What's Happening With Antimatter at CERN? Scientists Are Stumped Again

[@cobblebrick]

One of the authors of this paper was my lecturer for plasma physics. He showed us the results towards the end of the lecture, around 3 hours before they were sent off to the journals :)

[@_John_P]

Did he mention what he believes is the cause for matter and antimatter imbalance in the universe?

[@cobblebrick]

@@_John_P No, that's not something he works on. Even if he did, I don't think he'd hypothesise in a lecture

[@_John_P]

@@cobblebrick I'm sure if anyone had asked, he would have made a guess.

[@Good_Hot_Chocolate]

​@@_John_PYou're sure of what someone else will do without evidence? That's a big assumption, brother.

[@_John_P]

@@Good_Hot_Chocolate You don't know professors.

[@peterkobs511]

INTERESTING NOTE: When cancer patients go in for a "PET scan," they are leveraging the power of antimatter to help determine which cells are growing out of control so doctors can know where the cancer is progressing...and how fast. PET = Positron Emmission Tomography. This use of antimatter technology is utterly fascinating to me. May such progress continue in the battle against cancer, that terrible disease that killed my beloved wife Sharon 5.5 years ago. Stay strong, all ye cancer patients and their caregivers!

[@markgallagher5908]

I'm so sorry for your loss cancer is such appalling disease, it's so difficult to adjust to life after loosing someone so precious, it's not something you get over you just try to learn to live with the loss. I'm sure you have realised by now that grief is a very fickle process and it is far from linear. Try to live the life that Sharon would have wanted to to have and be kind to yourself and give yourself whatever time you need to process the loss, I hope you find some peace and I wish you the best for the future.

[@9WEAVER9]

Progress in the medical tech would be nice

[@laurabrossard1661]

actually, we swap an atom in sugar with if i remember an istope of fluor wich create antimatter when it decay. gets instently annihilated and emit 2 opposite photon that we can detect. So a lot more about gamma ray detection and alchemy

[@thetacokawaii5708]

​@@laurabrossard1661 so if decay causes antimatter, we can infer cellular breakdown and aging is a type of antimatter ? To reverse aging we must beat anti matter?

[@laurabrossard1661]

@@thetacokawaii5708 no it s not. Not all decay produce anti matter. And aging is about the endogenome getting fuzzy

[@DianaBell_MG]

I had heard about this paper already in an interview, but I didn't really understand that the weak force was different until this video so thanks

[@RobOlling]

I have a phd in astrophysics, some decades ago, but never realized that antimatter behaves differently under the weak force. So i learned something new at the fundamental level. Also, it never ceases to amaze me how clever and intricate the experiments are. So, a very nice, captivating and educational video thanks so much.

[@adaroben1104]

Angela Collier went over this, highly recommend hearing her physicist's take on the experiment.

[@kevinburt44]

I don't pretend to understand half of what is said, but I really find your videos very interesting, I learn something new every time.

[@Sameer2762]

+1

[@twomicefighting]

Same as me. I think half my wonder is the subject and half is amazement that these guys know as much as they do.

[@secretchannel2094]

Yeah man my high school English education doesn’t hold up to this

[@Sanquinity]

Don't worry too much about understanding everything right away. Just like any subject matter it takes time to learn it. All that matters is being interested and willing to learn. The rest will come with time. :)

[@UnaSheil-j6z]

I'm normally good at understanding this field of science but this one lost me a few times, always more to learn 😅

[@kyzercube]

From looking at this setup, it's clear that it isn't like an atomic interferometer. It's designed to capture antimatter to take measurements. However, this setup looks like it can be run with regular matter too with the tops and bottoms set up to measure regular matter to see if the error ranges are similar. If they are, it would point to the method of measurement ( the hardware setup itself ) being a primary source of the range and would suggest moving towards an improved method of measuring.

[@ronald3836]

I suppose they have run this with regular matter to see if it then matches the outcome of their simulations.

[@juliavixen176]

The difficulty with using regular matter in this experiment, is detecting the collisions of a single hydrogen atom... because regular matter won't announce it's location with a burst of gamma rays from annihilatation.

[@kyzercube]

@@juliavixen176 I know, hence me saying " with the tops and bottoms set up to measure regular matter ". It would have to be a different method of detection. What needs to stay the same is the orientation and directions of the hydrogen atoms being the same as the anti-matter chamber's experiment setup.

[@joerosen5464]

​@@juliavixen176Some ideas are brighter than others...💡🧛😱💨🕳️🫣😎

[@tsumugikotobuki0131]

@@juliavixen176 Doing this experiment with regular matter would actually be a lot easier, since you wouldn't have to worry about antimatter annihilating before it reaches either end. You'd need a simple particle detector (they have been around for more than a hundred years), and it would tell you when a hydrogen atom passes by.

[@teamsafa]

This result was interesting. If we consider that the most mass of the proton is from the gluons, then we know that mass from energy (E=m*c²) falls "down". Then if the quarks themself would fall "up" we would see less than 1 G of gravity for the anti-hydrogen. The difference would be tiny, so a more precise experiment is needed to resolve this.

[@blahsomethingclever]

Good point!

[@bunsw2070]

Gluons, quarks and nuetrinos likely don't exist. They were all invented to patch over holes in prior theories (hypotheses, really). They're not practicing the scientific method. They're inventing hypotheses to save prior hypotheses and so on.

