Why can't computers use base 3 instead of binary? Voltage states explained.

[@maythesciencebewithyou]

I'm convinced that the biggest jump in computer technology could be made if somebody just managed to build a reliable computer that uses a higher base.

[@alishaleno]

Can make it ?

[@Rahul016-d6k]

@@alishaleno Yes. Many people are trying.

[@pierreollivier6714]

Some computers already use ternary Logic but sadly due to the high number of already existing binary programs, they aren't used that much...

[@Mbrace818]

Quantum computers might take off one day.

[@maythesciencebewithyou]

@@Mbrace818 Quantum computer will have their use cases, but they won't be much of a use for what everyday people use computers for.

[@galaxy_apollo13]

This man's KZbin channel is highly underrated, he deserves at least 1 million subscribers for this valuable content.

[@H3Vtux]

Thanks man, I really do appreciate comments like this, I hope to get to 1 million someday!

[@galaxy_apollo13]

@@H3Vtux No, problem. it's nice to see that there are some KZbin channels like yours that make good educational content that people can benefit from. It's unfortunate that your channel is underrated while so many pranks, vlogs, comedy, celebrity KZbinrs have more subscribers and supporters. Hopefully, you get 1 million subscribers within this decade! Good luck.

[@CompactStar]

He's at 185K now.

[@khuu123]

may you get to 1 million soon

[@KFlorent13]

I am interested in the stuff with hard drives.

[@hannochkocka9114]

Me too

[@mohammed7140]

Me too as will

[@namshaw7515]

Guess we will never know

[@memerboi69.0]

same

[@linuxd]

I too am also interested

[@Omlet221]

Newer solid state drives use higher bases. It’s called 3D nand flash as opposed to traditional binary nand flash. A nand flash is just a simple circuit that can hold a charge. Before they used to be binary but now they can hold like 16 different voltage values so you can have more data in less space.

[@playernut3529]

thats cool

[@fire_Head79]

So that the reason why we can have such high density,high capacity storage devices in a small form factor now!

[@KeinNiemand]

The downside to this is that TLC (3 bit so 8 voltage levels) and QLC (4bit per cell) flash storage is much slower and significantly less reliable then SLC, a lot of ssds actually use part of their cells as SLC cache which is partially why they get slower when they are full

[@nohackers2037]

Me knowing rising edge and falling edge from minecraft redstone "I am 4 parallel universes ahead of you"

[@Jason-rd1ev]

It’s a very funny meme that states that Minecraft engineers are far more superior compared to normal engineers

[@NowNormal]

mEWHOTURNSINTOANDINTOINRDLEFTTORIGHTiAMPARALLELUNIVERSESAHEADOFYOU

[@thydevdom]

Taking a break from studying for my CCNA and came here and went on a binge and learned like 20 more things. You're channel is awesome!

[@harishreddy5292]

Where are you learning CCNA?? suggest some nice channel please

[@FruitloopLeviathan]

CCNA from cisco?

[@polishedmeat6399]

Your* sorry

[@leploeo7145]

The quality of the content offered on this channel is astounding. Thank you for your work

[@vntsnahidwin]

Dude your videos are so simple yet so well made, keep up the good work

[@Anonymous-om7sq]

I feel like this channel is not getting enough attention. Very informative videos.

[@Crit-Multiplier]

holy shit im interested your videos are a life saver i dont have enough time nor money to learn about computers but this is so easy to understand and well presented information that i just want more xD gonna watch some of your older videos in the meantime

[@feynstein1004]

This might be a problem for real computers but not for simulated computers such as the ones people build in Minecraft/Terraria or some other software. It'd be interesting to see how higher base computers would perform there and also how high we can go.

[@feynstein1004]

@GabrielMartinez-fv8xd I'm guessing, yeah

[@ProjectKHI]

I wanna try and make a Base 5 computing system

[@feynstein1004]

@@ProjectKHI Hell yeah. Do it 💪

[@ProjectKHI]

@@feynstein1004 Already working on it, currently making Boolean algebra for it

[@5688gamble]

Couldn't a computer use the polarity of a gate to count in base 3? Fluctuations wouldn't be as big of a deal as a low voltage could be a 1, high negative a 0 and high positive a 2 and the polarity can be switched very quickly, there's still a moment where when going from 0 to a 2 or vice-versa will give a 1 if it's read at the wrong time but as switching the voltage off is easier than hitting and maintaining a mid-voltage state accurately, the threshold could be smaller reducing the time spent in a transitional state, as long as the clock is properly synced the computer could avoid errors, in a binary system there will still be a transition period where the computer could read the wrong number as the voltage rises or drops above or below it's state threshold anyway and although I'm sure it's happened, this seems to be pretty rare because of the way everything is synchronized.

