What is the Ladino Language? | History of Judeo-Spanish 1492-2024

[@justelliot4870]

As somebody who, although is not Sephardi themself, has a lot of Sephardi family, I'm super excited to see this video. Ladino has a beautiful, rich history and I even started trying to learn it myself!

[@yuvalyeru]

Same here. As an anecdote, the last relative I've known to be speaking Ladino(the Bulgarian dialect), just passed away a few months ago. RIP Shlomo, Yhi Zichro Baruch.

[@SunnetEhli]

Hey, I’m learning too. Do you have discord?

[@KaminandoiAvlando]

Shalom! Esperamos ke vos ambezésh más i más. En muestro kanal el buto es de fazer kon ke esta fermoza lingua, el ladino, kontinue biva i relevante.. sósh muy bienvenidos a echar una mirada. Sanos i saludozos ke estésh

[@alpetensel4047]

@@KaminandoiAvlandoke bueno! Deves azer un kanal de discord.

[@mohammadsalman57]

As a Palestinian I have one or two things to add. First the establishment of the Zionist state in Palestine caused many rich linguistic and cultural features of the Jewish diaspora to disappear such as Yiddish, Ladino and Arabic. Every immigrant had to learn the 20th century newly resurrected Hebrew language which previously seized to exist as a communicative language - around 200 years before the birth of Jesus- in favor of other languages primarily Aramaic which in turn seized to exist as a communicative language by the 10th century in favor of Arabic. Hence to know if someone is actually Palestinian they must speak Arabic regardless of faith think how Egypt lost it’s old languages in favor of Arabic or Italy lost latin for Italian. Second about the liberty and freedom of the Jewish minority in the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule, it’s worth mentioning that at least in two instances what is equivalent to the prime minister was actually Jewish, have any of the western countries manage to do that yet? Last but not not least when you look at the more than 1000 year of Muslim rule in various and vast areas of the globe you can find only a handful of cases where Jews were discriminated or prosecuted against, in contrast I can count here in the US at least a dozen cases in only the last 100 years. So to emphasize that at the beginning of the video is disingenuous, Muslim record in this regard is better than even the US record. Things happen sometimes in spite of your best effort not to.

[@erenoz2910]

My grandma speaks Ladino, but not because she is Jewish. She grew up in the Galata neighbourhood in Istanbul where there was a big Jewish community. She learned Ladino as a toddler by playing with neighbourhood kids. Despite not having anybody to speak it with, she still remembers the language.

[@alpetensel4047]

Ke bueno, es muy bueno el beyoğlu

[@MrLantean]

Many Sephardic Jews fled to the Ottoman Empire after they got expelled by the Spanish monarchs and got refuge there. While settling within the Ottoman Empire, they retained their Judeo-Castillian language known as Ladino and later incorporated Turkish and Slavic loanwords. Some descendants of Sephardic Jews in the Balkans use Ladino as liturgical language instead of Hebrew. Greek Jews speak 2 Jewish language: Ladino and Judeo-Greek known as Yevanic. However the predominantly language is Ladino while only a minority speak Yevanic.

[@unpizzeroquevendepanyunren3737]

The worst part of the people to stop of speake ther languges is to lost the language, Im uruguayan and naturally I have inmigrant ancestry, my great greatmother, she was from Sepino, Molinese, she thinked to speaked a god italian, she preserved the language, but when his niece come to visit my great father he talked in italian with she, and in a moment stoped "sorry aunt, but I don`t undestand u, not talk a good italian, sepines or spanish" with a little tone of mockery "¡AH, N'DATE A CAGAR, FILLIO DA PUTANA!". The same happend with my Great great father, to lost his polish language, until he was Jewish, ashkenazi, the same with my great mother, to lost his portuguese of the Rio grande do sul

[@SgtRocko]

My daughter-in-law is from Salonika and her first language is Ladino (which is awesome, considering my son's first language is Yiddish). In their Ksuvah it clearly states their kids (she just had twins!) will be native Yiddish and Ladino speakers before they learn Hebrew. I'm very happy about that. Her parents were so overjoyed that I not only didn't fight it, but was the one to SUGGEST it even made them stop squabbling with me and my son over rice being acceptable during Passover (it's ABSOLUTELY NOT lol). If anyone wants to hear incredibly beautiful Ladino songs, search Yasmin Levy here on YT. "Ocho Kandelikas" is now a staple Chanukah song that everyone knows.

[@nexeos]

What year is this? Only my grandparents spoke Yiddish.

[@BBarNavi]

LET YOUR GRANDCHILD HAVE KITNIYOT OKAY😤

[@EAlyahya]

@@BBarNavifor a mixed household of ashkenazi and sephardi, which minhagim the children will follow?

