Which Chinese Dialect is the most difficult?

In this video, I would like to share with you my experience with 4 Chinese dialects (languages) that I have studied during the past few years, namely Mandarin, Cantonese, Shanghainese (a dialect of Wu-Chinese), and Hokkien (a dialect of Min-Chinese). I will compare the levels of difficulty of these languages, according to my own experience with them, based on their vocabulary and pronunciation. I hope you find this helpful if you are looking to study a Chinese dialect other than standard Mandarin.
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[@learnpenanghokkien]

Dear Mr Hou, I stumble upon this video of yours today. I find it incredibly fascinating because over here in Penang, Malaysia. For over ten years, I have been researching the Hokkien language, as part of the effort to preserve and modernize the Hokkien spoken here in Penang, which we call Penang Hokkien. Due to the seafaring and merchantile nature of the Hokkien people over the past centuries, the Hokkien language is spoken by the Chinese across Southeast Asia, with dialects derived from variants spoken in Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou. Penang Hokkien traces its roots to the Zhangzhou variant. You spoke of tone changes in the Hokkien language. Grammatically, we call that tone sandhi (you probably avoided using that term to make your video more easily understood by casual viewers). Tone sandhi is indeed incredibly complex. And in Penang, select words may be pronounced in the changed, or sandhi, tone, but they could also be pronounced in the original, or citation, tone, for emphatic purposes. Another observation you made is the formal and informal pronunciation of the same words. That's the literary and colloquial readings of words, not on in Hokkien, but most Chinese languages. The formal pronunciation is a remnant of Literary Chinese, before it was replaced by modern Standard Mandarin. If you ever harbor a curiosity to learn Penang Hokkien, google for "Learn Penang Hokkien" and you will discover what we are doing over here. And google for "Penang Hokkien Dictionary" to find our dictionary available for use, with audio, on the Internet.

[@yaoqingtang5826]

Shanghainese is my native tongue. And I can verify that your pronunciation is more than impressive!🎉❤

[@phoenixhou4486]

Thank you!!! Way to go!💪🏼

[@sanneoi6323]

I'm Cantonese and for obvious reasons Mandarin is my second language. I began studying Wu when I went to Jiangnan, very beautiful language from a very beautiful place. While one dialect may not be "purer" than another, I think that using imported words is something we need to stop.

[@buyungadil1]

In Malaysia, it's very common for people to be able to speak several Chinese dialects plus other major languages. I understand English, Malay, Thai, Cantonese, Taishanese, Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka & Mandarin.

[@phoenixhou4486]

Immediately jealous 😭😭

[@farhan-5705]

@@phoenixhou4486 I agree! I'm from nearby singapore and I can speak English, Malay, Japanese, Mandarin, and some Hokkien and Cantonese! And read/write Arabic!

[@jssmedialangs]

I'm currently learning Mandarin and I want to learn Cantonese and Shanghainese in the future. If I could I would learn all the languages in the Chinese family because they're just so DOPE! I genuinely think they're all beautiful! 🥰

[@meesteryellow]

I had picked Cantonese as my first Chinese dialect to learn more than a month ago and I love it! A lot more than the languages I had picked up before which was Japanese (almost a year now) and Korean (a few months ago). I think Cantonese is very fun to say and express. As a Vietnamese born in Canada, knowing Vietnamese helps me with learning Cantonese as Vietnamese has a lot of loan words from Cantonese, there are some from Mandarin too but it's small in comparison. Learning Cantonese also helps me with learning Vietnamese vocabs and pronunciations due to the same reason so I'm also improving my mother tongue. Vietnamese also has 6 tones and a lot of the words in both languages are pronounced the same or similarly. I will pick up Mandarin in the future

[@uliseso]

Very good explanation, thank you! And your English pronunciation is excellent. I'm from Argentina and I work with Taiwanese, so I learned Mandarin and Taiwanese people, and it's just like you say, when you learn a dialect, you learn a whole new aspect of the culture.

[@nerd26373]

Thanks for this informative video. Keep up the good work as always.