[@AG-ig8uf]

Where did you get the idea of falling "up"?? Antimatter is absolutely no different to normal matter in its interaction with gravity. Astrum should stick to topic of astronomy, when it comes to quantum physics, his understanding is extremely inadequate , his "quantum eraser" video is one such example if misleading content, this video is another.

[@astrumspace]

​@@AG-ig8ufconsidering scientists from CERN are testing and continue to test this very point, it clearly was not taken for granted that antimatter responds the same to gravity as matter.

[@WowUrFcknHxC]

​@@AG-ig8uffor a while we really weren't sure. There was some math saying it might but just because math allows it doesn't mean it's physically allowed

[@iaestehamburg8705]

🎯 Key Takeaways for quick navigation: 00:02 🌌 *Introduction to Antimatter* - Introduction to the prevalence of matter and antimatter in the universe. - Antimatter's existence as a real and critical component of the Standard Model. - Historical context of the discovery of antimatter particles, such as positrons. 03:08 🔄 *Dirac's Predictions and Antiparticles* - Paul Dirac's theoretical contributions to predicting antiparticles. - Description of the Dirac spinor and its role in generating both matter and antimatter counterparts. - Recognition of other fundamental particles, like quarks, having antimatter counterparts. 05:19 ⚖️ *Antimatter Properties and Electromagnetic Forces* - Confirmation that the intrinsic properties of antiparticles are identical to ordinary particles. - Antimatter's behavior under electromagnetic forces and Anderson's observations. - Overview of the four fundamental forces of nature and their impact on particles and antiparticles. 07:31 🤯 *Weak Force Asymmetry Discovery* - Discovery of the asymmetry between particles and antiparticles in the weak force. - Explanation of the handedness concept in particle physics. - Observations from the 1963 experiment by Cronin and Fitch revealing weak force differences. 08:49 🌌 *Gravity and Antimatter Experiments* - Introduction to the speculation about gravity's potential differential effects on matter and antimatter. - Overview of ongoing experiments at CERN, including AEgIS, GBAR, and ALPHA. - Discussion of the ALPHA group's experiment on gravitational acceleration of antimatter. 11:03 🧪 *ALPHA Experiment Design* - Detailed explanation of the intricate design of the ALPHA experiment. - Process of creating antihydrogen atoms and trapping them for gravitational measurement. - Steps taken to isolate the effects of gravity on the antihydrogen atoms. 15:12 📊 *ALPHA Experiment Results and Interpretation* - Presentation of the experimental results on gravitational acceleration of antimatter. - Analysis of data points under various magnetic field biases. - Discussion on uncertainties and the best-fit gravitational acceleration. 17:44 ❓ *Challenges and Future Exploration* - Acknowledgment of the peculiar nature of antimatter and its differences from matter. - Evaluation of the need for more drastic differences to explain the baryonic asymmetry. - Mention of potential new forces and particles that could interact differently with antimatter. Made with HARPA AI

[@Eris123451]

Thank you , that was enormously helpful since I was about to switch off after, ""By the end of this video you hopefully understand why some physicists feel that anti-matter is a bit, "weird," but also that some physicists feel that it isn't, "weird," enough," and it's allowed me to as it were, cut to chase since I already know most of that stuff already. I can't help feeling however that is more CERN clutching at straws again to try and maintain it's credibility after failing to discover anything of much real interest since the Higgs back in 2014.

[@posteluxducxions7531]

There’s an ‘Antimatter Factory’!?! That alone is very futuristic and cool.

[@ValkyriesMoon]

I'd love to see some kind of collab between Astrum, PBS space time and SEA

[@owen.simpson52]

yessssir

[@twelved4983]

Don’t forget V-101 Space.

[@dillan6134]

Buddy…. There is quite the chasm between PhD holders and researchers, and a couple dudes who “research” a topic by just reading some papers/articles and making a video for KZbin money.

[@owen.simpson52]

@@dillan6134 this is true but i think the intended meaning was to mix and match the video styles and narrators, and having all three collab would make for more grounded and better research no?

[@buttsexandbananapeels]

@@dillan6134there is a difference… but one of the most important physicists of the last 60 years was a plumber. Yup. Susskind was just some guy that read papers and explored his curiosity while clearing pipes of stagnant feces before becoming a doctor. He had his feel of physics worked out while being a plumber. He only went to pursue his PhD in order to understand the language he needed to speak to explain what he naturally understood in his mind to others. Sometimes the smartest people in the room are the ones others laugh at.

[@richardstephens3642]

I find all this extremely fascinating, even admitting that for many of my years I thought, "Antimatter was only something out of science fiction" I would love to hear a lot more on this subject

[@matthewyabsley]

It still is for 99.9999% of us. lol. Maybe kids in the future might get some cool anti matter toys. That’s if toys can compete with going to see their friends on Mars… 😂

[@JohnRandomness105]

@@matthewyabsley Unfortunately, antimatter toys would catastrophically annihilate ordinary matter they touched.

[@tsumugikotobuki0131]

@@JohnRandomness105 Yeah, even the smallest antimatter gun would do a lot more damage than modern hand-held rocket launchers. Give those to kids, and there would be a lot of dead people.

[@nguyentandung42]

@@matthewyabsleyjust a spoon of anti matter reacting with matter would be 1200 times stronger than the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima.

