What is CRISPR?

In this video Paul Andersen explains how the CRISPR/Cas immune system was identified in bacteria and how the CRISPR/Cas9 system was developed to edit genomes.
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Music Attribution
Intro
Title: I4dsong_loop_main.wav
Artist: CosmicD
Link to sound: www.freesound.org/people/Cosmi...
Creative Commons Atribution License
Outro
Title: String Theory
Artist: Herman Jolly
sunsetvalley.bandcamp.com/trac...
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Adenosine. (2009). English: Artistic rendering of a T4 bacteriophage. The colours grey and orange do not signify anything, they are just used to illustrate structure. Created for Wikipedia. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
E. coli Bacteria. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2016, from www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/1...
Fioretti, B. F. Hallbauer &. (2015). English: Director, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Regulation in Infection Biology. Visiting professor The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden MIMS; www.mpiib-berlin.mpg.de/resear.... Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Foresman, P. S. ([object HTMLTableCellElement]). English: Line art drawing of a chimera. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Magladem96. (2014). English: Picture of DNA Base Flipping. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
project, C. wiki. (2014). English: Crystal Structure of Cas9 bound to DNA based on the Anders et al 2014 Nature paper. Rendition was performed using UCSF’s chimera software. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
Providers, P. C. (1979). English: Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, 900x Mag. A pus specimen, viewed using Pappenheim’s stain. Last century, infections by S. pyogenes claimed many lives especially since the organism was the most important cause of puerperal fever and scarlet fever. Streptococci. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
RRZEicons. (2010). English: zipper, open, close. Retrieved from commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
UC Berkeley. (n.d.). Gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9. Retrieved from • CRISPR-Cas9 gene editi...

[@youngkim6755]

It took our teacher 45 minutes to explain this in class and countless hours for students to understand it. This guy did it in just 7 minutes. I would be a biology major if he was my teacher.

[@nicolasdelaeter4124]

Same here bro!

[@sristyhalder6551]

Same here..

[@mikeb5030]

That's is why I think schools are scams.

[@the__man1]

It your creative minds

[@the__man1]

You can still do it all by your self and some help from the internet

[@EqualToBen]

what a fantastic balance between information and understandability

[@c3ncor3dplaylists74]

Rev 9:6

[@alyssaalcantara6739]

Bless these science videos on youtube that make complicated topics more simplified!! Honestly, so grateful to be living in this era of highly-developed technology which serves as a helpful learning resource :)

[@coffeelatte7760]

I watched this for my school activity and I have to rewatch it over and over to understand since I'm very slow. But it is TOTALLY HELPFUL, with all the illustrations and the explanations. Thank you!

[@Ferrist1]

🤣🤣🤣🤣 same!

[@iammrbeat]

I didn't truly understand what CRISPR was until I watched this. Great job breaking it down.

[@rollerbladinggeek5507]

not really. his explanation is terrible & unnecessarily hard to follow

[@lamaripiazza5226]

@@rollerbladinggeek5507 Explain

[@adrianrodriguezareal4324]

Quite the same feeling from me too; Conpletely agree.

[@kxx139]

whattttttt! Can't believe I see you here after your john brown video

[@100nirosta]

Hello. 1.Why is the kas heading to the place where the guide rnc has settled? And why does the guide RNA attach itself to a specific nucleotide sequence, how does it find them? 2. How does a bacterium understand that macrophage dna has been launched into it? And how does it start to produce those RNAs with the same nucleotide sequence that are contained in the DNA of macrophages? 3. I cannot understand. Does the Cas 9 protein break hydrogen bonds between nucleotides, or does it completely rip the gene out of the DNA molecule? 4. Will the required template be inserted into the DNA molecule by itself, you just need to inject it into the blood plasma, and it will itself get into the part that was removed by the cas-9 protein? 5. Please show the video footage that was filmed in the laboratories. What exactly happens in the nuclei of cells, how does this protein cas-9 carry out its task. Ato with this computer graphics absolutely nothing is clear.

[@NstaOrgNSTA]

Hey Paul--you knocked it out of the ball park again! This is a hot topic, and we love how you break it down in terms everyone can understand.

[@Bozemanscience1]

+National Science Teachers Association Thanks so much!