[@ergouzian]

谢谢你的视频，一直激励我不断学习。你的上海话发音很棒，带些老派感觉。 我自己的上海话其实是出国之后才变好的，在上海时只有逢年过节见上海的亲戚才说。出国之后在平台上看了很多其他方言(语言)的教学，才开始认真回过头咬文嚼字，研究自己的措辞和发音。我对象是台湾人(南京外省)，所以我有机会向他学台湾闽南语。我也说自己在上海其实也算沈阳外省人，或许是这样的背景让我从小爱学外语。把沪语、粤语、台语放在一起做对比真的很有趣！有一些共通的中古词汇，比如说“晏”这个字，还有“畀”和“予”… 早年很多广东人来上海，再后来许多上海人又都去了香港和台湾，我猜想这样的人口流动也反应在语言上。福建话真的是语言活化石，其中各地的差异非常之大，海外还有许多变种，学起来也是一个深坑啊🤔

[@phoenixhou4486]

我所有方言学习的时候都是用了很多不同地区不同时代的材料 所以总是南腔北调的哈哈

[@DudeeSweet]

New here. Love the videos! Keep it up!

[@phoenixhou4486]

Thank you!

[@JeffreyGVny]

Cantonese definitely has changing tones in certain instances. Take for example the word for fish魚. By itself, it has a rising tone. But put it in front of a type of food like soup 湯or congee 粥, and it drops to a low tone. I don’t know the tone numbers for Cantonese as I’ve never academically learned it. I’m just describing them as I say and hear it as a native speaker. There are many other examples I’m sure others can give as examples. Mine may be an example of what happens with two words in a row that normally have rising tones?

[@hongkang9766]

Hope you have chances to experience and tell about Hunanese Xiang Chinese, Gan Chinese, Hakka and even Sichuanese. Btw, your pronunciation on these Chinese languages aside from your mother tongue just so impressive!

[@lenguafranca4524]

Love the video! Great message about learning local languages at the end

[@phoenixhou4486]

Thank you!

[@tjazz979]

That's such a great content! Keep up the good work. 谢谢❤

[@phoenixhou4486]

Thank you!

[@vettaj9752]

I reviewed your channel due to a class video I was watching. You stated to why you were watching the video when you speak the language. Glad I viewed your channel. Very interesting and informative. Thank you!!!

[@phoenixhou4486]

Thank you! Really glad you like my content! Hope you find it helpful

[@rsl_liu]

great video

[@phoenixhou4486]

Thank you!!

[@kktz4626]

my wife and I speak Mandarin, Shanghainese, and Cantonese. It's sad to imagine my son, growing up in the US, won't be able to speak any of the dialects.

[@ValentYang]

很棒的视频 尤其是imported words的部分 如果做一期mandarin以及各个dialect的imported words的视频 应该会非常有趣 或者是一期一个语言 这里面可以看到很多历史文化因素 比如我记得东北话里面会有很多日语词

[@Weareallmadheretoo]

My native town is not in China, but is famous for dialectal versions of two languages! It's definitely true what you said about learning the local language can show you a new part of the town 🥰

[@user-oo4tx2eb4l]

太棒了👏

[@lifelongstudents233]

HE'S BACK!

[@phoenixhou4486]

Haha it’s been a while!

[@Horray-zr8pc]

Very authentic Shanghainese! Great job!☺

[@phoenixhou4486]

Thank you!

[@ahmedkhalidak4515]

Hello Hou, nice to have you back. I'm trying to learn Mandarin the AI way ! Where I will foucs on speaking and listening and AI can do the writing and Reading. I want to learn it for communication purpose only, and I think it could work given that I can practice daily with chines people in my town , what do you think?

[@phoenixhou4486]

Starting with a large amount of input is never a bad idea

[@arthuryang3004]

2:17 I’d rather say the pronunciation of 响 in your dialect is probably the Late Middle Chinese pronunciation of 上, which is in departing tone. The distinct characteristic of the departing tone in LMC is that it starts low and slowly rises to a higher pitch. Many modern Chinese dialects retain this trait, as can be observed in modern-day Wu dialects and Cantonese. Min (Hokkien) however, does not share this phonetic characteristic as it retains much earlier phonetic traits than LMC.