[@bunsw2070]

I haven't listened to even one second of the video (they're trying to fool the public into going along with funding an even bigger, more expensive and more useless particle accelerator). But I can say this is all a scam. Physics went completely off the rails with the Copenhagen interpretation and has accomplished nothing in at least 75 years. See Alexander Unzicker for more. I have many more sources but am not going to list them. But did you know they've studied electromagnetism for 200 years and still don't know how electricity works? Search "Jefimenko, electromagnetism, causality. Philosophers have known all along that physicists aren't doing science and have been writing unread books and papers about it all the time. Also read Freeman Dyson's Why Maxwell's Theory is so Hard to Understand. That will tell you why they have the flexibility to fabricate nonsense forever. Remember when medical science wanted to outlaw breast feeding during the 60s and 70s and even into the 80s? Well, medicine isn't the only flimsy science.

[@bobfels5343]

I love how that experiment was done, nice walk trough! :D

[@joerosen5464]

Yes, agreed, these deep subjects can be a bit hard to get a leg up & climb out of when the walk's over... :🤔D

[@jus10lewissr]

I hope that, no matter how technologically advanced we become, the universe never ceases to suprise us. My hope is that no matter how much we know, there's always going to be more to learn.

[@EQ_EnchantX]

It seems that every time we pull back the curtain to learn something about the universe, there is 2 more unknown curtains that are under it. Kinda seems like the more we know, the more we don't know...

[@WillemsMathias]

True, maybe one day we know everything about this universe, a completly new one emerges one way the other...

[@philgiglio7922]

The universe is queerer than we can imagine

[@philgiglio7922]

The universe is queerer than we can imagine

[@absolstoryoffiction6615]

@@EQ_EnchantX True... But there is a limit to Existence. Humanity has yet to hit that limit or they may never reach that limit over time. Which ever comes first.

[@jonascelentano9251]

This channel, SEA and the history of the universe has made me into a super fan of the universe,damn incredible channels! Thanks astrum! You where the first!

[@peteronyoutube612]

SEA for me, and David Butler, along with History of the Universe & Astrum of course. Also, never miss Dr. Becky.

[@jonascelentano9251]

@@peteronyoutube612 ill check the other out! Thanks for the tip!

[@lammie001]

Dont forget Cool worlds

[@Richardj410]

Thanks I didn't know about the SEA channel. Subbed.

[@jonascelentano9251]

@@Richardj410 it's an incredible channel also! Can't get enough of these!!

[@balasubr2252]

Since gravity is not a force but a result of a curvature of the space, both matter and antimatter can be alike and not any different when subjected to gravity. It’s no surprise to me.

[@NorthernChev]

If you define gravity from an Einsteinian Relativity standpoint, yes. Which I do, as well. I'm guessing you had the same reaction I did when you saw his chart showing Gravity as a Force.

[@kapoioBCS]

Gravity is as much a force as all the other fundamental forces in QFT

[@a-walpatches6460]

@@kapoioBCS Yes, even in general relativity it's the force that curves spacetime.

[@maeton-gaming]

define force... i'll wait.

[@a-walpatches6460]

@@maeton-gaming A process of energy transferal.

[@metalpipe71]

at 17:01 is it supposed to be 1.6g like you said or 0.16g like it was written on the screen?

[@memyshelfandeye318]

If you look at the error bars it is absolutely clear that he meant to say "0.16g".

[@L2p2]

Thank you . Because of this video I learnt in a concise manner the differences between matter and anti-matter in terms of their interactions via the 4 major forces. I am actually even more puzzled that the weak force shows any difference at all and about why we still have no explanation for the baryonic asymmetry. This leds me to ask if we really think there is really an asymmetry or if there is some other explanation. Overall the clarity of the presentation and its allocation of time to each point discussed. Rather than delve too deep into controversial points or over explain and complex point the video does a good job or touching upon every key point letting the viewer decide on how to digest and process the information. I greatly appreciate this Video for in content and presentation.

[@KenSherman]

6:37 Could *chirality* also mean dextrous? 13:16 The sound of the number _quintillion._

[@asmithgames5926]

Antimatter having antigravity would have implied an infinite amount of potential gravitational energy, which would make no sense at all. It's great to finally confirm this experimentally though!!!

[@uv-al]

how would it imply that exactly?

[@jkelly02]

I like where you are headed but need more explanation. You made me think of this though, and I'm sorry to plagiarize if this was your point. If antimatter had antigravity, there would never have been the initial annihilation of just about all antimatter with the nearly equal, but slightly greater, amount of matter. The two types would have pushed apart and the universe would be different in the extreme. Would antimatter be attracted to itself or would it repel matter as well as antimatter? If the former, where antimatter attracts antimatter but repels matter, and all antimatter survived by never coming into contact with matter, I would imagine an oil and water universe. All the structure of the universe times two. Entire galaxies of antimatter. But I guess more radioactive? For the latter case, if antimatter repelled all forms of matter, then I can imagine we'd have our current universe, but with double the amount of visible stuff. But half that stuff would just be clouding space, which is not the case. But I suppose it would lead to acceleration of the expansion of the universe. But, there is just no antimatter to be found. We have to create it.

[@asmithgames5926]

@@jkelly02 That is a popular theory, and a thought that I've had. What I was getting at with the infinite antigravitational potential energy is matter and antimatter would repel each other forever. So pretty much the same idea as what you just said, except I want to calculate how much total repulsive energy that is. With normal gravity, the potential energy is mgh. So you'd think it would be for antigravity, although we shouldn't jump to conclusions. But if it was mgh, then wouldn't h be infinite since they're pushed apart forever?