[@TotoLakay]

I would like to know Where i can learn to do just that...Because my want to make (let's say a purple banana) and i want to know the steps that would lead me there from buying a book to how to use that "machine " to sequence dna, etc. Or a simple video of a potato being engineered from start to finish. since i am a "hands-on" and visual learner.I ll pay good money for that.

[@antdx316]

+Bozeman Science, Only a matter of time because some people super mutate into things that eat itself alive like people who were subjected to directly radiation after a nuclear event. The pain levels could be beyond anything that has ever existed in life before. Some scientist and other people could get docs that create a new form of disease that could never ever be fixed or people would discover new ways to fix the "beach" but this is after people become collateral damage in the process. It would seem only people who want to be familiar with such new technology will be the potential victims. Better than chemo maybe but could be a lot worse. It will be a lot interesting to watch on the news from an observation point of view but being within the circle of testers, it could spread into skin like ebola then probably would be a secret quaranteen to probably an MH370 quiet style execution where no one in the world must know or else mass pandemonium for the common good like when they jacked the the software from China having it. They probably jacked the engineers and killed everyone else. They prob have the highest top level top secret people who know the word could never get out and why. I feel as the the technology was so good that if the tech was sold to rogue nations like NK we would all be fucked so action had to be taken to ensure it's kept in the right hands.

[@SMThecla2]

Is Anthony Abelardo a messed up conspiracy theorist? (Old just insane?) 😬🍥 😯

[@mid1chosen]

After lots of crap videos finally a good one.u r one of the best teacher .

[@dontcallmelil8619]

I love this guy, he feels like he's MY teacher, I've never met him, but it feels like I've taken his classes for years, even though I've only watched a handful of his videos, he just feels like such a great teacher!

[@lamichael19]

I'm an Undergraduate student in Biochemistry, taking a graduate biotech class, and this is honestly more helpful and time efficient than going through the book or notes. Thanks again, I've been watching your videos since high school Bio about 4 years ago.

[@chrisbacot8584]

Have been away from molecular biology for several decades. Now in retirement, I am adjuncting at a local college. This was quite helpful in understanding a major advance in a mechanism for treatment of genetic based disease. Many thanks!

[@MrDymb]

I have watched you for years. After watching multiple videos, specifically with Crispr, yours is truly the perfect balance between complex and simplified. Thank you for your work!

[@alakhdar100]

Here after the announcement of 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

[@timothycampbell3439]

3:45. He called it 4 years ago.

[@user-mi5cv1po6y]

@@timothycampbell3439 lmao

[@fabianperson]

@@timothycampbell3439 It was kinda just a matter of time though^^

[@organizedchaos4559]

What happen at there?

[@alakhdar100]

@@organizedchaos4559 this technique won the 2020 Nobel prize in chemistry.

[@ohheycrystalhey]

Heyyy, I used to watch your channel for AP bio in high school 4 years ago, and here I am in senior year of college and you’re still helping me out. Thanks for such good explanations over these four years 😊

[@DK-zn8cq]

Thank you for the amazing video! What is funny is that I have been watching your videos for help ever since my first undergraduate bio class. I'm now in my senior year and am taking molecular biology. When my professor came across this topic in class she said " here's a great video that sums everything up" and sure enough, it was your video! Just goes to show you are not only helping students, you are helping professors clarify the material. Keep up the stupendous work and thanks again!

[@soonhyo0113]

This vid is planned out so well without any cuts between footage And an amazing job in explaining Jeez Your one wonderful human being.

[@meitalbar3]

Have looked at so many other videos about CRISPR, but only yours made a difference and helped me understand it in a very memorable way! Once again- Thank you!!

[@bev78229]

This is what I have puzzled over - trying to understand CRSPR and getting further and further in the weeds. You accomplished breaking something so brilliant down to where an ordinary mortal can begin to understand - which takes another special type of brilliance. Thank you for recognizing the need. You made my day

[@jillianeastman5681]

I am an AP Biology teacher and am always recommending your videos to explain topics. I recently came across CRSPR in the news and was discussing it with some of my more seasoned bio students. When I got the NSTA digest and YOUR video was in there....I was ecstatic! It was like two worlds meeting. Anyhow, great job. Thanks for keeping up with everything.

[@HermitKing731]

do you think crispr could potentially change someones sexual orientation some day? i am asexual and am hoping it can be changed some day.