[@zzzzzzz726]

I am also learning Shanghainese but for what was mentioned in this video though they might impress someone who didn't know Shanghainese, these were actually very very basic like what you would learn within the first two hours once you started learning Shanghainese.

[@user-uv2sz3ir3m]

之前一直以為廣東話是最難的，我住台灣講的是閩南 ，而且每個地方的普通話聲調都會受到方言影響很好玩

[@zmcuhk]

非常清晰有意思的分析！Phoenix有没有什么推荐的学习和练习上海话和客家话的渠道？一直想学上海话和客家话，但最后也只是断断续续跟着各种视频模仿。反而广东话是本科在学校学的，因为有教材作为基础所以之后也能自行琢磨，对语言的流变也了解得更多

[@phoenixhou4486]

我一般都是找一段语速适中的音频然后跟着shadow。当然需要一定基础，对语音语调有一定掌握以后才可以🤔

[@kennethyoung7564]

Interesting. I am American and don't know any dialects. I am trying to learn Mandarin but just started. I am sure that is hard enough without learning some of these other dialects. I do find this interesting though.

[@user-xu2ot3fw5q]

我是杭州但不是城区，杭州城区方言和其他吴语不太一样。我母语是方言，幼儿园的时候只会说方言不会说普通话，结果上学不讲不讲完全忘了怎么讲，家里其他家人互相之间都说方言所以我听的懂，但我只会说普通话了，而且感觉方言和普通话因为词汇过于接近，导致想起一个词大脑就被普通话发音占据，反而很不利于想起方言的发音。而且由于长期不说我即使想起了音调也不完全准，然后亲爸亲妈每次一听到第一反应就是嘲笑我方言说的像外地人，还用有歧视外地人色彩的词笑话我，然后就是不教怎么正确发音，真的气死，其实我真的挺想学，但是我爸妈不给我添乱就不错了 其实虽然很喜欢本地的方言，不过感觉普通话的普及除了方便以外好处也说不少，小时候本地人特别热衷于聚一起歧视抹黑外地人，而且上一年级的时候因为我们本地学生受到家长影响，对一个其他省来的同学就很有偏见，直到二年级她普通话口音都完全和大家没区别了，现在长大了知道这不对了，但是以前地域歧视真的是极其严重，当着外地人的面用方言说，现在在学校里大家对待其他省的同学虽然大家普通话还是有口音，但是抱团排挤外地人真的比较少了

[@kylajaim822]

小时候有一次回老家听到那边的长辈把“天黑”说成“落黑”，luo her，从那时候意识到方言的有趣。非常喜欢这次视频！

[@fernandojimenez5206]

I'm mexican and i confirm that Spanish speakers can "understand" a lot of spoken and written Portuguese and italian, written French is very understandable too but not so much when it's spoken 😅 and finally romanian is probably the latin language more strange for us, but even in Romanian there are words that are very similar to Spanish. This year 2024 i started learning mandarin, and have been reading a lot about the chinese languages, history and culture. China is such an amazing and very interesting nation.

[@phoenixhou4486]

Yes I’ve recently realized that I can actually understand some Romanian because of my Spanish. But Romanian has cases so it sounds a bit more difficult 🥲🥲

[@natn41r]

In Singapore, the Chinese here are from several dialect groups, mainly Southern China, such as Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hakka, etc. It is my impression that Hokkien is the most widely spoken and understood, even by the other dialect groups or other ethnic groups (many of whom can't speak their own dialects, esp. Hakka.) I've always wondered if this is because Hokkien is much easier than the others. Our spoken Hokkien here is not "pure", it has absorbed many words from Malay and others, and may not be fully understood by Hokkien-speakers from Taiwan or China.

[@user-fv4dq1no6q]

What about Wenzhou dialect?

