What is Antimatter?

Fermilab scientist Don Lincoln describes antimatter and its properties. He also explains why antimatter, though a reality, doesn't pose any current threat to our existence!

[@stasvpavlov]

The lame humor was actually really charming

[@caruzo9631]

agree to disagree ._.

[@stasvpavlov]

I disagree to your agreement. Now what?

[@quazary9172]

Now we wait to disagree to his agree to disagree defense to your disagree about his..agreeing to disagree...that is disagreeing...yeah, I tried at least...

[@phdtobe]

Stas Pavlov Well, to be more accurate, some was charming, while other was anticharming.... (Boom!)

[@dovehq1031]

@@phdtobe Some of it was a little strange as well...

[@typalmer6850]

This was one of my favourites!

[@someone20ify]

It depends on how you name them

[@Veldoril]

Great video.

[@thisisadiman]

How do you know our universe is entirely of matter? We just observe other galaxies them through the electromagnetic radiation emitted by them. Its possible that exactly half of the galaxies we observe, including ours in the sum number, are made up of antimatter since there has to be symmetry.

[@qingyangzhang887]

Maybe at the start of the universe, there WAS an equal amount of matter and antimatter, but matter was concentrated on one side and antimatter was clustered on the other side (due to......coincidence?) :))))). The boundary of matter and antimatter just annihilate, so gradually, two 'twin universes" were formed, one being a matter-universe, and another being an antimatter universe. This is just my train of thought as I wondered about this question.

[@billgoldberg5459]

i know it will be a LONG time away but think what would happen if you made a bomb using antimattper and matter

[@Fazzel]

Especially considering that most of the uranium or plutonium in fission bombs is wasted, doesn't react.

[@clearcontroller]

"in the beginning, when the universe was much younger and hotter..." JUST LIKE MY WIFE HAHAHAHA i dont have a wife

[@jackenjessee3294]

Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaah so sorry

[@NebulusVoid]

lol you guys are dorkier than me

[@i.l.zz.a.r1487]

😂😂😂

[@promethium-145]

Same...

[@rukiddinbro]

This man is a very good speaker and the humor doesn't feel forced. Physics made easy to digest. Thanks.

[@TewodrosKinfu]

Hi from 2023

[@KafshakTashtak]

Wait, the Anti-you should have said: "Hello Anti-me" because you're anti-him.

[@rotundrew]

lul

[@kx3z]

Knowledge then Judgment علم ثم حكم don't bring religion into this

[@DripDripDrip69]

nutjob

[@promethium-145]

@@DripDripDrip69 You actually think getting rid of religion will turn the world into a paradise? Simpleton.

[@enginengineer4039]

similar to hell-heaven-world

[@CryptoJosh]

That ending was explosive wink* wink* ...I need a life

[@simonrandall5471]

Exactly where in this video does he EXPLAIN WHAT ANTI MATTER IS?

[@pieterpretorius9743]

Antimatter goes back in time, mathematically.

[@mooa6554]

Yes, it would have been great if he had explained what is inside anti-matter

[@tomabenas964]

@@mooa6554 Simplest way to say it, is matter that is anti, lmao. I mean, I'd think that Matter and Anti-matter are just made of the same stuff, just in such an extreme opposite energy wise and such that contact causes a mutual collapse back into pure energy again. Then again, I'm 18 and not a scientist so don't quote me on that.

[@wisespidey]

@@pieterpretorius9743 but then how do you get back in time??

[@wisespidey]

@@tomabenas964 this energy when combined don't nullify eachother??

[@pozzowon]

anti you looks like Colonel Sanders

[@Barak314159]

After seeing several videos of you, Dr Don, I have to say that you and your videos are just incredible! I'm speechless

[@lontongtepungroti2777]

up up

[@kn_halo]

@@lontongtepungroti2777wdym?

[@bladebrown7455]

I need antimatter to power up my ship so I can leave this God forsaken planet

[@yonasco14]

“In the beginning, god created Heaven and earth, But for what it’s worth I think he might have created you first”

[@promethium-145]

Who says this? Is it from a song?