[@smartereveryday]

Man... this is legit.

[@jillmarshall4941]

omg hi Destin ily

[@c3ncor3dplaylists74]

Rev 9:6

[@BlackbodyEconomics]

​@@c3ncor3dplaylists74 6:9 veR ... huh - nope, not palindromic

[@codyellsworth7927]

RADAR

[@ceenadrifts6610]

big fan

[@vyangoel2886]

I have been looking for good CRISPR explanation vids but could NOT find it until I watched this vid. It was very helpful in explaining to me what CRISPR is and what it does. Thank you and keep up the extremely good work

[@katherinehemsley5576]

This is the best explanation of CRISPR-Cas9 on the internet! Like he said all the others have either been too simple or too complex. And I have been researching this to write an essay on it for over a month. Thankyou!

[@JLee12927]

I've been struggling to understand this for months since I covered it in one of my final year modules, but this explained it incredibly well, thanks very much!

[@lorandnagy6442]

I wish I could thank this man personally because he helped me through a 15 minute presentation and an essay to go along with it. Thank you!

[@theoldhip]

As usual - Your teaching is excellent. I have had undergraduate and graduate courses in molecular biology, and you always give understanding that most formal courses simply don't. I thank you for your efforts, they definitely help.

[@kristenswonger4572]

I show Bozeman videos all the time to my students. You do a great job explaining things in a way most anyone can understand. I am going to share this in my biochem class in our malaria / sickle cell anemia discussion since they are looking at doing this to mosquitoes to hopefully get rid of malaria

[@jessical6944]

Amazing! I've been reading articles about how it works. It has been confusing to wrap my head around but your video was much help!

[@Pretty_Boy6]

This was a great breakdown, I'm in College for microbiology and specifically for crispr. Videos like this help me learn more and more, and make me excited to learn.

[@WeezyGR]

This is the best video about CRISPR i've seen so far! Im having a presention in january about casposons and how they were the "ancestors" of the acquired immunity mechanism called CRISPR-Cas and I finally understood the meaning behind the CRISPR-Cas actions so i can finally compare these two things! Big thanks and a happy new year!!!

[@leafmiee9024]

I am a 15 years old student in Taiwan. And I have watched more than 10 videos about CRISPR. Your video is the best to understand and not be too simple! Thank you♥

[@akawumpus]

Thanks! I'm doing an independent studies class and wanted to focus on this for my topic, and needed a general understanding to jump off from this really helped!

[@willjack5848]

I still don’t understand it

[@caosdeterministico]

Great video. By simplifying away just the right amount of details, you revealed the working mechanism of CRISPR, which is what I was interested in. Thanks, good job.

[@Archer267]

You did a great job with this video, so much so that a layperson could grasp it. Thank you. Please do one on Oligodendroglioma brain tumors!

[@seriousblakk]

Dude thank you. The other videos were seriously vague

[@roseleelauper1193]

I've been interested in this for research and couldn't quite get an intuitive feel quite yet...you explained it great!! Keep them coming; I am learning a lot from your videos just never left comments.

[@lcl1129]

still in 2019, i have searched many videos to understand well this guru mechanism, finally I got here from BOZEMAN. Not words of mine will be enough to compliment you. Thank u for all your works to spread science.

[@Rice8003]

Had to watch this like 3 times and only took notes the third time for most of it to sink in. God help me this is just the beginning

[@dreamer1923]

Yes this is the vaccine for the world coronavirus .

[@SattarJayed]

3:42 Her name ends with dna !!

[@herryhermawan5278]

coincidence ?

[@guyjanssen5250]

@@herryhermawan5278 I THINK NOT

[@kentuckyblugrass]

@@herryhermawan5278 Highly unlikely

[@wavewavewave640]

Coincidence? I don't think so. Hotel? Trivago.

[@daniyalkooshland1521]

Great effort Sir and transparency in your work is outstanding.

[@lubnaahmad8831]

this is the best explanation anywhere. i went and visited my lecturer twice asking her to explain this but she couldn't. hands down best channel ever!

[@tedchirvasiu]

Thank you so much, your lessons are always so clear and interesting!

[@thokomalinga942]

Pretty much everything I needed, just would have loved to hear you speak about the PAM targeting mechanism... other than that this is great

[@mahditabatabaie5272]

You have just helped me A LOT! been trying to understand the concept of CRISPS for quite some time and this video really helped. thank you very much.