[@letsTAKObout_it]

Incredible! Your grandchildren with thank you for helping them preserved their ancestral languages and identities! Plus, being a polyglot is great

[@KaminandoiAvlando]

Shalom! Ke ermozo las dos partes endjuntas, todo bueno ke tengásh siempre. Muestro kanal es en ladino i vozos estásh más ke invitados. Semanada buena kon munchas bendisiones

[@BaraIsrael]

Sephardic Jew here, my family comes from the family of Borgia and we moved from Spain to Italy and from Italy to Libya, we lived there fine until the anti Jewish riots of 1945, then we had to move to Israel, our language which was Judeo tripolitanian is gone, but our foods and accents are the same, great video Hilbert

[@spicyf]

Stay safe Achi. ❤

[@bystander1990]

I can only speak Hebrew (and English) but Ladino always reminds me of my grandparents who used to speak it besides Hebrew and Turkish

[@liquidgames7362]

This comment is 100% true for me and my family too

[@johnkeefer8760]

As someone who is learning Hebrew rn and took Spanish in school, it’s so fascinating to watch this. Like 80% of it feels familiar, but then like 20% I would have no idea

[@yokab]

Same here

[@KaminandoiAvlando]

Shalom! Tenemos un kanal en ladino, ainda empesando, ma keremos kontinuar. Sósh muy bienvenidos. Saludozos ke estésh!

[@tompeled6193]

​@@KaminandoiAvlando Español escrito no normal.

[@caseclosed9342]

Little fun story: I’ve actually heard this language spoken before in real life just a couple of weeks ago - I work at a call center and one of my calls I got was a husband and wife calling in about their account and their adult son was on the call to help them (this is actually pretty common). The couple were probably in their 80’s or 90’s and the wife and son both spoke English fine but the dad kept speaking this other weird language that his son was translating. Although I don’t speak Spanish being in Florida I can recognize Spanish when it’s spoken and I didn’t think he was speaking Spanish, but at some point in our conversation (I think when reading numbers) I heard something that sounded like Spanish which surprised me because nothing else did. When we were done the call the son said “in case you were wondering my dad speaks Judeo-Spanish because he’s from Croatia”. I was surprised because know it’s an endangered language so hearing someone speak it (albeit a very old person) was unbelievable. I actually did know about the language because last year I traveled to Thessaloniki in Greece as part of a tour I was on and they talked about it’s historical presence in the region , but this video helped me understand it more.

[@Dor150]

I'm half Sephardic, but my ancestors reached Aleppo, Syria where they assimilated with the Jewish community that already existed there. My grandparents spoke arabic at home however when it comes to food we still keep some sephardic traditions.

[@galileor.cuevas9739]

As a Mexican who has fallen in love with North African languages and history, Haketia being mentioned fills my heart with joy.

[@avremke24]

I’m a Yiddish speaker and have always found ladino fascinating. Cheers for yet another wonderful video!

[@danielhzn]

My grandparents fled from Smyrna to Brazil and spoke ladino. As a portugese speaker I can understand most of the ladino language; in fact, my grandmother learned portugese with ease. My great great grandfather founded a newspaper while still in Turkey called "La Buena Esperanza".

[@MCKevin289]

Oi brasileiro. Minha namorada e brasileira. Ela entende espanhol.

[@danielhzn]

@@MCKevin289 yeah, most brazilians do understand spanish

[@n00b_n00b_]

@@danielhzn your family still has the same surname, Cool!

[@authormichellefranklin]

My great grandmother spoke Ladino. I only ever learned a few words and a lullaby, but my grandfather passed on culinary words I still use today. Many thanks for the video! It's always pleasant to be reminded of my grandparents.

[@wholewheatcracker3561]

Hey Hilbert you should do a video of the Mediterranean Lingua Franca/Sabir. It seems really interesting to me and there aren’t really any KZbin videos about it, it seems right up your alley too

[@Artur_M.]

Great video! I always thought that Ladino is pretty well known (meaning that people know about the existence of this language, not that they necessarily *know* it) but judging from the comments, it's not necessarily the case. So, it's even cooler that you are educating your audience about it! One Jewish language which is definitely super obscure and not many people even heard about it, is Knaanic, also called Leshon Knaan or Judeo-Slavic. It went extinct sometime in the Late Middle Ages, and it probably never had many speakers to begin with. Despite that (or because of it, depending how you look at it) it could be an interesting topic for a video.

[@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714]

Interesting.

[@felipemartinez2249]

Your point about the influence of other iberian languages in the change of words starting in f, example filla -> hija is wrong. This is not because the influence of portuguese or cathalan. The f at the beginning of word started to be aspirated and turned into an h, around the XVI century in castillian spanish. Since the sephardite jews were expelled before the swap, the sound was kept in ladino languaje.