Sci-fi ... though I love it, ideas in sci-fi are limited by the human brain. However mother nature is not limited by this factor so it can be even more exciting and "strange" sometimes. :)

[@hobobo9]

awww, I was hoping to make a particle accelerator in my room xD

[@DAWHOLECREEK]

😅... UNDERAPPRECIATED COMMENT..

[@shaunsankar9865]

This program is wonderful! Breaking down advanced concepts for all to grasp! Great job to everyone that contributes to this effort.

[@rock3tcatU233]

This entire scene would still have started in a giant explosion, since the anti-him is walking around in an atmosphere made of antimatter. Which should have annihilated with the "normal" atmosphere on the right.

[@mannyb8294]

ikr

[@danieltorresdeluna4844]

ⵔⵓⴽⴰⵜⴽⴰⵜ ⚓⚓👉👉 Y porqué no ☺🔍👈👈⚓⚓🗽🚀

[@fermilab]

And the container is held at possibly the highest vacuum possible so there are no oxygen molecules for it to interact with.

[@Ратко-д3е]

Why all professors have to bring up comedy when they explain something

[@akshathkathel1260]

sir , if accordiing to einstein's equation the energy can be converted to matter as well as antimatter then both of them will annihilate so how can this reaction be stable

[@bormisha]

Exactly. That's the mystery of the missing antimatter. Most of the matter and antimatter produced during the Big Bang have long since annihilated. But for a tiny fraction of the matter (of which we consist) didn't have the necessary amount of antimatter to annihilate with. So it remained. And why this is so, is a big mystery.

[@YCCCm7]

@@bormisha Worthing adding onto this, but recent data increasingly implies a bias for both weak force decay and neutrino vs anti-neutrino probabilities, increasingly showing that while they can be concluded to be paired products of the same processes, antimatter gets punted out the window due to the laws of the universe being slanted against it. EDIT: Although, according to CMBR, you get 1 surviving standard matter per billion pairs of standard + anti matter. So even then, these aren't massive differences, but just big enough.

[@fermilab]

A text file with the dialogue at ftp://ftp-visualmedia.fnal.gov/Pub/11114_AntiMatter/

[@horationelson57]

Could anyone please explain the following. Why or how did Einstein conclude it was C squared and not C cubed? Thank you

[@UndergroundTech]

Antimatter Sinestro

[@frankschneider6156]

Love Don's yin-yang t-shirt for this topic.

[@clearcontroller]

... nice touch with the ying-yang shirt hahahaa

[@fermilab]

A simple explanation is it is stored in a high vacuum and kept in a magnetic field.

[@cpt_nordbart]

Evading shaking hands before it was cool

[@cosminfetecau5434]

Chuck Norris and Anti-Chuck Norris 😁

[@FranktheDachshund]

Jesus, Joseph and Mary!

[@channel5980]

One of the reasons I watched this video was because I watched Angels & Demons and this antimatter subject really intrigates me. Also, it is very interesting for him to wear a Yin and Yang shirt, since it symbolizes the fact that everything has an opposite (Good and Evil, Matter and Antimatter).

[@Pecola1FromScratch]

Wait, so they make anti matter our of energy? Is that really possible? I guess I've heard of that gold machine that takes like a billion years to make a dollars worth of gold, but does this mean in the future we may be able to turn low energy, into things? Will we be able to make 3D printers which use energy only to create things? All the dictionaries and encyclopedias I check say that we don't actually have anti-matter in the universe. Obviously we do on earth with those machines though. Someone told me that there is an equal amount of anti-matter in the universe as matter, and they told me this was (one of many ways) how scientists knew Evolution was true. Is that true? I liked the video! Thanks for sharing it! Oh right, one more question, does any anti matter touching matter make a burst of energy? Or could I touch an anti-matter thing (such as a giant anti matter) into something (say a bush) and make matter dissapear?

[@Pecola1FromScratch]

LieutenantVague That's what I was thinking... Just wanted to confirm that it's not that I don't know something important about anti-matter. XD

[@spidaminida]

Pecola1FromScratch Anti-matter can only cancel out its own molecular mass, don't worry ;) It's very complicated though, please don't feel that if you don't understand anything that it's not likely to be true.

[@tonytomov4553]

“The triumph of mind over matter. What is mind? No matter. What is matter? Never mind.” /”Carry on doctor” - the movie/

[@Kerstin58]

When the universe was created, there was just a tiny bit more matter than antimatter, so after the collision, roughly 0.0000001% of matter survived - which is all the matter you see today.

