moses LOL

[@bpokhrel2210]

kamarudin hj dolmoin 1 year ago In other words, kamarudin hj dolmoin has been corrupted, thus he is totally unreliable, and thus cannot be attributed to any logical thinker.

[@johnnynesbit8289]

Listening to her is like listening to nails on a chalkboard.

[@laurafromny9283]

Doesn't this woman realize that no one can hear her when she keeps walking away from her mic?? Annoying to say the least and she is a hypocrite!

[@saqibnawaz5139]

Laura From 4 sake of drama going on totally intended2make more mystical,so sad,probably cause reason could b micro phone invented was d biggest mad scientist,by pass him

[@user-vr6io5xb9e]

Making of Jewish History

[@barbwellman6686]

The professor refers to the Catholic and Orthodox Churches as denominations, which they are not. They are the original Church.

[@jamesbaldwin7676]

"The original church?'" The Catholic Church was the Roman Empire's mandated official religion and the first superpower of the Judeo/Christian world to do so. It was political and it was religious. It reigned for nearly a thousand years and is still here despite the fall of the Roman Empire. It traces it's roots to Peter (the first Pope) even though Peter had been dead for a very long time and was never in Rome.

[@barbwellman6686]

@@jamesbaldwin7676 The Early Church was first called Catholic in 107 AD: "The earliest document we have in which “Catholic” is used to label the Church is a letter from Ignatius of Antioch, who wrote around A.D. 107, while being taken to Rome for execution."

[@barbwellman6686]

@jamesbaldwin7676 St. Paul wrote to the established Church in Rome, in anticipation of his first arrival there. Romans 1-13 1 Peter 5:13 concludes with Peter and Mark from "Babylon" a code word for Rome. The city of Babylon was destroyed by Cyrus the Great in 539 BC. See also Isaiah's prophecy at 13:19-22

[@barbwellman6686]

@jamesbaldwin7676 Constantine, at the Edict of Milan, legalized the Catholic Church which stopped all future persecution of Christians. "He did not make Christianity the religion of the empire, but he granted important concessions to the Church and its bishops, and his conversion encouraged other Roman citizens to become Christian."

[@jamesbaldwin7676]

@@barbwellman6686 The Catholic Church became the official church of Rome in 380 AD and Rome ruled the Western world. The Catholic Church was second only to the Roman Emperor. The "Investiture Controversy," the "Inquisition" and "Holy Crusade" kept power consolidated with the popes. All of Europe, much of the Middle East and then the "New World" became subjects of the Pope. Native Americans were forced to become baptized and then slaughtered. No matter how the Catholic Church got started or by whom, it morphed into a totalitarian state and was ruled more by the sword than a holy scepter. This isn't just a matter of opinion, but an historical fact.

[@mrafard]

Jesus is the authority. Moses we must let go off.

[@Luke-qs1lv]

35:43, the LXX reads angels of God, not sons of God.

[@yawasar]

Yeshua is the Teacher of Righteousness during the reign of Queen Salome 76 - 67 BC ! See Talmud Yeshua student of Rabbi Joshua ben Perachiah. Yeshua ben Pantera or Pandira!

[@malcolmurlich604]

The bible is not the inerrant word of God.... As Bart Ehrman argues from a historical and not a theological or religious point of view.

[@lilchristian3260]

Malcolm Urlich dude Herman also says that almost all variations are minor and that they do not have any affect on any cardinal doctrine of the Christian Faith

[@room7594]

@@lilchristian3260 nothing in the Jewish Bible has any effect on the cardinal doctrines of the Christian church, because the Christian doctrines do not comport with the Jewish Bible, masoritic, or dss.

[@veerabhadraraokoppula]

​@lilchristian3260 . Exactly. The errors will not test your faith. Except the concept of inerrancy , which is one of the fundamental religious concepts.

[@kamarudin30]

Al-Qur'an 3:71: O People of the Scripture, why do you confuse the truth with falsehood and conceal the truth while you know [it]?

[@jackflash128]

i thought the people of the scripture were the christian N.T. text...the people of the book were the jews....i could be wrong

[@savtazvia3456]

OMG She is so boring and monotoness . Teaching such an interesting subject . She kills it.

[@Itsatz0]

Why doesn't she come out and say it? Nowhere do the scrolls mention Jesus. And some of it was written in 70CE! Excuse me while I guffaw. Archeologist found how Israel was really created and it has nothing to do with an exodus from Egypt! Excuse me once again. Garbage!

[@Actuary1776]

itsatz What portions of the DDS are you referring to contained NT writings? This is not mentioned in her speech.

[@brightadjei6994]

Simple my brother.