[@oliviajanusz8671]

I'm a Science teacher and we watch your videos all the time. They're a great combo of info and visuals- thanks!

[@rinalubit]

this saved my life thank you

[@sdpy15]

Fantastic! I just wanted to point out a mistake: when CAS1 inserts a spacer into the host DNA it is added UPSTREAM (ie: closer to the CAS gene), not downstream. This is due to a "polar" acquisition leading to a sequential "hierarchy". Otherwise great video, you continue to be my fall-back resource for exam preps. :)

[@sauravpanicker9446]

I bet you this is one of the best explanations I have heard in CRISPR CAS9 SYSTEM...

[@nurulhuda9156]

wow I am highly impressed at how simple you made the system seem! Thank you! So glad you made this video

[@WALLACE9009]

Thanks! This was excellent. I wonder how the class 1 CAS protein can add new pieces of viruses to the library and distinguish harmful RNA from endogenous RNA?

[@tessagee]

i have a final in a few hours and this helped tremendously thanks!

[@filipematias2239]

Same

[@antdx316]

So he basically explained your entire schooling in a 7 minute video? Why even go to school?

[@subwayvesubscriber]

Anthony Abelardo You make the education system sound so simple. Sure, there's a well-made 7 minute video about CRISPR on KZbin, but will you find everything that is taught in school from grade 1 up until graduation? I highly doubt it. Most students need teachers to clarify and explain things they perhaps didn't understand the first or even the second time. They need feedback, criticism, an environment where they can learn to compete and work together. And there are all the social aspects that going to school incorporates. I frankly think many of these things are incredibly valuable and not replaceable by a few succinct videos. And for me personally, videos like this have only served to refresh my memory on topics I have already learned to just get back into it again if I haven't looked at them a while, not completely teach me everything from zero.

[@antdx316]

+subwayvesubscriber, They should just show some of these videos in high school so people can decide if they want to learn further rather than have a lot of people waste time and money in a program they won't even get a career they went to college for but then there would be too many people who would be good at what they do and the really best people would have a hard time shining as bright as w/ the way the system is engineered now.

[@hydrazine_n2h4]

This is a really awesome video, thank you so much! It was the only one out of many, many videos which really explained it well.

[@msmoneymoves5228]

Great video. You accomplished what you described in the beginning (a succinct and informative video on the CRISPR Cas9 system). Thanks for the video!

[@dmflyboy2]

MINOR quibbles: 1) usually new spacer-repeats are added at the proximal, not distal, end of the CRISPR locus; 2) This is NOT "exactly" how mammalian immune systems work ("just on a larger scale") as you've stated; 3) HOST DNA, not RNA, is used in gene replacement. Nice graphics!

[@nomunomu1014]

Preparing for my med-sku interview tomorrow, I hope they'll ask me something about this so I could show off as a 17 year old. Lord bless me.

[@goldentaurus429]

This video is really helpful! It explicitly and clearly introduce the most fundamentals and core stuff of CRISPR-CAS9

[@nicoledelgado692]

This man... is extraordinarily easy to follow. Hats off to you sir, your videos have saved my butt countless times. THANK YOU!!

[@sciencetutor_businessguy]

Hello Mr Paul I am Musa a middle school Science teacher in Saudi Arabia.I am very crazy about using technology in my classes and this had made my students to watch several of your videos.Recently I promised to invite you to speak with them about a particular topic they have taken before just for few minutes so that they can have the chance of speaking with you directly and asking you questions.please i will be glad to get your response into my personal email.We really love your videos. hope to read your response soon Sir.Thanks

[@Mdmathemovie2016]

So I've just watched half a dozen videos on CRISPR, including this one, and none of them explain how the system can enter every singe cell in a living organism. All the videos (including this one) only explain it once you get the CRISPR/CAS9 into a single cell. How do you get it into a single cell to begin with? And how do you get it into EVERY SINGLE CELL inside a living organism? Can someone explain this? Thanks.

[@juliettedaze]

well, i'm a student that just worked on gene editing using crispr and basically, we added plasmid that contained Cas9 and CRISPR to the cells we worked with. We then centrifuged it to break cell walls to allow the plasmid to actually reach the cell's DNA. I hope this kind of helped.