[@Fazzel]

But why was there an imbalance?

[@vesman81]

3:50 How do we know the universe is only matter? Would the light be different from an anti-matter star? There may be an equal number of matter galaxies to anti-matter galaxies, and since the distance between them is so massive, they never combine. and we never notice

[@Soohable]

Gravity force is an attractive, conservative force and is not the same as magnetic force which has two poles. If antimatter gives anti-gravity force, then it means only matter are pulled away and antimatter is attracted to itself.

[@franalappies]

Wow this was awesome!!!! You need to bring out more videos like these!! I'm a science teacher and love to show my students these videos explaining this more complicated topics.

[@RnBandCrunk]

So does this mean that antimatter has all the same effects on spacetime as matter (mass) does? Meaning that antimatter would push things aways while matter attracts them (trivially said)?

[@nafiurpial7209]

Ha ha ha ha ha!! You are simply awesome!!!!!

[@ΠολυτροποςΟδυσσέυς]

badass thumbnail

[@LowApe]

I've been wondering about something considering antimatter. Would it be possible to make a collider for colliding a stream of protons and antiprotons? If so, would such collisions at nearly the speed of light produce more energy by annihilation then letting protons and antiprotons annihilate each other at smaller velocities?

[@jasonofcompsci]

I think I'm hungry for some fried chicken. If we take a nuclear bomb and produce some energy at the expense of mass we have a reduction in the quantity of positive matter but no anti-matter is destroyed with it. Energy -> Matter = Symmetric (supposedly); Mater -> Energy = Non-Symmetric. Also since the nature of the big bang is up for debate anyway (inflationism), could it be there was a surplus of positive matter in the beginning.

[@florh]

Dr. Lincoln, so when physicists say that the universe should've created an equal amount of matter vs anti-matter, when quarks formed? I'm curious now, if that's the case, then why since then and not when the universe was born? I've asked Arvin Ash the same question, and Brian Keating, why are bosons not considered matter? You said that if you want to create matter from energy, you have to create an equal amount of anti-matter. But, the first thing that would be considered matter (not to be confused with mass), if it exists, is the graviton, then the gluon, photon and Z and W bosons, higgs boson, perhaps other bosons too we haven't found yet, who knows (boy, Sabine Hossenfelder is NOT going to like this), none of them have an anti-particle. Aren't they considered matter in the E=Mc² equation? I've been watching a lot of video's about the matter vs antimatter crisis to find out an actual origin as to when physicists mean when this crisis originated, and it's definitely not a part of the first second of the big bang. But why not, what makes the big bang so special, that energy wasn't converted into matter and anti-matter to make bosons, or just even right after inflation, still most of the bosons.

[@erodalv]

Excellent!

[@jors3834]