[@TheRanaro]

Being a Spanish speaker, I understand Ladino very well, and I'm totally Ashkenazi!

[@kuroazrem5376]

As a Spanish speaker, I've always found Judeo-Spanish fascinating, and I'd like to learn it despite not being Jewish.

[@Lisbonese]

Yes I have heard of it, as it’s my ancestral language as a Portuguese-Spanish Jew.

[@AmericanBeautyCorset]

My mother was Sephardic. She would pray in Ladino. She never taught me or my brother the language. Now that I'm older and want to embrace my heritage.. Thanks for such a great video. BTW There is a Sephardic Synagogue here in NYC. I know they were closed during covid. Don't have much info about it now. 😊

[@jeffe9842]

I'm a US expat living in Colombia with my Colombian wife. Neither of us speaks Ladino, but I once found some videos with Ladino songs. I played them for my wife and she was able to understand the songs because of how close Ladino and Spanish are to each other.

[@MCKevin289]

I’m interested in the Yiddish video because that’s the “Jewish” language I have most exposure too given my geographic location. To be fair it’s almost entirely through loan words in my dialect of English. But there are some ultra orthodox hassidic communities that speak almost exclusively Yiddish near me.

[@victoraguirre5545]

I remember some years ago the Ladino Wikipedia having a deal with contributors that were just writing Spanish in a "Ladinish" way. I don't know if it's still the case, but I found it kind of funny at the time.

[@rajdhonsinghngangbam1848]

Reminds me of the scots wikipedia

[@Crabby303]

Thanks for this, another great short focus on a threatened language! Yup I highly recommend Sam Aronow's channel too.

[@teucer915]

In the case of the f-h-0 shift, there's no reason to suppose that non Castilian Ibero-romance languages specifically contributed to the Ladino preservation of f. This may well be the case, but that shift didn't happen in Castilian Spanish until the 15th century, by which time Jewish communities were at least somewhat linguistically distinct from Christian ones in Spain. A general rule in historical linguistics is that shared innovations need an explanation in either a common ancestor or linguistic contact, but shared archaisms don't. Obviously Ladino has been informed by many neighboring languages. The point stands. But this isn't a clear-cut example of it.

[@avishaiedenburg1102]

One of the most popular snacks to offer guests in Israel are burekas- baked filo pastries filled with cheese, potato or various other fillings. The word itself is the Turkish burek with a Ladino plural ending.

[@crustymcgee6580]

Loved this! Fantastic intro to this lost language.

[@goslin8629]

A quick correction for around 2:20, the Jews who converted weren't safe either. Conversos were regularly accused of secretly practicing or trying to convert christians.

[@martijnb5887]

Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands are called Portuguese Jews whether they did come from Portugal, which many did, or from Spain. Since Spain was the mortal enemy of the nascent Dutch nation, the Jews did not want to be associated with it. Amsterdam, The Hague and several cities had before the war large, well respected Sephardic communities. Their synagogue is call the "Netherlands Portuguese Synagogue". As far as I can find their language is Portuguese. I can imagine this is also a older variant of Portuguese with it's own history. Do you know whether this is a variant of Ladino?

[@Septe.]

Many of the jews who were expelled spoke other romance languages, such as, Judeo-Portuguese/Galician, Judeo-Asturian, Judeo-Leonese, Judeo-Catalan, etc. Most of these languages did not survive, only Judeo-Spanish remained

[@historywithhilbert]

Dedicated video on this coming soon!

[@fsjuarez8031]

Para mim, luso falante, o ladino é mais parecido com o português do que com o espanhol. O sotaque é muito parecido com o do português do sul do Brasil.

[@cacalover4253]

@@fsjuarez8031 El Ladino tiene solo 5 vocales al igual que el Español Moderno. Tu Portugués tiene muchas más. No digas cosas que nada que ver

[@tiagotimoteo4004]

Spinoza was one of them, he even knew how to speak Portuguese.

[@qrisgeorge]

Wow, I never heard of this language before, nor about wiki tongues. This is great to know about. Thank you for your research and video.

[@adayah30]

My family are Sephardics from Spain and spoke the Ladino language. Interesting to see the migration of people.

[@albetroz_]

I already knew about ladino because its existence is taught in classrooms here in Spain, but all I was shown about it looked like just old Spanish, I didn't know about all Hebrew and Arabic influences. That last thing you said that it was spoken in Gibraltar, could be true but that place was Spanish at the time of Alhambra Decree, so most jews would have fled. The language actually spoken there is called Llanito (more than a language it's sort of a creole/pidgin) and mixes Andalusian Spanish and English. To me as Andalusian Spanish speaker it sounds very funny, as it's a very special kind of spanglish with very strong accent because there are so many people working there from La Línea, the town that's just over the border. Also it would be interesting to see if it also has influence from Caló (romani language in Spain) because that place also has one of the largest gypsy communities.