[@pabloasenjo3]

I'd like to know how hard drives storage data and how the operative system organizates it on the disk

[@penniesshillings]

I have a feeling it has to do with the rising/falling edge problem.

[@jamegumb7298]

An ssd or harddrive? Dedupe in fs or dedupe in controller or no dedupe? Transparent compression? Driver or os level? Many variables here.

[@masterxk]

I read that the Soviets did a trinary base it was -1 , 0 and 1. But I don't know what happened

[@MichaelDarrow-tr1mn]

You mean balanced ternary?

[@danieldan136]

I am interested in all your videos. Seriously, I found your channel today and all your videos are very informative. Thank you

[@lava2istrue]

I have a question: what about balanced ternary, where the voltage can be described as Negative / zero / positive. Shouldn’t that be able to solve the reliability problem?

[@alishaleno]

Hmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm!!!!!!!!!! Then we could be able to make some next gen computers before quantum computing comes in the form of laptop?🧐🧐🧐🧐 Interesting?.....................

[@lava2istrue]

@@alishaleno nah

[@Cd3]

Can we skip over the voltage reading method? Really curious how the flash drives can do base 4 and a computer shouldn't Thanks so much for the video!

[@mab7727]

+1

[@2arabic357]

all I want to say just that you are great

[@flochartingham2333]

Ternary (trinary) is like 20% more economical in CPU usage and if mass producing computers received a complete reboot, ternary would likely be the system that would be used, but due to the fact that binary was first to become the defacto system, it will likely remain that way. With solid state drives as capable as they are to record data in different number systems, there is no longer the restraint of on/off states like there was for magnetic disk hard (and floppy and tape drives.) The main reason ternary is more efficient is that performing one of the most basic logic functions, the ternary function of *else* is available with every trit (a ternary bit,) which would take quite a few bits to perform the same function. Maths are also performed more efficiently, since the three inherent states of a trit are -1, 0 and 1(+1) Since bipolar transistors would be used for a ternary CPU, there isn't a problem of in between states because the states of a trit would be either negative voltage, positive voltage or off.

[@TheTherapistGamer]

What's the advantage of a flash drive using a base-4 system if it just has to be translated into binary by the computer anyway?

[@FlorenceSlugcat]

Storing more data in the same size. Translation is only limiting the speed at wich you read and write. As said in video, you have 65 thousand possible values with base 4 at 8 digits. 256 in binary that is. So the same ammount of space contains much more information

[@Phosphoenol_pyruvate_CK]

Storage density

[@jennyfox1398]

Yes. This was my first question after your other binary video. Thank you!

[@satioOeinas]

Great video! So far I have seen 4 videos of yours, and they have all been great.

[@christophermartin-mccombe5029]

Love your work! I'd love an explainer about quantum if you're still doing these. :)

[@anthonylipke7754]

I'm glad ytou mentioned ssds I'm watching because I've taken a minor interest in ternary which might be a unique case but it might not be practical to get the small advantages it has hypothetically.

[@CourtneyCoulson]

Thank you for explaining this in a way I can understand! I watched a few other videos on the subject and I felt I knew even less than before I started watching. I came to the subject because I am reviewing the film Prometheus on my podcast and one of the scripts mentions "trinary code" as this superior system and I wanted to know if there was any validity to that claim.

[@Rudxain]

Well it is less reliable, as shown in the video, but there's a thing called "Average Radix Economy" and base 3 has the best of all positive integers. The Real number with the best RE is *e* (Euler's number) but it's not an integer, it's not even rational, which makes it pretty useless

[@frankmoore7024]

I'm new to your videos. I'm interested in the flash drives and really anything I can learn about how and why things work. I'm a mechanics student. Thank you and please keep making your videos!

[@NopeKickEm]

That makes sense why most processors have increased voltage out of the box, while we can under-volt them further but too much it'll create an error

[@Danny1905]

Really interesting. Thanks a lot for taking the time to explain thins like this. Your videos are just awesome! :)

[@MxRvp11]

thank you I love these crystal clear explanation videos

[@offensiveredteam]

I deeply appreciate your videos... Whatever the source of BLESSINGS is follows you

[@Alan47523]

Yes i would love to hear your explanation on how ssd memory works. How storage and access occurrs. Thank you for your great explanations, I'm finding them most helpful and informative

[@bcarm16]

What about using negative voltage to create a base 3 system. So in a 1.5 volt system 0 is off, 1 is +1.5v and 2 is -1.5v. Would this not work?