An antimatter bomb is a bomb, which is based on the annihilation of matter and antimatter protons and antiprotons and other subatomic particles that annihilate each other, matter is transformed during the chain reaction into energy Where nuclear fission of heavy atomic nuclei into lighter elements could also occur due to the release of neutrons that break the nucleus of heavier atoms. This is the energy that is released in nuclear bombs when the division of the atom occurs. Negative matter are atoms but with the opposite sign (-m) to positive matter (m) Antimatter energy: E = -mc ^ 2 = -E = -mCi ^ 2 (Antimatter * C ^ 2) + (matter * C ^ 2) = 0 -mc ^ 2 + mc ^ 2 = 0 => E-E = 0 ==> E = E energy generated e / c ^ 2-e / c ^ 2 = 0 ==> m-m = 0 ==> m = m matter transformed after the reaction. E / -m == Ci ===> C ^ 2-Ci ^ 2 = 0 ===> C ^ 2 = C ^ 2 speed of light squared Theoretically, a kilo of antimatter would weigh the same as a kilo of matter but in the opposite direction, if a kilo of antimatter is put on a scale, the weight would not generate downward pressure, but rather the weight would pull the scale up. Antimatter or negative matter, are atoms but with the opposite sign (-m) to positive matter. If gravity is a force F = G * -m * M / r ^ 2 = -m *g the theory says that the force exerted is the same but in the opposite direction. just as all objects fall at the same time regardless of their mass due to the attraction that the Earth exerts on all matter, antimatter would undergo a repulsion acceleration of 9.8 newton regardless of its mass. Where at higher altitude the acceleration decreases. Since the force of repulsion is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. And since gravity is an acceleration. Whether it is caused by a space-time deformation (Rμv-1 / 2Rgμv = (8piG / c ^ 4) * Tμv) or if it is an attraction exerted by the earth on matter (F = G * m * M / r ^ 2) where this behavior of antimatter does not contradict the theory of Einstein or Newton. Where for very small speeds compared to the speed of light, like those in our ordinary world, the relatisistic force becomes. F = m a / √ (1-v2 / c2) = F = m a And where a is gravity Again we see that Einstein's physics is not a break with Newton's, but a continuation of it where force, acceleration and mass differ at speeds close to that of light. It would do it the reverse of magnetism, where poles of the same sign repel and attract different signs, where in a mass (m) a magnetic field is created due to the movement of the electrons that contain the atoms that they have a "spin", or direction in which they rotate and that determines that it has a north pole and a south pole. And the inverse of the electric potential where electric charges of the same sign repel and of the opposite sign attract. But similarly, if two electric charges of different signs come together, a circuit breaker occurs, this is due to a potential difference (a difference of an excess of electrons in the negative cable and a shortage in the positive cable) because the charged materials they tend to regain their equilibrium state, and to achieve this the atoms need to recover or give up electrons to regain their neutral charge.

[@LegoStein13]

Dude! They are just "Anti-liking" the video.

[@phdtobe]

If the prevaling theory of how the universe was formed makes a prediction that is patently inconsistent with observations ("Where the hell is all of the antimatter???"), perhaps that theory is significantly wrong. Meaning, perhaps the universe always existed, with virtually most of the massive objects in it ordinary matter. And the perceived "beginning of the universe" is simply an artefact of our as-yet incomplete physics theories.

[@iamnothere1456]

Earth=Minecraft 2.0 Einstein's prediction is about what would minecraft 2.0 will look like.

[@gonzogeier]

My question is: If only one matter particle of billions survived the annihilation, than there must be an enormous amount of energy in form of radiation out there! This must really be a "bang"! But what is the meaning of this radiation? Is this the cosmic microwave background?

[@manasranjanmishra2536]

I think i have an answer to it.let's start,if matter have the property as gravity,than why should not antimatters should have the property of antigravity and it will resolve every thing.Matters tends to concentrate and antimatters tends to disperse.They are dispersed in the entire universe in density 1unit/cubic meter or km or similar ,which is not easy to detect.Therefore darkmatter=antimatter & darkenergy=antigravity.I have a video regarding this on youtube as"theory of cration".Cocluded on date october 13.

[@Pfhorrest]

Shouldn't anti-you be properly inverted (not just value-inverted but hue-inverted too, blue skinned), since antiparticles have the opposite color charge too?

[@TomHendricksMusea]

1. Positrons and electrons are also waves. 2. When a positron and electron meet they annihilate into pure energy just like destructive interference of two mirror waves. 3. That suggests that positrons and electrons are mirror image waves.

[@Dismythed]

The video just said antimatter is the opposite of matter and explodes when it mixes with matter. This did not actually answer the question with more than what everyone and their dog knows, except that antimatter research is harmless and gone nowhere. How about telling us how it is made and why? What tells you that it is the opposite of matter? These are questions everyone should be informed of but are not even hinted at in the video. This is lazy writing. A four year old might find it entertaining and informative, but not anyone who passed kindergarten. All this video was missing was the other three Teletubbies.

[@juanchobvargas3662]

i like this videos. I find them pretty useful for undergraduate students willing to study physics and know more about it. well this is something new i just learned ! thanks a lot Fermi Lab !