[@sohopedeco]

8:49 Speech in Portuguese is "fala", without a B.

[@kazhamo]

Great video, and had read about it before, and watched clips of Ladino speakers.

[@gaviswayze9696]

I'm surprised you didn't look more into the scripts used (such as how the main Hebrew print script being actually what's commonly known as Rashi script), and especially the fascinating handwriting script unique to Ladino known as Solitreo Overall though, great video!!

[@torbjornlindholm4098]

5:55 As someone who’s native language is Hebrew, it’s shocking to see how much I can read out of this text. But it’s still extremely different compared to Hebrew.

[@Mvskokvlke_nakockv]

You speak Yiddish which is not Hebrew thats Germanic in origin and it only contains Hebrew by way of adaptation and assimilation. The original Hebrew speakers spoke paleo Hebrew languages which is Semitic and all Semitic languages are dialectal branches of the Afro asiatic language family tree. The end

[@NeilMacedo]

I’ve never heard of Ladino before, thanks for educating me on what the language is

[@vonPeterhof]

I remember reading that originally the name "Ladino" referred to a very specific register of Judaeo-Spanish, namely the one used in translation of religious literature. It was characterized by two major differences from the spoken language: a very purist vocabulary, almost completely avoiding non-Romance loanwords, combined with grammatical structures modelled as faithfully as possible on the Hebrew and Aramaic original texts. The fact that the name of this highly unrepresentative register was at one point the default academic name for the whole language might be the fact that this register was the first one discovered by European Christian scholars (IIRC Ladino translations were consulted when making certain Spanish Old Testament translations). Apparently actual native speakers never really called their spoken language that way, but now that they've become a tiny minority in the larger Sephardic community it's probably inevitable that the name will stick. Also, a mild nitpick, but what you referred to as the Latin American pronunciation of the digraph "ll" as "j" is also a form of yeísmo. At its base the term yeísmo is less about the actual pronunciation of the phoneme represented by "ll" than it is about the fact that it merges with the phoneme represented by the letter "y". Only a minority of modern Spanish speakers, mostly in parts of northern Spain and the Andes, don't have yeísmo and instead keep the two phonemes distinct from each other.

[@Vasquimho]

Is their sound more similar to the Portuguese lh sound?

[@vonPeterhof]

​@@Vasquimho yes, that’s the original sound of the Spanish “ll”

[@alansmithee8831]

Hello Hilbert. I had seen references on TV from Israel and from North Africa years back. The main story I first heard on BBC4 as part of the history of Byzantium / Constantinople / Istanbul. Interesting to get a fuller picture.

[@ncad64]

You said at the end you might have thought that Ladino was a language from Gibraltar - were you thinking of Llanito?

[@AtypicalAnglo]

Watch, the next video he makes is going to be “what is the judeo-frisian language?”

[@jordanSher-s7b]

I have written a forthcoming book, DARK SHADOWS HOVER, to be launched on January 26, 2025, which is a biographical fiction about the early life of a Sephardic Jewish boy, Moris Albahari, who fought with Tito's Partisans during WW II. Ladino was a prominent part of Moris's life. He lived in Sarajevo and died in 2022. My intrigue with Moris's story began with the wonderful documentary, SAVED BY LANGUAGE, in which Moris's time during the war was aided by the Ladino language. This lesson with Hilbert is wonderfully done, as I will take some of what I learned going forward while giving presentations on Moris and the war in the former Yugoslavia.

[@GurtBFroe1]

Isn't the /ʒ/ pronounced more like the French J or the S in measure? For what I know, you need to add a D to make /d͡ʒ/ for a more English like J or "dg" sound.

[@corvacopia]

That is correct, from my experience with the language

[@kuroazrem5376]

MANY Jews (and people with Sephardic heritage, especially in Latin America) have moved to Spain. However, due to many faking conversions to Judaism, Spain stopped the repatriation program.

[@johnfenn3188]

I had not heard of it . But Ladin is a Romance language spoken in the Alto Adige / Südtirol region (some valleys) of the Italian alps. It is very close to Romansch, the third official language of Switzerland, spoken in neighbouring Graubünden / Grisons canton.

[@sohopedeco]

11:46 Interesting to see "alforria" means "liberty" in Ladino. That word still exists in Modern (-ish) Portuguese with the meaning of manumission, i.e. setting free a slave.

[@fsjuarez8031]

Escutando o ladino acho mais parecido com o português do que com o espanhol.

[@cacalover4253]

@@fsjuarez8031 Pero es obvio que no lo es. Así que puedes dejar de repetir el mismo comentario, por favor? Tu Portugués no tiene nada que ver con el Ladino sino con el Gallego.