[@hongdu6541]

Not really. V=+/-q1*q2/r has no infinite amount in any positive or negative gravity. Singularity only happens at r=0, but regardless of matter or antimatter.

[@asmithgames5926]

@@hongdu6541 What ate the q's in this equation? Yeah I started to think about it and want 100% sure it was infinite, it's kind of however the calculus works out.

[@OlafGodredsson]

Im hoping there is a mirror universe to ours made of antimatter where time runs backwards It's my favourite explaination for the missing antimatter

[@spiker.ortmann]

Time not necessarily runs backwards in that mirror universe, that bit I'm not sure if should be included in the hypothesis. But I always thought that the reason we see antimatter quantities so small is that we are in a matter bubble and out of the observable universe is a similar antimatter bubble with the quantities inverted. I like to think the universe is just "a bubble in the sea" because that explains every inconsistency of quantities. Of course, there's no way of proving it as the theoretical border of the bubble would be out of our observable distance and farther away each day. So at best, can be considered a theoretical hypothesis but I still like the idea. 😁 Hope and dreams are still free after all. 😅

[@PhilDrury]

The sensational Reverse Brothers...

[@greggoog7559]

Time does not run. Stuff runs through time.

[@absolstoryoffiction6615]

@@greggoog7559 True... Antimatter and Matter are still bound by time. Since Time Travel isn't real. The distance of antimatter travel may be more, less, or equal to normal matter. However, it's never in the reverse of time itself. Let alone, the "original" matter as all Normal Matter has an equal opposite of Antimatter. But where that 50% antimatter half is? That's unknown.

[@drummerdoingstuff5020]

So everything goes from disorderly to order?

[@44Hd22]

0:11 Everything I see is light.

[@mrrrokas]

Its just a bunch of photons on the retina

[@antonjoubert6980]

And the absence of light

[@DipanshiGarg-e7p]

It just that you see because of light, not everything is light.

[@CorporateZombi]

9:35 isn't m1 and m2 in the equation the masses of *both* bodies? So the force *is* dependent on your mass too. But I guess the acceleration isn't, because F=ma. So the acceleration you feel is G M1/r^2. And doesn't depend on your own mass m2.

[@aaroncull2734]

Beautiful diagrams + animations + models for describing something so complex

[@retyroni]

I feel I do understand these concepts the way you explain them. I appreciate it.

[@robbierobinson8819]

Antimatter drives have been one of my favourite solutions for powerful starship drives in Science Fiction, so I am interested in anything on antimatter. This episode of Astrum gave me real information that is as fascinating as fiction. Please more episodes and information on the topic.

[@juliavixen176]

Angela Collier did three videos on anti-matter, half of them are specifically about how to build an anti-matter drive.

[@juliavixen176]

KZbin nukes comments with URLs in them, even if the link just points to another video right here on KZbin. So you're going to need to just search for Angela Collier, because I can't link directly. She has a good video on a couple of ways that you can use anti-matter to propell a spaceship.

[@robbierobinson8819]

@@juliavixen176 Thanks very much. Here I go down a rabbit hole.

[@robbierobinson8819]

@@juliavixen176 Thanks again! Much appreciated.

[@xel1982]

@@juliavixen176sssssssssss

[@Rincypoopoo]

I was pleased with the CERN anti matter v gravity result as I have a working hypothesis regarding the nature and functionality of gravity that predicts that gravity should affect anti matter and mater in the same way. So this result was a great boost for me. It has not failed a test yet.

[@dhawthorne1634]

Since gravity is a function of mass and Anderson was able to measure the mass of the positrons in his cloud chamber, they are clearly effected by gravity in the same way common matter is. I suppose it's good to confirm with more modern equipment, but the answer was already there.

[@bluelion013]

No it wasn't. That was looking at just electrons/positrons and measuring them in a magnetic field. Those curved paths were due to movement in an electromagnetic field. Mass measurement of elementary particles is not so straightforward. You look at the momentum they carry. That is an energy measurement not how that energy behaves in a gravitational field. Gravity affects how a mass will behave, not define how much mass anything has. I think there might be a confusing mass with weight.

[@niallmackenzie99]

Wow I got to 2mins into this and I was just about to say goodbye as I thought I wouldn't be able to understand any of this but you have managed to capture my attention as you explain it so well. Thank you👍❤️🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿

[@DownhillAllTheWay]

Agreed! This is the sort of thing the pre-Internet generation didn't have. I was well into my 30's before I read an article on the Internet, and before I saw a video was a bit after that. Today's kids will grow up much more educated than we did - but possibly also much more mislead, defrauded, etc. Not everything is as scientifically accurate as this video - and I am assuming its accuracy because it does not set out to be especially persuasive. It presents the known facts. We decide to believe it or not.

[@TheMaxcano]

I've been getting too many AI science channels.Really glad your video was recommended. Subbed 👍

[@NorthernChev]

When you do, make sure you add them to your, "Do Not Recommend Channel" List. Otherwise they keep showing up in your feed. My feed is an absolute dumpster fire right now, as the algorithm seems to prioritize clicks over disseminators of factual information.