[@MuwahidKhan]

As I see.......: When the big bang happened, yeah matter formed was equivalent to antimatter formed.....however, the matter was able to scatter away in the space, whereas the antimatter is up there somewhere in the space, bound not to be freed, & if we get to that place as i've heard it'd take about 15 billion light years........ I don't know whether it's precise.... yet these r my thoughts..........:)

[@Duncan_Idaho_Potato]

Put it this way. If you had 1 gram of matter (about the size of a paper clip) and 1 gram of antimatter (same size) and you combined them so that all of their atoms contacted each other at the same time, they would explode with 3 times the energy as the atomic bomb that destroyed the city of Hiroshima at the end of WWII. Let me say that again more simply: with an amount of antimatter equal to the weight of a paper clip, you could destroy an entire city.

[@TheJFKWahoo]

you never actualy explained what is antimatter, i mean how dose gravity work on it, why is an anti proton an anti-proton and not say an anti-electron all and where dose the energy go if you combine one anti-proton and one proton? all i understood is where it comes from and that we can make it useing matter, i still have alot of questions about antimatter but as an itreduction this was an Excellent video and meybe rushing too much with this will just get me comfused, This vedio is great!

[@hudson34576]

ofcourse it would but the matter is larger enough to contain it..where as anti matter on earth is/are only protons.....anti protons..so the collision course would result in a collision but the release of energy will be very...but if lhc in germany it could explain a bit right..they have designed something special for that process....

[@Caseyf9andpinkpony]

Maybe when the big bang happened, another universe was made at the same time made entirely of anti-matter. That would mean that everything when something is created in matter, it's created in anti-matter in that different universe, so an anti-matter me would be typing this to the anti-matter video. Pretty crazy, and probably untrue.

[@QuiteDan]

The coffee would be totally worth it.

[@davidcraigthor]

Aw, c'mon doc, shake hands with your anti-self...think of how funny it'll be on facebook! :)

[@alechodges8605]

AMAZINGDOG402 comment is true. everything you see in the univers is literally that 0.001% of matter that did not get wiped out. So that means 99.999% of matter was destroyed by antimatter. Imagine how big the universe would be if antimatter did not wipe out 99.999% of matter

[@Fazzel]

It's weird if you think about it. Why would there be something out there the exact opposite of what we are made of? And when the two of them get together they completely destroy each other. If there is a God what was He thinking of when He created anti-matter. Doesn't really sound like an intelligent design.

[@Ophostus]

If an equal amount was created, and none is visible or traceable within our universe, then what if it was expelled into a universe where antimatter is all there is and they want to know why there is none of our matter in that universe?

[@Smashsmashman]

Well my theory is that they have not rediscovered anti matter has yet but has rediscovered anti charged particles(calling it anti matter). Antimatter does not and should not has the same physical properties has matter even in reverse.

[@Godzilla2000X]

You know based on what I know on the subject Im going to say that so how matter won out eventually in who would make the universe and the antimatter took a hike but to another dimension where it is free to expand and create a Antimatter Universe.

[@teenicholls1674]

You weren't there in the beginning therefore you don't know exactly what temperature it was then..I can assure it was much better in the beginning before sin was committed

[@Tymetwister]

The universe consists entirely of matter because at the time of the big bang, matter and antimatter had a "battle" and matter won... barely. but there was enough matter left over to create our universe.

[@DoaRC15]

Loving the very suitable yin-yang tshirt!

[@homerisLT]

Ok i get what is antimatter now but why dont we just combine antimatter and matter with each other and use the left over energy? Can someone help with this cause i dont get it.

[@YPwnU97]

Hopefully no war would be name as the Antimatter War. Rather than just our planet would be destroyed, celestial bodies we live with too. Humans shall not harm our planet or our universe.

[@calebschenck4493]

What's the evidence that antimatter is not dark matter? I assume we would be able to easy detect it. Furthermore, could dark energy be the interaction of matter/antimatter in space?

[@questionyoursciencereligon5657]

Did he just say that according the math on the board behind him, half their story is wrong? We don't have a clue,but you should still believe. Religon. That is dealbreaking.

[@punnoosecheriyan]

Isn't that basically a play on words? Who cares if anti matter was really named matter or if matter was really named antimatter. After all, it's us that's giving it names.

[@amittakkar9282]

maybe antimatter behaves differently as a bulk than it behaves as individual particles that,s why it disappeared or it behaves so differently that we can't detect it. what do you say about t?

[@mr.einstein5834]

In 1 billion particles of matter and anti matter, matter had 1 particle more than anti matter. I saw this in a TV show. Scientists are still working on this, but the most possible conclusion is this only.