[@epg96]

Make video about Mizrahi Jewish languages such as Judeo Persian or Mizrahi Hebrew language please

[@yuvalyeru]

You could start with Jewish Moroccan. I know it enjoys somewhat of a resurgence in young Morrocan Israelis.

[@GwainSagaFanChannel]

As a scholar that has done research in the Spanish language I was not even aware of this language. Thanks for bringing it to my attention.

[@TheSwedefromSvealandOfficial]

I actually didn't know about this language, very interesting

[@GwainSagaFanChannel]

There are a lot of examples of Hebrew forming a hybrid language with a local language with Yiddish being the most well known example

[@TheSwedefromSvealandOfficial]

​@@GwainSagaFanChannel Yes, Yiddish is a well known One, but are there Any other?

[@Noam-Bahar]

@@TheSwedefromSvealandOfficialmany Judeo Arabic languages, Judeo Persian, Juhuri/Judeo-Tat (of Azerbaijan and Dagestan)

[@Noam-Bahar]

@@TheSwedefromSvealandOfficialalso Judeo Aramaic. It's the only other liturgical tongue of the Jewish religion, besides Mikraic and Mishnaic Hebrew. It's been in use since the exile of Babylon at around 600 BC, and was the language spoken by Jesus

[@TheSwedefromSvealandOfficial]

​@@Noam-Bahar Thanks for the info😀

[@AyubuKK]

Jesus there’s even a Jewish dialect of Spanish? This is so amazing and peculiar. It’s very interesting how Jews leave a cultural imprint everywhere they are. A very strange phenomena. The Jewish diaspora itself is as unique to me as the African diaspora in the Americas. Just as Africans were forcibly spread out throughout the Americas and developed into their own new groups of people in the countries they ended up in, so have the Jews, through repeated expulsions and persecution, were moved to so many parts of the world. And thus became their own unique sub-groups of Jews. Even though they all have a common macro-regional origin. Although of course it’s not 100% comparable since Jews are more of a religious and ethnic group of people, while “African” is an umbrella term for dozens of different ethnicities and tribes with their own religions, whether they’re traditionalists or are followers of the Abrahamic faiths.

[@erdood3235]

Why's it surprising that there's a Judeo-spanish language?

[@TurtleChad1]

Isn't it odd how they're everywhere?

[@achilles7607]

​@@TurtleChad1 Humans are everywhere... There's nothing odd about it. Eastern Asians can be found everywhere, blacks can be found everywhere, russians, Swedes, Christians, Muslims. We are all humans, not only some groups of people are and others are not.

[@xp7575]

​​​​​@@TurtleChad1the survival of the Jewish people is proof that God exists and that th Jews are His chosen people, no other micro-ethnicity has EVER been able to survive for thousands upon thousands of years without even having a homeland to exist in, the prophecies from the Torah should NOT be ignored or dismissed

[@BaseballRoman]

@@TurtleChad1that’s typically how a diaspora works

[@eriksvens763]

You forgot to mention the netherlands historical large sephardig population

[@spicyf]

OG Baruch Spinoza. ❤

[@AtypicalAnglo]

The arabic word, which sounds similar to the turkish “yahudice” mentioned in the video, is one i acquired naturally by watching arabic tv. Specifically, i watched hours upon hours of video of hamas doing their thing, which i wont go into. but they used the word for “jew” so many times, that when i hear it these days, i understand it as easily as the english word “jew”. I also picked up “alhumdilalah” (i never looked up how to spell it) and “inshallah”. The first seems to be used the same way christians use “praise be to god” or maybe “thank god” cus it does have that allah word in it which i recognize, and the second seems to be maybe like “god wills it” or “god willing” or maybe an equivalent to “in earnest” that for some reason invokes god’s name. I use these daily, and i address my friends, who are almost all jewish, as “yahood” (still never looked up spelling). Arabic is a charismatic and infectious language, kinda like latin, people just cant help but use its words when they learn them. I totally understand why the ladino speakers adopted those words.

[@luizfellipe3291]

I would love a video on all Judeo languages that used to exist in Europe. Yiddish, Judeo French, Judeo Occitan, Judeo Portuguese, Judeo Aragonese and probably many more that we know of

[@MrAllmightyCornholioz]

YHWH BLESS THE SEPHARDIC JEWS!

[@pardal241]

Good vídeo. I knew the existence of the language but my first contact was in 2014 in the Sinagogue of Sofia, Bulgaria. I bought a poetry book that I read since as a native speaker of Portuguese Ladino is not very far from my on language. I pretty much liked your work, though I feel that I have to correct one word: in Portuguese the word for the Castillian “habla” is “fala”, not “fabla”, they all, including the Ladino word, “favla” share the same root, fabulare.