[@deanhaword2294]

侯哥，帅帅帅！

[@Jager2560]

我是山东人 胶辽官话区 “吃晌午饭”这句跟我们那边很像 说起方言里的古汉语 我们那边方言里热水一般说汤 记得好像之前语文课本里学的文言文 汤也是指热水 不知道这算不算古汉语的遗留 还有我奶奶一般不说黑色 都说青色 哈哈哈哈 感觉有意思的东西还是很多的

[@phoenixhou4486]

是的 日本人也把熱水叫湯，但是只是指泡澡用的熱水哈哈。吃晌午飯的說法大概就是從山東河北傳到東北的

[@clement2780]

who teaches gan, xiang, hakka, tousan , hokchiu?

[@Zapatero078]

which chinese variat influenced japanese exactly? I am curious, Im sure it was not mandarin lol

[@winstonedwards2014]

There were two waves of influence. The first was influenced by Wu Chinese, with a very notable example being the word for grapes in Shanghainese and Japanese. The second, IIRC, was influenced by Middle Chinese.

[@Someone-ym1ny]

Just wondering but is the grammar of these languages basically the same across the board?

[@phoenixhou4486]

There are some differences here and there but not as drastic as those among romance langiagesu

[@mostafafadel2735]

Please Tell us, How to learn Farsi (sources& methodology) and How to Have american accent like you ? I'm an Arabic Native speaker by the way.

[@ksajamx]

I suggest you to follow the professor Alexander Arguelles here on youtube, he has content about many languages, including Farsi, and listen a lot helps with accent because you start to mimic native speakers.

[@mrgenetics4063]

Where do you find the resources to learn Hakka and Shanghainese? It’s virtually impossible to find anything

[@Taifune81]

Yes, I have been struggling

[@Pikoy22]

My ancestors spoke Hokkien and im fluent in it❤️

[@patryk88]

Colloquial Cantonese do have changing tones. But it’s not that frequent.

[@phoenixhou4486]

Yes. I've seen a list of exceptions of tonal changes.

[@DiluculoOrtus]

In case anyone is wondering, chao is a borrow word, from Ghana.

[@dust-000lrp4uf1ze]

❤

[@beachedtim3691]

I am wondering where you live actually and how is your daily surrondings

[@phoenixhou4486]

I live in Shanghai but I travel quite a bit haha

[@patrickochinski6754]

Hakka ❤❤❤

[@Taipei_103]

You speak Dongbeihua? Northeastern China is one of my favorite places in the world!

[@phoenixhou4486]

Haha the very land where I was born

[@Mo96afaZ]

Was it easy to find resources to study the dialects? Years back I had to give up studying Sichuanese because I couldn't find any resources to study from.

[@phoenixhou4486]

Finding a grammar book would be quite hard but the internet is flooded with sichuanese comic videos tho

[@nickqian5965]

侯弟，我好崇拜你。我能说英语，普通话，加上出生地的原因-- -- 吴语（上海话）。日语学了两年，现在忘干净了。英语学了35年，自己觉得离母语者还相差甚远，更不敢说其他语言。如果说还敢学粤语闽南语等方言，我真的是不敢想象。但是如果有朋友或者亲人是说这些方言的， 学习起来就会快很多，否则简直不知道如何入手。如果不是中文母语或者普通话熟练，想学习这些方言简直是痴人说梦。

[@alantew4355]

我也觉得学方言的动力不大，除非是从小就学，因为说普通话就能沟通，而且把时间精力花在学英、法、西班牙语，好像更有用，可沟通的国家更多。

[@lans8211]

@@alantew4355 我会上海话普通话英语日语德语，会去学方言的都是对语言本身的多样性就感兴趣的人，并不是什么有用才去做什么。Hou一定也是这样，学习的过程中发现新东西是件快乐的事。方言很多还和文化紧密相连，你学法语西语也可以了解他们的方言，也一定能发现更多法国和西语国家你不知道的新事物。

[@user-qi8pp1rr2q]

可以挑战一下福州话，我觉得这是全中国最难的方言，没有之一🤣 You can try to learn Fuzhounese, which I consider as the most difficult one among Chinese languages.