[@ronald3836]

@@NorthernChev for me these nonsense channel don't often show up in my feed (where I can do-not-recommend them) but they do show up very often in searches and sometimes (= too often) in recommendations when I am watching another video.

[@astrumspace]

Those channels make me so depressed. They will blatantly disseminate lies and I see people in the comments saying 'wow thanks I didn't know that". Shocking really

[@WestAirAviation]

It would be very, very difficult to determine if anti-matter had a negative gravitational charge. A lot of people suggest anti-matter would fall up, but that ignores what gravity is: A bend in space-time. Here in Earths gravity well, a "straight line" through space is curved down to the ground. What that means is that a particle that curves space outward, instead of inward, would still be completely overpowered by all the positive gravity on Earth. *Such a particle would still fall down.* You'd need multiple anti-particles to see if they repel each other, and you'd need to do this in free fall (In zero G).

[@dragnothlecoona]

it would be more like, that antimatter would fall towards antimatter, so technically it would also have a positive gravity, but repelled by matter, which is its opposite. So you can actually have the same mass charge for both matter and antimatter, as they are attracted to themselves, are repulsed by their opposite.

[@WestAirAviation]

@@dragnothlecoona Can you elaborate? Positive gravity creates massive gravity wells, while negative gravity would do the opposite: Create a gravity hill. In either case, the particle itself will move in a "straight line" to wherever space is more heavily bent, which on Earth would always be down as matter outnumbers anti-matter. Putting that another way: A particle with negative gravity would still follow the World Lines of space-time. It can't escape a singularity, for instance, just because it has negative gravity, it *must* follow space-time curvatures made by positive gravity. I don't understand why so many are claiming that a particle with negative gravity would suddenly accelerate away from a gravity well when Lorentz Transformations suggest such a thing is impossible? If you inverse the gravitational constant, you end up subtracting from total G when computing a force, but if there is more matter the net result is always an attraction. And so surely a fist-sized clump of anti-matter would, if it did have reverse polarity gravity, aggressively push apart from each other as they bend space-time into a gravity hill, and end up flying into Earth because of it's much larger gravity well?

[@dragnothlecoona]

@@WestAirAviation Well your looking at it wrong, what I am saying to keep it simple, is that antimatter may simply be attracted to itself and repelled by matter, and that matter may be repelled by antimatter, and is attracted to itself. Infact if both matter and antimatter repelled each other with equal strength, then the whole expansion of the universe would make more sense as essentially it could be that all the antimatter and matter are pushing each other apart. This could also by why we don't see antimatter and matter collisions, because they are too far apart to cause collisions, or the amount they push away from each other is essentially double then that of matter falling towards matter. For something like a singularity, it is neither matter nor antimatter and has a positive mass charge, so it could be that both are attracted to singularities such as black holes. This would moreover better explain the spiral shape of galaxies and the more uniform speed that that both the inner parts and outer parts of the galaxy seem to move at relatively the same speed.

[@Blewlongmun]

This is what really irks me about this coverage, Scishow spacetime did an episode on it that was much more satisfying. If you do the math there was never a reason to expect anything different, this is the equivalent of doing 2 + 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 and then freaking out because anti-matter was involved. Edit, in response to your paragraph. The real issue with your mental model is that you're trying to treat relativity and quantum mechanics the same, they are fundamentally different even if you can draw comparisons that seem appropriate. It's important to remember any conjecture should be provable in theory, most of this science is done in math so when it's "translated" to a form understandable by the laymen it loses some of it's accuracy. Gravity is a product of mass, anti-particles have inversed charges but not negative mass, that's an extremely important distinction. If negative mass did exist you'd see physics defying acceleration, but that's also implying you could form negative mass somehow which no theory of observation implies. Math wise none of it works or even sounds plausible, theoretically you're so far outside of what's logical the only proper response is "no" which I can understand isn't satisfying. An interesting place to go from here might be the hypothesized correlation between dark energy and blackholes. I think it's especially peculiar what gravity and inflation have in common, inflation isn't considered a fundamental force but gravity is, and yet gravity is unique in that it's not even a force by definition. Both appear as mono-poll, single-charge, emergent properties of space-time itself. That's a current topic of debate and kind of similar to your positive/negative gravity idea, just with theory, I hope it's of interest!

[@NelsonZAPTM]

I feel more intelligenter now.

[@coloricanlicious]

😂😂

[@uraymeiviar]

is that even a word?

[@moiraatkinson]

@@uraymeiviar no! But it would be quite a good one 😊.

[@harperwelch5147]

I’m happy for you !

[@slaves329.]

" intelligent " welcome

[@maherbabsail]

Thanks!

[@emersonkluge343]

Look around you. Look *around* you! Just look around you! There! Now, take a closer look. Have you worked out what we're looking for? Correct, the answer is "anti-matter".

[@leroybabcock6652]

Lol

[@alexgreychuck7605]

Amazing world of antimatter. Please continue to post about this subject and maybe the eccentric Paul Dirac

[@thormusique]

This was wonderful, thank you! I've always wanted to know more about the matter-antimatter question, and I've learned things here about antimatter which I hadn't known. I would love to see more on this topic, cheers!

[@tboneshake]

For the error bias at 17:00 , is the third variable supposed to be 1.6g like the audio stated, or 0.16g as it's shown on screen?

[@doctortabby]

Sweet. I would love to hear more discussion on this topic. Thanks for posting. God bless.