[@gsalsam]

We still have a song thats relatively well known in the sephardic community called kuando el rey nimrod. You can kinda notice the general mixing of cultures in the song.

[@gsalsam]

Ahh nvm you covered it in the video aswell!

[@chcomes]

you mistake yeismo. the original sound for "ll" is a type of palatized l that all foreigners and many spanish struggle to pronounce. with yeismo, it becomes i or y. the stronger south american sound is a different sound shift.

[@donc7349]

Tho original sound for "ll" is the same as the portuguese "lh"

[@twincast2005]

I knew of most of its history, except for having been dispersed on the Balkans beyond the Turkish-speaking regions. But really nothing about specific linguistic (phonetic) features.

[@faenethlorhalien]

Fun fact: "ladino" is the word in Spanish to mean "skeevy as fuck".

[@revinhatol]

Mozarabic had its turn, now it's Ladino's!

[@MySurreySquarePark]

What about the ladino variants spoken in Italy and Swizzerland?

[@rtlgrmpf]

Ladin/Ladino/Ladinisch has no direct relationship to the Sephardic Ladino. They are descendants of Latin like the other modern romance languages. The name though has probably the same origin: other people thought they speak kinda Latin.

[@ecurewitz]

Thank you very much. I’m part Jewish, and found this interesting. Though I should point out that I’m of Ashkenazi descent, and not Sephardic

[@wolteraartsma1290]

have you done one on the Koinea-speaking Jews of Thessalonika?

[@MiTaReX]

Hi! The bottom left label on the thumbnail ("испанский") just means "Spanish", probably not what you meant? Or is it? I don't know anymore!

[@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714]

Most dialects of spanish are also not from modern spanish but rather desendants of old spanish.

[@mohammadsalman57]

As a Palestinian I have one or two things to add. First the establishment of the Zionist state in Palestine caused many rich linguistic and cultural features of the Jewish diaspora to disappear such as Yiddish, Ladino and Arabic. Every immigrant had to learn the 20th century newly resurrected Hebrew language which previously seized to exist as a communicative language - around 200 years before the birth of Jesus- in favor of other languages primarily Aramaic which in turn seized to exist as a communicative language by the 10th century in favor of Arabic. Hence to know if someone is actually Palestinian they must speak Arabic regardless of faith think how Egypt lost its old languages in favor of Coptic then Arabic or Italy lost latin to Italian. Second about the liberty and freedom of the Jewish minority in the Iberian Peninsula under Muslim rule, it’s worth mentioning that at least in two instances what is equivalent to the prime minister was actually Jewish, have any of the western countries manage to do that yet? Last but not least when you look at the more than 1000 year of Muslim rule in various and vast areas of the globe you can find only a handful of cases where Jews were discriminated or prosecuted against, in contrast I can count here in the US at least a dozen cases in only the last 100 years. So to emphasize that at the beginning of the video is disingenuous, Muslim record in this regard is even better than the US one. Things happen sometimes in spite of your best effort not to.

[@sit-insforsithis1568]

You’re American so I will not blame you for your ignorance. There was never a Palestinian state deal with it

[@shpilbass5743]

Regarding the topic of Spain offering citizenship to Sefardi Jews, usually Israeli people apply for European citizenships of the countries where they're from (This is the case with Spanish and Portuguese, but also Polish, Hungarian, Romanian and French with Algerian Jews) for the ease of moving to places such as Berlin, Amsterdam and Paris. It's been getting more and more common for Israelis to move to Europe in recent decades due to the high cost of living and more religious, right leaning government and as an Israeli who lives in Europe I can say that having an EU citizenship definitely helps.

[@ikad5229]

Last time I checked about 5.000 people were granted citizenship. It's not much honestly, but it's pretty difficult to prove you come from expelled families. I know some 2/3 of the Sephardic population stayed in Spain and "converted" to Christianity. There's some important Spanish figures of the XV and XVI centuries that back then were accused of being descendants of Jews. Anyway, nowadays most Spaniards probably have Sephardic blood in them! Pretty cool to acknowledge they never left.

[@CC-re9df]

​@@ikad5229Wait... do they just (somehow) proof they were expelled jews to get the spanish citizenship? Is there a caveat, like living in Spain for some years before you get it? To me the whole 'we give them citizenship as an apology' sounds ridiculous. We're talking about things that happened 500 years ago, tragic things yes, but no one alive should feel obligated to do anything about it, it's not their fault! This type of thinking is opening the door for so much more 'reparations', it's utterly ridiculous.