[@alantew4355]

But how do you know if Fuzhounese is the most difficult? There are so many Chinese languages/dialects. You would only know if you learn all of them.

[@user-qi8pp1rr2q]

@@alantew4355 I have been learning many Chinese dialects as a native speaker of a Mandarin dialect. And Fuzhounese is definitely the most difficult one I have ever been learning. Well, at least more difficult than Wenzhounese (I am learning Wenzhounese now), Hokkien/Taiwanese, Cantonese (which I can speakly decently), Hakka (which is easier than Cantonese) and so on.

[@alantew4355]

@@user-qi8pp1rr2q How would you rank the difficulty of all the languages you learnt?

[@user-qi8pp1rr2q]

@@alantew4355 Do you know Fuzhounese? If you are not a native speaker of any Chinese language, I think it is difficult for me to explain this for you.

[@alantew4355]

@@user-qi8pp1rr2q I know Mandarin and a bit of Hokkien and Cantonese.

[@Sophia-bm7pb]

Seems Cantonese also has changing tones: This rule applies to two-syllable compound words, and is by far the most common of all tone change rules.First, consider these two examples.角落 (gok3 lok6)The first character is pronounced with the third tone, a mid tone,角 (gok3)while the second is pronounced with the sixth tone, a low tone.落 (lok6)These two characters can form a two-syllable compound word, so let's put them together.角落 (pronounce incorrectly - gok3 lok6)Unfortunately, this pronunciation is incorrect. If the second character in a two-syllable compound word is a low tone, it will typically be uplifted to one of the higher tones, either tone 1 or 2.In this scenario, the correct pronunciation for this compound word requires us to change the tone of the second character, from a low tone, tone 6, to a higher tone, tone 1.角落 (pronounce correctly - gok3 lok1)What about these two characters?荷蘭 (ho4 laan1)Together, they form a compound word.荷蘭 (incorrectly - ho4 laan4)Factoring in the tone change rule will give us the correct pronunciation for the word "Holland" in Cantonese.荷蘭 (pronounce correctly - ho4 laan1)UPLIFTING OF LOW TONES TO MODIFY MEANINGTone changes are sometimes made to modify the meaning of concepts that are alike.咁大 (gam3 daai6)Changing a low tone to tone 1, can add an inferior quality to the original concept咁大 (gam3 daai1)Or sometimes a trivial quality...靚仔 (leng3 jai2) "handsome guy"靚仔 (leng1 jai2) "(naughty) teenage boy"Changing a low tone to a tone 2, will alter the meaning of the original concept slightly.糖 (tong4) "sugar"糖 (tong2) "candy"皮 (pei4) "skin"皮 (pei2) "leather"頭 (tau4) "head"頭 (tau2) "chief"Familial nounsTone changes also occur to familial nouns.Familial nouns require you to change the tone of both characters.The first syllable dips to tone 4, while the second syllable is lifted to either tone 1 or 2.爸爸 (incorrectly - baa1 baa1)爸爸 (baa4 baa1)哥哥 (incorrectly - go1 go1)哥哥 (go4 go1)弟弟 (incorrectly - dai6 dai6)弟弟 (dai4 dai2)妹妹 (incorrectly - mui6 mui6)妹妹 (mui4 mui2)CHANGING WORDS INTO NOUNSAnd here's the final tone change you'll learn in this lesson.For many verbs and a few adjectives and classifiers, changing to tone 2 will change the word into a noun.話 (wa6) - to tell話 (wa2) - speech掃 (sou3) - to sweep掃 (sou2) - broom犯 (faan6) - to commit a crime犯 (faan2) - criminalIn this lesson, you learned about tone changes in Cantonese.------Just found out this content from the internet. But I don't confirm if you mentioned about this. As a language lover, I also love learning Chinese languages, currently I know Cantonese Hokkien(Taiwanese) and Mandarin. I will start to learn Shanghainese soon and in the near future plan to learn Hakka :) By the way, I was surprised that Shanghainese has 5 tones!? Because people always said that Shanghainese just has two tones(only has pitch accent) like Korean or Japanese.