[@Rustyfin1958]

There are no gods

[@doctortabby]

@@Rustyfin1958 I'm sure you have some...everybody does.

[@RKroese]

@@Rustyfin1958 True. There is only one.

[@yancymuu4977]

Note: gravity is explained by general relativity - not special relativity.

[@SquashyNO.1]

Neat! That was a very thought provoking informative video! Thank you! 👍

[@MichaelEilers]

Love this channel. Some of the comments here make me amazed the person can even figure out how to use their phone, or the internet in general.

[@joerosen5464]

That's nota very nice thing to say about Alex McColgan, is it? He seems like a pretty clever chap to me...🤔

[@MichaelEilers]

@@joerosen5464 the person leaving the comments, not the person making the video you dunce :)

[@Blewlongmun]

I just cannot like this channel, there's clearly a lol of effort put in but it's all framed like a history channel documentary and I dislike the dramatization. Anti-matter didn't surprise anybody, we were checking our assumptions and they're right. People aren't learning a proper grasp of anything here they're getting buzzwords, the comments kind of support this.

[@windimcdaniel2080]

@michaelEilers your comment made a lot of sense when I read @Blewlongmun comment 😂 hahaha

[@olivergundisch5196]

I genuinely enjoyed this video and would love to see more about antimatter!

[@B2T7RID2QGLEHH5UZFB0T]

Why can it escape from both sides? 14:01 is that a failure of experimental controls?

[@ktvx.94]

We need anti oxygen to make anti water, imagine taking a sip and immediately bursting into light

[@joerosen5464]

What a BRILLIANT idea!😎🙈

[@infernalsorcery7923]

You'd need anti stars for elements that heavy. Or, fusion reactors which focus on colliding and recapturing larger atoms from small ones. Science does not understand why, if gravity affects and is created by antimatter the same way as normal matter, why don't we see far more antimatter in the universe naturally, than we do, or are we simply MISSING it.

[@infernalsorcery7923]

You'd also have a much larger issue trying to contain your anti water, then drink it, without something causing it to burst into light on it's own. Say, water in the air. Would annihilate on its own.

[@ForgeMasterXXL]

And destroying the city all around you the moment you touched the container (or the air for that matter) 😮

[@gsmollin2]

In the very early universe, just after the weak force separated from the unified force, it was stronger than it is today. The anti- matter is supposed to have annihilated asymmetrically at or about this time. Perhaps the observed difference in weak force response of anti-matter was more powerful then and tipped the scale in favor of matter.

[@ronald3836]

I do hope there is a mirror universe where antimatter won out over matter, just so that we have balance in the (meta-)universe!

[@JathTech]

I'm not sure how we could even know that a distant galaxy isn't comprised completely of antimatter. Wouldn't it emit the exact same light?

[@ronald3836]

@@JathTech because vacuum of space is not perfect and there would be an area between galaxies where vacuum with matter meets vacuum with antimatter. Annihilation would take place there, which would produce a glow. Since we don't see that glow, there are no antimatter galaxies. (This is not my answer but copied from a Quora answer. The guy who wrote it said it was a good question 😄👍.)

[@joerosen5464]

​@@ronald3836What if there's more than one pair of universes? What if there's like, universeseses?🤪

[@ronald3836]

@@joerosen5464 multiverses are a thing. Or maybe not.

[@danielduncan6806]

This is probably going to be the plot of Death Stranding 2.

[@savage5757]

7:25 How did James and Vol create antimatter for their experiment? or did they get it ready-made somewhere?

[@Asporez]

11:40 but why do they collide with ordinary matter, is it intended or is it just inevitable despite the controlled environment?

[@onionbuskut]

Love that you covered the actual experiment setup

[@tomasz8296]

Probably Sofon’s fault

[@JohnRandomness105]

Unless it's related to the CP violation discovered in the 1960s with kaons, this is the first I heard of the asymmetry of the weak interaction.

[@congorecluse8111]

Same! This is something new to me.

[@Blewlongmun]

Pretty sure that's what he's referencing, all these studies were trying to check was anti-matter and gravity, all they did was confirm the obvious.

[@claymanproduction]

As someone who doesn't understand physics: the question you suggested experimentation on antimatter seeks to answer is the disparate quantities of normal vs anti matter. But would this question not also be answered in where does matter/antimatter come from? Is it formed new in some way or is it all just particles crashing around against each other that forms different types of particles? Is matter within the universe finite?

[@danfarrand9072]

I get the sense from all these attributes: charge, handedness, spinup, spindown that we are not talking about any actual structure but only about unembodied attributes that have values and perhaps behaviors associated with them. There is nothing really there, it's all just information. Yet as you step back it suddenly becomes stuff...which makes it seem more and more likely that what we think of as stuff is simply illusion or perhaps representations of computation. Fun to watch even though most of it flies over my head.

[@reedcapshaw5108]

Love this channel and this video in particular. I really like that you include information about the actual experiments. I'd like to see more of that in my favorite KZbin channels. Thanks

[@BrilliantDesignOnline]

I have often thought that the diversity of all atoms, molecules and substances are all composed of the 3 basic building blocks, which is mind blowing.

[@ronald3836]

Water, fire, earth and air. I count four! 😄

[@rossclutterbuck1060]

@@ronald3836 don't forget metal

[@br.m]

Kind of like the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit created everything.