[@sth128]

Wait a second, wouldn't the anti-photons from the anti-Dr. Lincoln have destroyed the regular video camera?! LOL Nice touch on the ying-yang shirt... That's right, the Chinese discovered anti-matter long before modern science!

[@jazsm5385]

4:19-4:20, from where do photons come from if matter is destroyed with antimatter in equal quantities?

[@OnekiKai]

As I understand it it is because of the law of conservation. The matter is destroyed but it is converted to energy represented as gamma rays.

[@jeremyjoe7494]

JasjotSingh Malhotra In quantum physics, photons are a way of two elementary particles reacting (when they hit each other, they transfer energy, just like a car would to you, when it hits you, and this energy is on such a small scale obtained in photons). Photos are basically small bunches of energy, therefore they are created, when the antimatter and matter are destroyed and their energy is released. science.howstuffworks.com/light7.htm www.universetoday.com/74027/what-are-photons/ Both of these articles I swiftly found tell you, that photons are little packets of energy (among other things).

[@saimnaeem9]

JasjotSingh Malhotra Antimatter and matter have opposite charge. They cancel each other out when they meet. Photons have NO charge.So tada! Photons are created

[@martijnbouman8874]

Photons are their own antiparticles.

[@TerminatorT--jc2hf]

couldn't the antimatter be rushing away & that's why space is stretching? The antimatter is stretching space

[@Anonyminded]

we r finding there is a dualism in almost all levels not just philosophy, now a big talk is about matter...

[@TenThirtyTwo]

*Antimatter can be used to clear the traffic on Butterfield Road.*

[@akukamanga]

if we did find living things that were made from anti matter wouldnt we be anti matter from their prespective and they would be normal matter

[@therainbowpanda9]

My hypothesis is that there is a universe made ENTIRELY out of antimatter, just like ours is made out of matter, but we haven't found it yet.

[@armyjeff147]

What the Myan explanation on what they think is going to happen on december 1st and he talks about anti-matter and what kind of threat it posses

[@AMAZINGDOG402]

Actually, when the Big Bang happened, scientists theorize that there was about ratio of matter to anti-matter as 1,000,001:1*10^6, respectively.

[@YouAngelSasha]

Wait but if we create antimatter wouldn't it combust when it touches the containers its held in? Or the oxygen in the place its created?

[@michaelperez5323]

It does, but it's not enough to be noticeable.. he explains it un 2:50.

[@senthilramprassadth4409]

no,the antimatter contained in the container has to be gaurded with electromagnetic fields..so that they do not touch the containers

[@brotherstech3901]

Hello sir! Thank you for teaching us. Love from 🇮🇳India!

[@RSCB]

🇵🇰

[@Kezial1231]

What if there was something in a parallel universe that was called MeTube and in that universe, someone was watching the exact same video as you right now, except that the contents are reversed from matter to antimatter and from antimatter to matter

[@alberttorres4917]

IT'S NOTHING at all. Just another dumb theory.

[@nateriver3730]

I think the movement of the universe is like thermal expansion when it was hotter the particles(planets) are closer when i gets cold(old) they move away at each other

[@LiveToRidee]

I want to know physically what is antimatter like if i were to see an antimatter object directly infront of me what would the differences be

[@mustafahadzic4705]

A video with knowledge and anti-knowledge, 100% of the viewers died while watching.

[@jackg9057]

I love these guys, shoulda, whooda, but we don't know. You don't, because your theory on the big bang theory doesn't exist.

[@AtheistMario]

don´t we only have matter nowadays because antimatter has a shorter life expectancy? I thought I saw that on a documentary :)

[@mdkdkkxxhdk9430]

He said it’s not dangerous but he said if 2 paper clips of opposite matters touched it would be a large amount of energy

[@jonbold]

Allow me to ask an even tougher version of the same question: Are there natural processes in the universe today that make matter? If so, do they make matter and antimatter in equal amounts?

[@jhoansemoro]

Maybe some Antimatter interacted with dark matter, and there began the unbalance between matter and antimatter that less more matter than antimatter, also, that is why dark energy is stronger than dark matter gravity action, because since that moment the quantity of dark matter and dark energy is not a balance equation anymore,