[@Mdmathemovie2016]

Thanks for your response. I'm even more confused now, though. If you have to centrifuge the cells and break the cell walls, how do you get CRISPR into living, multi-celled organisms, like a human being. Supposedly there are human studies underway. I don't understand how the system can get into all the cells in a living, human body.

[@JPSIBZ]

No one knows for sure yet. There have been varying degrees of success with several different methods. Most notably is the direct injection of a viral vector carrying the crispr/cas 9 genetic code and after transduction, allowing the host cell machinery to assemble the proteins/enzymes themselves. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931524415003321

[@Mdmathemovie2016]

Thanks! That's what I wanted to know. :)

[@ronnieangelo4555]

There are various ways on how to insert exogenous materials into cells. One of which is microinjection, which is mechanical. Another way is through modified viruses, where the genes for these CRISPR and Cas are also included in that viral genome.

[@AnaPereira-iz7py]

Thank god I found this. After fighting for 1h with CRISPR terms that I could not understand, THIS WAS ALL I NEEDED AND EVERYTHING MAKES SENSE NOW, THANK YOU!

[@dist321]

Bozeman, your videos are always very helpful! Thank you!

[@purejuiceful]

Nice.

[@halilibrahimkocoglu5899]

In short.. After all a zombie apocalypse is not going to be sci fi anymore

[@Viraj_2305]

this is the most beautiful video on CRISPR I have ever watched...Thank you so much, Sir! Great respect from India

[@BigSam.1509]

This video is just amazing. I'm really grateful for what you did here, I've learnt a lot. Best wishes.

[@chrisharrel8837]

Ctrl + A, Ctrl + X, Ctrl + V

[@TimmyMoza]

This one is most succinct.

[@jameslaurenson9030]

Ctrl + C*

[@c3ncor3dplaylists74]

Rev 9:6

[@chrisharrel8837]

@@c3ncor3dplaylists74 The bible is the most successful man-made fraud ever crafted. Using technology to proselytize is peak irony. I pray and give thanks to Newton and Leibniz and Darwin and Euler and Pascal and Bernoulli.

[@c3ncor3dplaylists74]

@@chrisharrel8837 the greatest lies of all time is believing that satan doesnt exist.

[@antpaste]

Thats some badass shit

[@frankieroandMCR]

Been watching your videos since GCSE biology and I'm now studying for my final university exams in biomedical sciences... You're still helping me out! Probably will still be watching during my PhD! Thanks so much

[@georgehayden134]

This is such a great video that really helped get an understanding of what CRISPR is as my text book brought in terms that weren't defined. Excellent video so happy with this.

[@pallingtontheshrike6374]

More people have heard about it now: Kurzegesagt and SciShow have now made vids on it.

[@zakuro8532]

still, this is way more informative

[@knzay]

im already tracrRNA

[@DeadInside-ct6dl]

Ke La God, I saw tracrRNA, and I legit just thought about this meme.

[@meeeesosoup9997]

came down here to see if anyone made that joke

[@jeanah6345]

fuck u im in grad school trying to learn crispr and i literally had to find this video bc every time i hear "tracrRNA" my shit brain immediately blocks everything else out except for that meme. im gonna fail because of a shitty overwatch meme i can't believe it

[@lepjee]

Thanks i hate it

[@hanac5586]

Thanks I hate it

[@jjrabbit2023]

I've watched a lot of videos about this topic, and this has by far been the most helpful! Thanks so much!!! You explain it really well to a high school student who is doing a speech on this. :)

[@mountainmahmee]

Thank you so much for this incredible explanation of CRISPR Cas9! I am working on my capstone and am considering this topic as well as the Connectome.

[@MrTridac]

This is so awesome - no, it's frightening - Awesome! - Frightening! - Damn, I can't decide. Guess it's both.

[@Bozemanscience1]

+MrTridac Agreed.

[@Shahid2971]

just wondering is learning about CRISPA undergraduate level biology or high school level biology.

[@Shahid2971]

CRISPR

[@MelissaFlaquer]

+MrTridac it is both

[@guitarsean]

It's a tool, so it depends on what we do with it.

[@georgedwilkinson]

6:30 "As we break the DNA, the host DNA is going to be added" Fascinating. And what is the magic involved in this?