[@zakariakonoha4083]

Thank you for the video, i'm interested in the solid state drive thing.

[@jamess1775]

can you do a video explaining SSD? or SSD vs hard drive?

[@ariellemurray8444]

I love this channel, thank you for all your content!!

[@iRemmi]

Would love to have a video on the hard drives, you make great content

[@LuzuVlogsGamer]

This was amazing :O You really should have more subscribers than you do!

[@akproductions805]

Hey i want to thank you for making me understand about various stuffs through your video and i am in love with your presentation. I have a request for you. Will you be able to create a video about computer networking deeply ? If you could, that would be very helpful for many of us.

[@squeakypickles]

omg thank you! i have wondered this exact question for years and never got a clear answer until now.

[@davidfazenbaker3640]

Good video but there is one base 3 design that you did not discuss. Instead of using partially charged transistors to represent different base states, you could combine active high and active low circuits. Your 3 base states would positive high, negative high, and zero volts. There may be reasons why this won't work, but you didn't discuss them.

[@andyrules999]

Maybe that would help, good idea. But also maybe the crossover period would be a reliability problem still. I'd love to find out what could still be possible

[@GurpreetSinghDev]

Not worth it because you use another transistor to know whether the high state is positive or negative, then you are using 2 bits to represent a single base 3 number which will produce less values than binary numbers. We need to think more.

[@grantojeh1251]

Please can you explain the idea behind quantum computer's and why they can do stuff normal computers cannot. Thanks in anticipation !

[@TorqueFormulaWon]

Hello I know quantum computing can not just be a 1 and a 0 as in traditional computing but it can be 1 and 0 at the same time. I believe that is the basic premise but other than that I'm very dumb when it comes to computers. To me it's just magic wizardry. If anyone has a basic guide to how they work and where to start I'd like to learn but honestly my brain wired in that way. I like science better but understand this is a science of maths and physics but have no idea where to start. I am trying though. Cheers

[@tomorrow6]

Reliabilty - where you don’t lose data - like letters in words. If a single letter is missing in a shorter word it makes more of a difference than losing a single letter in a longer word.

[@Maximum_Nova]

curious about how data is sometimes stored in solid state devices in higher logic levels

[@gypsycosmonaut]

Please also make a video explaining HOW it's okay SSDs to store data in BASE 4, BASE 8, and BASE 16.. You have a unique way of explaining things..

[@Dent42]

Seems like base 3 is ideal for modular logic, so while the rising and falling edge is a problem for voltage signals in balanced ternary, it could be solved by encoding the signal in the phase instead

[@meganinja1014]

Tell us how SSD work

[@Limeayy]

This was interesting, i wonder sometimes myself as well.

[@vikramkoundinya2131]

flash drives use base4 over base10 because it is easy to convert and in memory to represent address we use 8bits which is equal to 1byte. But in hexadecimal, we use 4bits to represent 1byte. It is easy to work with a larger bit of strings in hexadecimal.

[@DB-nl9xw]

Nice video. Please explain more.

[@adsbegon8405]

Using AC instead of DC I think a ternary or even quaternary system could be made. A balanced ternary system can be where 1 direction of flow is 1 and the other is -1 while no flow is 0, and for a quaternary system you can just use 2's complement and have the voltage directions represent 0, 1, 2. Though this would be much slower.

[@ithaca2076]

3:27 no, it is not entirely the primary reason. i have been trying to build my own ternary gates, full adders, full subtractors, etc for a while now and believe me, working with an extra state is extremely hard. not even on a voltage level. (im working with an unbalanced fractionary scale, so 0V, 1/2(+V), +V since it is easy to divide voltage and use op amps like so without using negative voltage.) because you have this awkward middle half state, you can make a full adder with results except implementing the truth table is extraordinarily complex. you need gates that allow the middle half state to pass through without processing, you sometimes need to eliminate the middle state all together to make is 0 and 1 again, sometimes you need the middle state back... but how? you just removed it to get 0 and 1! point is, its very hard.

[@H3Vtux]

You're more or less referring to the "rising edge/falling edge problem" which I did talk about at 4 minutes. I would still argue the *primary* reason base two was chosen was because of noise variation, but I guess you can'r really quantify the reasons.