[@ikad5229]

@@CC-re9df They just need to prove they descend from expelled families. It was a special citizenship acquisition, it only lasted for a few years. It's not that we as a nation feel sorry, because we understand we had nothing to do with it. It's more of a: "We acknowledge our past. Welcome again to your homeland, brothers". In the end, Sephardic Jews were ethnically Iberians with some Levantine DNA. We expelled our own people just because they followed a different religion. They are children of this land.

[@LuDa-lf1xd]

Context: 1924 there was a decree that gave the sefardíes Spanish citizenship, and later in ww2 Ángel Sanz-Briz and an Italian man saved 5 thousand Jews in Hungary because of that. This is also aplied to children and grandchildren of Spanish exiled during the civil war and after (under the dictatorship). Italy have a similar law that gives you the right to citizenship if you have Italian blood and the documents to prove it.🤷‍♀️

[@LuDa-lf1xd]

I realised i didn't explain well what i mean. I don't know where are you from, but i Europe (at least in a lot of countries here) the citizenship is given by ius sanguini (nationality on the basis of the nationality of their parents). If you have Spanish parents, doesn't matter where you are born, you are Spanish. So, the reparation thing is just a bit, it was an expulsion from their own home after all. As you can see they didn't go extinct even centuries later, and it's better later than never if it's about to right a wrong.

[@pjimenezsillero]

El ladino es un dialecto del español, se pronuncia con el castellano antiguo y su actual escritura es arbitraria: usar "k" para ca, que, qui, co, cu. Usar "ny" para Ñ, etcétera.

[@laziestslacker]

When I was an undergrad in Indianapolis in an anthropology course, we worked with the elderly descendants of Sephardic immigrants. It was really amazing as a Spanish speaker to learn about Ladino and compare similarities and differences. Some of these elderly descendants still spoke Ladino though primarily at services in the synagogue. Really cool video overall.

[@Patricia-gn5bi]

Elements of ladino showed up among the crypto Jewish families of the American Southwest in New Mexico and Southern Colorado ,(San Luis Valley). Spanish explorers arrived in Colorado in the early 1600s.

[@Bn9776]

At that time everyone spoke “ladino” it was just the Spanish of the time “fablo ladino” =“I speak Latin”

[@mariavictoriahughes5025]

I am forth generation born in Guatemala. There we are called "Ladinos" plural, ladino or Ladina. I alwsts windeted why, now i got the answer. We are a good bunch of Ladinos in Guatemala. I ll guess around 1 million descendants. Yes, we do Speak Ladino, now as "Spanish". Very interesting as the crimanals coming with Crustobal Colom ehere those who were sentenced to die as "criminals" gor not partaking with the imposicion of the official religion Catolic Apostolic and Roman. Multitudes were killed during the 5-6 centuries of the "Holy Inquisition " hunting. We are here. Landed in Americas.

[@ilayohana3150]

its not sharfat, its tsarfat

[@GazilionPT]

8:41 In Portuguese, "speech" is "fala", not "fabla" (this does not exist in Portuguese).

[@flanky2020]

Ladino is closer to andalus than northern spanish. That explains a lot of the difference in sounds you talk about.

[@donc7349]

Ladino is also close to astur-leones and galego

[@cacalover4253]

​@@donc7349No it isn't dude. I'm learning Astur-Leonese right now and Ladino is solely Castilian with influences from all the other romance languages in the Peninsula. Please stop saying the same silly things and get more informed. The closest language to Castilian is Ladino, since it directly comes from the Castilian spoken in the 1500s and Ladino only gained its influences after the exile.

[@felipemartinez2249]

No, definitively Mozarabe was not spanish with a lot of arabic influences. It was simply another language derived from latin. Nothing to do with spanish.

[@LuDa-lf1xd]

I wouldn't go that far to say it has nothing to do with Spanish. It was made of romance dialects and usually written in Arab alphabet, but it had a lot of arab influence. Just look up the jarchas.

[@aaronmikeborda3777]

Would love to get a video about Mozarabic. If I understand correctly, it was the language of the Muslim population during Umayyad rule and is a Romance language just like Ladino.

[@corvacopia]

It also was another language that influenced Ladino

[@cacalover4253]

Mozarabic wasn't a singular language. Mozarabic is just the name that was given to the romance with arabic influences that was spoken in the caliphates or territories that were under moorish control in the Peninsula. Also, it had apparently died out even centuries before the moors were removed from Spain (as early as the 1300s) and there's very little evidence available of those mozarabic "dialects".

[@cacalover4253]

​​​@@corvacopiaLadino didn't exist before or alongside Spanish, so no. It didn't influence Ladino because Ladino didn't even exist yet. It first influenced Spanish/Castilian, and then, Ladino was born after the Inquisition. Also, mozarabic wasn't a single established language. Mozarabic was just the name given to the different romances with a lot of arabic influence spoken in places under muslim rule.