[@vqh]

Double stranded breaks can be repaired by a repair pathway known as Homologous Recombination, and the donor DNA is integrated in this process.

[@blissclasswork8650]

We have learned an immense amount about DNA repair pathways, some through cancer research

[@deimuader]

This is called "Homology Directed Repair (HDR)"

[@AusyJo]

In vitro, can you use other cloning methods like TOPO or Gibson Assembly after you PCR your desired insert?

[@Rana26g]

Does this mean that we can introduce ANY sequence of DNA and the repair system will replace the target DNA (cut by CRISPR) with it? Any criteria to design this sequence?

[@icecreamgecko]

Amazing! Thank You dearly for this video. This has been the best explanation of the system I have seen so far.

[@benchew6599]

Thank you for the terrific video that was more in depth than other videos but not too much into the weeds. Great video. It really helped my understanding as I read scientific papers now.

[@gregboffo4985]

The tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Man playing God. Best left alone.

[@JohnSmith-nz1vj]

I laughed at the #NobelPrize more than I should've.

[@swimfreestyle18]

+John Smith Hey its history in the making though :)

[@jeanfernandez5397]

This technology can cure all inherited diseases! It should win the nobel!!!!

[@HoangNam-]

And it win the nobel prize =))

[@anneitandbanana]

Perfect intermediate-level explanation!!! Thanks so much :) Studying for my cancer pharmacology final exam and we did a special topics lecture on CRISPR Cas9 in cancer therapy

[@pincopallino7981]

I really appreciated the clear and concise explanation. Thank you!

[@kissthesky40]

Playing God? Hello Covid 19-SARS2

[@halilibrahimkocoglu5899]

Nice Way of mutating humans into zombies

[@rosalbadelriogarcia9598]

Fix the zombie FEED THEM MEAT.. #metabolichealthinitiative #nutritioncoalition #adaptyourlife #carnivorecure #reindeerherdsman

[@dohaalsaddani1063]

u've always managed to make me understand everything so easily and so quickly somehow. Im grateful!! thanks

[@AnNguyenyds]

Best video explaining CRISPR/Cas9 I have ever seen! Thank you so much!

[@JediWebSurf]

Now explain the mRNA vaccine.

[@dannysbookauthority7280]

So you want evil people messing with DNA who can't even treat a dog with compassion. Seriously stop being taken for a ride.

[@trulyblessed5254]

👏👏👏👏👏👏👏😘

[@MrCmon113]

No, no one suggests that you mess with DNA.

[@masoomafatima9856]

Loved the video. Best one so far. Comprehensible and technical!

[@isabellamixton-garcia9500]

Honestly, thank you so much. I have a Science Olympiad regional in two days, and they threw this topic on me last minute. I have no background in this field, and watching all these videos with words I didn't know (I basically was looking up every word). Your video gave me the basics to understand the rest of the complicated videos. Thank you again.

[@sofiaelenamunoz3915]

You made such a difficult and complex concept so easy to understand! Thank you!!

[@stanthemann1313]

Most scientifically accurate yet simple explanation of this explosive technique. Well done!

[@izzyl.6389]

This is by far the best explanation of CRISPR Cas9, love the video!

[@johannes7578]

Thank you very much. Just the right length and complexity between a Wikipedia entry and a local news story trying to explain CRISPR. Just what I needed

[@shraddhapathak8350]

Stumbled across it during my breakfast and such a wonderful video it is. The concept is explained very lucidily.

[@xinyufan2550]

This is the very video I have been looking for. Thank you!

[@rahul7270]

Thank you for that elegant explanation, sir.

[@danielle4685]

im a bio major at uc berkeley and i've taken 3 biology classes so far that all tried to explain crispr, one of those classes was taught by professor doudna. i never fully understood the mechanism until i watched this video. thank you

[@kunqiwang9736]

Thank you so much! I participated several talks but this is my first time to understand it. Eventually. Thanks!

[@nusairashahab3764]

Great video. Thank you so much for explaining Crispr/ cas9 so simply.

[@anushkasingh5281]

Thank you for the "crisp" delivery of information!

[@MultiGeeklover]

Thank you so much! Best video I've seen explaining this topic!

[@el_arlequin2202]

What a simple and clear explanation! Thank you very much!