[@windimcdaniel2080]

Spirit, actually Lol

[@LG-qz8om]

This better fits the Theory of mass being an energy level rather than an individual particle used in the Standard Model as if magic tricks explained the disappearance of the electron and magical appearance of the muon.

[@bjornfeuerbacher5514]

"mass being an energy level"? What is that supposed to mean? No, the Standard Model does not say that mass is an individual particle. What on Earth are you talking about? What do you mean with "disappearance of the electron and magical appearance of the muon"? What on Earth are you talking about?

[@__christopher__]

@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 "No, the Standard Model does not say that mass is an individual particle. What on Earth are you talking about?" - I guess it's a misunderstanding based on the often heard popular science claim "the Higgs particle gives the particles their mass".

[@think2086]

You're confusing topics, but it is true that the Higgs Boson is a scalar field.

[@joerosen5464]

​@@__christopher__That, & super-small stuff popping in & out of existence. Is existence a force, perhaps?🤪

[@kohlsergei]

Really glad your video was recommended. Subbed

[@ittaiklein8541]

Very well presented! Would appreciate to see more. Other KZbinrs please take notice! This is how it should be done.

[@alexbowman7582]

Does antimatter have antitime? Does it have antigravity? If it does have both then if studied it would appear to fall in gravity but would actually be rising but backwards in time. Perhaps the antimatter proposed to have been produced in roughly equal amounts to matter in the Big Bang went backwards in time thus never encountering matter and mutually destroying each other.

[@kegeramanyanghakiki9576]

is it the sophons?

[@kalpanamuthukumar1709]

Ha😂

[@ForkThe6]

I am not a scientist but something just came up in my little brain. Since we all learned that matter and energy can not be produced nor destroyed but can only switch from one form to another, is it plausible that the antimatter was not destroyed but somehow was transported into a parallel universe of antimatter?

[@atticmuse3749]

"matter cannot be created or destroyed" is only really a "law" for chemistry, where you conserve atoms between reactions. The more fundamental law is that energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed. So a particle and anti-particle colliding destroys matter and releases energy as photons (usually).

[@RichardASalisbury1]

This was an exciting description of an important experiment, despite the likely null result that leaves the scarcity of antimatter still a mystery. Thanks!

[@amarnamarpan]

I have a question. You said they produce a small amount of light during annihilating each other. Where does that come from? What energy is released when the matter and anti-matter particles collide?

[@executive]

if you call them positrons, then the antiparticle would need to be a negatron

[@peanheadm7883]

Position is the 'antiparticle'

[@executive]

@@peanheadm7883you must be fun at parties. And the anti of an antiparticle is what? That's right, your original particle.

[@jessepotter365]

Sounds like there's more than meets the eye.

[@jkturtle]

Somewhat click-baity title😑

[@noraa1]

Yeah all his videos are like that 🤷‍♀️

[@fluxstandard8903]

Thank you I’m not watch now - YT needs to bring back thumbs down

[@hungryowl1559]

How so?

[@SouthWestI10]

What video are you watching cause this is literally 20 minutes describing the latest results coming out of alpha lab at cern...

[@robfut9954]

And clickbait AI image too… sad

[@calvink991]

@7:00 the right hand particle or in the video was spinning Anticlockwise and the Left hand was spinning clockwise? Doesn't up and down rely on perspective?

[@ヘスリングマイク-j2i]

17:00 of the video, discrepancy between number on screen and narration. Screen has ±0.16g, but narration says ±1.6g.

[@briandegraff6823]

Might be a cool future video to show how the Tevatron, Main Injector & Recycler accelerators at Fermilab made, stored, focused, used and recovered antimatter protons (PBars) beams to conduct experiments.

[@ForgeMasterXXL]

I don’t know much about the FermiLab itself or there experimental work and as such I would love a deep dive. Great idea.

[@camojoe83]

I was amazed to scroll several pages of comments without seeing anything about demons or portals. Good job, astrum audience

[@NotSoNormal1987]

I do think those conspiracy theories are kinda fun though. 🤣 the human imaginary imagination will never cease to amaze me.

[@lukeskywalker7457]

@4:20 does antimatter emit the same light spectrum?

[@rogergriffin9893]

I didn't know about CERN's antimatter experiment so I'm glad you posted this. The imagery always helps me understand better because that's how my mind works. I am interested in any new experiments on the nature of gravity.

[@gordowg1wg145]

Would it be feasable for the different sub-particles that make up the normal and anti' electrons and protons, and I assume neutrons, be what is interacting with the various 'forces', and this be why they seem to be different for different conditions?

[@josephr5764]

The people saying this was a click bait title don’t have the attention span to comprehend your language let alone watch it for more then a minute, great video 👍🏻

[@retirednobaddays456]

How do you get zero gravity in the containment vessel? Maybe a better question for your next video is how do you control gravity in experiments given the equation you showed at 9:27 in the video?

[@RFK_wait4_2028]

Please explain "0.75g +/- 0.13g +/-0.16g"... I don't understand why the error is given in two parts. How is an error of +/-0.13g+/-0.16g different from an error of +/- 0.29 g?

[@larry3247]

Bro thank you for the video and expanding on topics.

[@vmsdm6736]

(4:34), At this timestamp, @Astrum, you state that a planet would look the same even though made of antimatter. How do we know that antimatter would react the same way to light, also, why not anti-protons revolving around positrons in the nucleus? What drew these conclusions?