[@aaronmikeborda3777]

@@cacalover4253 That's really cool, can you link any of the articles you remember reading this stuff in? I would love to learn more about the features of this variety, hence why I requested the video lol

[@cacalover4253]

​@@aaronmikeborda3777I literally just summarized the info found in the spanish "idioma mozarabe" wikipedia page, lol. There's one in English too but in the Spanish one there's the comparison of a mozarabic text to the rest of the Peninsular languages.

[@UndeadKIRA]

Just started the video, but in portuguese Ladino means rogue or someone that is sly. I wonde if there is any connection

[@LuDa-lf1xd]

Same in Spanish, also can mean mixed-blood or polyglot.

[@ava-he9li]

Gracias reyes catolicos ❤️

[@ibrahimmohammedibrahim9273]

1:12 It is not secular society It is islamic society, jews and christians are people of the books, they are protected people (dhimmi) under islamic society, same thing happened in Ottoman empire in Balkan

[@crbgo9854]

I always asked myself why did the Jews that fled to Germany construct their own language and not the ones that fled to Spain well here's my answer.

[@MacreativeSummary]

First comment, first views

[@dittmannrudolfrohr2149]

Yiddish, Yiddish, Yiddish! Do one on Yiddish!

[@Lodov]

I think using the term Ladino is too confusing expecially considering the Rhaeto-Romance language Ladin

[@achilles7607]

Well that's the name of the language... Languages are confusing there isn't something much to do about it...

[@Lodov]

@@achilles7607 yes of course, My comment was referring to the start of the video where the author was discussing wich name to use for the video

[@achilles7607]

@@Lodov Oh got it👍

[@LucasSchimmel]

8:51 Portugues "fala" not "fabla".

[@tompeled6193]

El "ladino" es español, puesto. Yo lo digo como un judío de sangre ashkenazi y mizraji que aprendió español como una lengua extranjera.

[@Argenbiz]

Read the "Siete Partidas" and study the history of the kingdom of Castilia. You will find out how everything is read topsy turvy. Most that is said is incorrect.

[@BrunoRibeiro-po2bv]

In Portuguese is not fabla, it's fala

[@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714]

I for one dont like Wikitognues. They have butchered my language greatly by no dout finding rīdziniekus and children, not adult latviešus whove lived their entire lives in a totally latiešu areas.

[@TheAnthraxBiology]

"Under the Moors life for Jews improved somewhat" - not somewhat, massively! Jews could rise to the second highest rank in the entirety of the kingdom. In secular life they were treated as equals until the fundamentalist reforms in the 13th century which was a reaction to the collapse and reconstruction of the emirate under a new dynasty as well as the reconquista's own *brutal* fundamentalism which treated jews even worse in the Christian kingdoms. The safest place for Jews for most of history has been one Muslim empire or another - firstly this part of Spain and then later the Ottoman Empire. Christian Europe has nearly always been THE MOST dangerous place for them as Spanish rulers are quite literally the inventors of antisemitism - that is to say as separate from anti-judaism. The former is a hatred of jews based on race (instituted in las leyes de la limpieza del sangre) and the latter based on religion which proliferated massively from the very beginning of Christianity through the middle ages in Italy, England with its expulsion, Germany with its expulsions and forced conversions, same in Portugal and Spain too...I could go on.

[@darthguilder1923]

Xey prefer Ladinx doe

[@bomba1905]

17:28 Israel and the Zionist movement before that has also actively cracked down on non-Israeli Hebrew Jewish languages like Ladino and Yiddish.

[@spicyf]

Wow I can't believe that this is a civil comment section. I expected pro Palestinians to try and say there is no such a thing as Ladino 😂

[@Jimmy_Cream]

Why would we say that... Its usually Palestinians being denied their history online

[@spicyf]

@@Jimmy_Cream I've seen all sorts of off discussions. I've just spent the past day arguing with someone over the term anti Semitic.

[@EAlyahya]

Basically they now start telling this is a proof spanish people converting to judaism and nowadays live in palestine by expelling palestinians. This is how they are revising history when in fact so many hispanic and latin people are descendant of crypto jews who were forced to convert to christianity.

[@baltulielkungsgunarsmiezis9714]

There is a belief among some that the jews are to blame for the berber conquest of Visagothia.

[@achilles7607]

There is a belief among some that Jews are responsible for anything bad... The black death plague for example out of many...

[@Joy3269]

Thank You Very Much For This Video. It was really very Nice. May God Bless You For This Video. Thank You. 💐💐💐💐💐🌷🌷🌷🌷🌷🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌸🌸🌸🌸🌸🌼🌼🌼🌼🌼🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌺🌺🌺🌺🌺🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏👍👍👍👍👍.