[@phoenixhou4486]

I guess with Cantonese it’s more of a sporadic tonal change rather than a systematic phenomenon. But that’s a valid point. That may be a reminiscent property of earlier Cantonese 🤔 I should look further into that.

[@tanshlai1339]

5 BASIC tones,that only use on each single characters.when it combine to words or phrase,the tone will change.

[@tsunhin]

Consider when Cantonese people speak foreign phase like “BB” which depends on context

[@isabellajia4756]

这个视频提醒了我不要浪费了住弄堂里不隔音的上海话环境🥲 外来词汇和方言的链接的那个部分好有意思！

[@phoenixhou4486]

哈哈哈拉著弄堂裡阿姨嘮嘮啊 下次見面考考妳

[@michaelchr4239]

太好的影片

[@phoenixhou4486]

謝謝！

[@yggdrasill7203]

are you sakai jin

[@juveniledavidi1183]

that Left-Prominent Sandhi Tone Values even freak me out ! coming from a Native Chinese speaker

[@nikserof2183]

The words dialect and language are not synonyms.

[@phoenixhou4486]

the two terms are occasionally ambiguous. A language is a dialect with an army or navy

[@thelias91]

How do you find ressources to learn all these languages ?

[@jonahjiang]

Shanghainese as a dialect is actually a pidgin.

[@zishenliang]

I learnt hokkien, hakka, teochew by myself as one of my interests during my free time and now I can master them well. But I think English is the most difficult language. I have learnt it for more than 15 years, but I can only get 6 in IETLS. After coming to UK to study for a master degree, I find it is very difficult to pass the courses.

[@clement2780]

wenzhou, teochiu

[@eb.3764]

you should check Taiwanese Hokkien since it is more standardized than the Hokkien varieties in Mainland China.

[@phoenixhou4486]

Yeah whatever

[@zacharyyan4898]

Probably Wenzhounese or Fuzhounese

[@davidnord2858]

you are very cute

[@phoenixhou4486]

Haha thank you

[@xyes]

Cantonese has no tone-switch? Because it changes the pronunciation entirely when pair with different word as phrase, e.g. uncle's wife... 🤭

[@Rolando_Cueva]

Putonghua/Guoyu is the easiest. More resources, movies, books, and the writing and speech don't differ as significantly.

[@artugert]

Why do you keep using the word dialect to refer to languages? But then you also use it to refer to actual dialects, which is confusing.

[@phoenixhou4486]

You will understand someday hopefully

[@artugert]

@@phoenixhou4486 I already understand. It's that you are using the term incorrectly. Those are languages, not dialects.

[@mr.ketchup6925]

Omg first

[@Zapatero078]

wu chinese

[@bryank164]

Nong hao. A la sangheining 🎉

[@phoenixhou4486]

😂😂😂

[@bryank164]

Just kidding. I am Korean :) and I speak 4 languages (Korean, Japanese, Mandarin and English). All of your clips are just so much inspiring. Thanks for the videos!

[@flyingzone356]

I don't know how many times one needs to repeat this - these are not Chinese dialects. Dialects, in linguistics, are mutually-intelligible variations of a standard language. But Mandarin, Canontese, Shanghainese, Hokkien etc. are not mutually-intelligible. These are Sinitic languages, all belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family. In fact, even some so-called Mandarin dialects (e.g. Sichuanese Mandarin and Lower Yangtze Mandarin) are either mutually-unintelligible or only partially intelligible, so they are borderline Sinitic languages/Mandarin dialects. So please STOP perpetuating this amateurish claim that all these Sinitic languages are Chinese dialects. The more you repeat this mistake, the more you mislead others, and the more you lose your credibility.

[@phoenixhou4486]

Yes maybe repeat a few more times 💪🏼

[@Marisa_zulk]

Good tiding to you, God has sent messenger. All good deeds will be rewarded with ethernal goodness, believe in one God, and know that there will be day of resssurectoion.

[@PLAsshole]

those are languages not dialects

[@deancordova2982]

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