[@johnk4437]

Thank you Splendid video. I'd love to learn more about matter and antimatter and its interaction with the gravity in this portion of the universe. Fascinating thank you

[@merlinjones2660]

One is just giving deduced deduction on instrumentation charges as all instrumentation has a nett charge and a nett charge flow rate what is the HERZE per second flow ? Would this have a flow rate on your instrumentation systems allowing antimatter to follow that flow or repell against it ? All has to be deduced one is very interested in this subject for flight systems in a space environment

[@paulocardoso2274]

At 17:01, you say + or - 1.6 g. However, the screen says 0.16g, which is correcct?

[@mm-yt8sf]

knowing the slight difference between how the forces affect antimatter vs matter, do have things we could observe across huge distances to know if we're looking at normal or anti galaxies? what would we be looking for? and i assume we definitely didn't find it if we think almost everything (observable) is made of normal matter..?

[@kylebutler682]

@ 9:38 you said gravitational acceleration is only dependent on one of the objects mass???? HOW?

[@chrisbaker2903]

I remember reading about designing the detectors at CERN and how they had to decide what they were going to record and what they were not going to record of the results of their colliding of particles because of the massive amounts of different data that became available and that they could not record it all. I have always wondered if that's the case, what are they missing in the data they decided to discard? Or am I mis-remembering what I read about it?

[@Thalidal]

Is spacetime curvature something that heals itself? I know we are talking about a flowing spacetime but if i could take earth away immediately, all matter gone instantly, would the resulting space time curve need a moment to heal or would it instantly fix? How long does it take space to curve, and can it curve quicker than that using forces other than gravity?

[@Thalidal]

Does every "point" have a "memory" of its "original" position.

[@Thalidal]

Do those "points" move to reclaim their desired spot if not acted on by any forces? They move back how, with what force.

[@who_we_are______5926]

Gravity waves would ripple as the negative space is quickly filled with space time, the upward force would be provided by the expansion of the universe

[@Rylan_The_Scarecrow]

I've learned something new about anti-matter! And... I'd like to hear more on this topic.

[@gavinmoore8024]

Interesting video explained very clearly in my view thank you. Would love to hear more on this particular subject.

[@nightmisterio]

2:30 how do we know this even is what is claimed to be??? Maybe the charge is a fluke and both charged and and negatively charged(that would be none charged not negative) are the same, what would make them charged and non charged? What about earth gravity would that not make all parts of one type to not even reach that detector? So it's similar to the electron concept yet it's not a electron? What if the electron concept has not negative charge but no charge? And the other coz it bend was assumed it was a positron? So that is how they came to the conclusion??? Why not call it NULL and NonNull rays? So what is charge in the end of the day what bends inside that experiment?

[@StephenFrei-qo6ru]

The structure of spacetime is a tetrahedrally coordinated expansion contraction oscillation between points in space and antispace. The momentum energy of the expansion phase on each side of this oscillation is condensed to form either matter or antimatter, depending upon which expansion phase is condensed. This also determines whether the charge is positive or negative.

[@johnconnor3849]

So if radioactive decay is different for matter and anti matter is it possible that elements that exist could not if comprised of antimatter? And vise versa?

[@MikeU128]

How do you cool positrons with "low pressure gasses"? Wouldn't the gas molecules (being ordinary matter) annihilate the positrons?

[@3rd_Rock]

Many thanks for explaining this fascinating subject with simple analogies that the majority of people can understand. This will encourage a greater number to support this work and potentially join the scientific community.

[@brunonlinespace]

To me, you are an excellent science communicator. Thanks for this, listened eagerly and understood it all.

[@joshafflu1]

i dont get the explanation of gravity used at 10:25 ish... like antimatter still has mass right? Gravity is a consequence of mass curving space time so why would anyone who accepts relativity expect antimatter to "fall up"?

[@shadow404atl]

The second Anderson cloud chamber was not in fact the Vacuum chamber. The latter image was actually a bubble chamber @ 2:40.

[@howardmorris5595]

Most interesting talk. I was amazed by the way it was simplified. Fantastic

[@Brando56894]

You make this a lot easier to digest, even for people that know a bit about particle/quantum physics. I love PBS SpaceTime but don't watch it frequently because about halfway through my head begins to hurt hahaha

[@JonathanMensah-h3n]

We need a continuous source of antimatter or storage means, like capacitor or battery. Can we work on these too?

[@darrylb5247]

PRIOR to seeing this I had noticed that anti-matter decays at a different rate than matter (faster of course). What fascinates me here is how the weak force interacts and that the chirality (left or right handed spin) will determine whether or not there is an interaction.

[@antoniosmpl.3457]

hi ,is it normal for sodium isotope to emit antimmatter like positrons,

[@tiagotiagot]

What about a sorta Leidenfrost effect at astronomical scales, where interactions between matter and antimatter causes enough repulsive forces with the resulting explosions that any regions with more of one kind than the other ends up getting repelled from the border either other region with the opposite imbalance, and the compression with the regions resulting from the repulsive force from the borders increases the odds of impacts, and therefore anihilations inside each region reinforcing the imbalance in a region until reaching an more stable state of very little inhomogeneity within a region, resulting is so little annihilation events that it looks like everything is made of the same stuff because the two kinds got sorted into separate bubbles with major voids between them? Has that been checked for? Would be even possible for one such bubble to be smaller than the Observable Universe at this point in time?