[@ithaca2076]

@Basics Explained, H3Vtux i mean not even with rising and falling edge issues, im talking about making the actual gate truth tables which is a whole issue in of itself

[@H3Vtux]

@@ithaca2076 OOOOOH i see. Yeah I can imagine working with truth tables with more than 2 variables would be agony. That's all a bit more complicated than I think I can really get into with a 5 minute video haha. I did do a video on logic gates and truth tables though I didn't talk about that issue specifically kzbin.info/www/bejne/rHuyXmidjpWqps0

[@ithaca2076]

@Basics Explained, H3Vtux haha yea well i guess with enough effort i could figure i out. anything is possible

[@charlotteboisson1853]

What happened in the year 2000 ? How did they make the switch ?

[@wisteela]

I'm now wondering about the three states used by flash drives.

[@GunUDwnAt2nd]

LOL "If you're interested..." he says. I literally want to hear everything you have to say about this stuff!

[@Akshatgiri]

Thanks for the explanation! To me it looks like it makes sense for quantum computers to use a base 3 system. I believe we have qutrits already. I'm curious about a few things. How many base base 3 transistors ( assuming they are reliable ) would be we need to beat the current base 2 cpus with 2-3 billion transistors?

[@dynamitedom767]

Just wondering.. what software do you use to make these videos..? Anyone know? I enjoy these btw

[@H3Vtux]

I use Adobe after effects for everything. And thanks I'm glad you enjoy them!

[@john.john.johnny]

@@H3Vtux is this Adam?

[@H3Vtux]

@@john.john.johnny This is me indeed. Who are you?

[@charlotteboisson1853]

Very well explained ! Tx a lot !

[@shannontracy9046]

No mention of balanced ternary?

[@wh0210]

please please, please can u do a video on ip and ports UDP and TCP , I have watched a lot of vids but i cant get it right please

[@theesteward9150]

Why have you used 4 as an example and not 3? 3 has actually been stated to be the most effecient system and it's not got the same reliability risk as base 4 as you have a leway of 33.3333...% which is still relatively low risk. Even innovators like IBM and Samsung have dabbled in trenary and recognise its potential. It's more about the laborious process of producing such technology and distributing it en mass which is holding them back when all the current software architecture is based on base 2/binary. You can't really blame them for not being hasty trailblazers in such a difficult venture.

[@gwho]

So if we can engineer a new medium that has more reliability of "charge level" (or whatever the equivalent in the new type of transistor would be), then that would enable higher logic level computers, and most definitely be a nobel prize winner.

[@hellohumans9181]

Can you explain how quantum computers work ??

[@CompactStar]

I believe quantum computers have 0 and 1 as states (like binary), but, by taking advantage of quantum superposition, they can also have any value between them (like 0.5) as a state.

[@disrael2101]

Interested in external SSD

[@r0lfu_]

yeah i recently watched a video on how ssd's operate and that left me wondering about why computers cannot use a higher logic system

[@Dondlo46]

I have a question:what is pyro talking about

[@iAmerica1776]

If in the future we develop the capability of reliably hitting the correct percentages for base 3 to the point where we could be as accurate as we can now with binary, would that make a difference in computing power? In a perfect world is base 3 better than binary? Is it something worth developing?

[@grumpynpc6864]

Ternary computing! -ve, 0, +ve sidesteps those issues. We've just not needed the extra computing until now, and the switch would be somewhat disruptive.

[@chabdie162]

How about expressing the ternary system as, for example, a manual car shift, with the center as the neutral state? Sorry if I made a mistake because I am using a translation.

[@mediocreman6323]

Something left out: In signal-cables, a switch from positive voltage to negative voltage can represent zero (or one), a change in polarity in the other direction one (or zero), as far as I know this is how data is transmitted over cables extremely efficiently. I do not even want to think about how this would be done in a non-binary logic!

[@Unofficial2048tiles]

2:24 Then what would happen if it goes above 100% Or like what number would it be if it was at 50%

[@HerezCheez]

+H3Vtux I would like to read more upon this topic. Do you have any sources used for this video?

[@jakec5618]

Well explained.

[@Kevessi]

Thank you. Makes alot of sense

[@unboxingwithkhushi-w3k]

With 3 no.s, there is no problem of rising edge ,falling edge or of crossing the two in between to go to the other ..if we keep this circular instead of semi circle

[@yevheniyk5358]

Don't optical processors for example bypass the reliability problem, as we can emit light in different frequencies? Basically it was a hardware limitation... But now with optical processors and quantum computing we are still somewhat holding on to binary thinking, with qbits and optical logic gates, wouldn't it just make sence to reinvent the way we computed as we are reinventing hardware?

[@corinnesullivan2534]

Very good explanations. Thanks very much!

[@mfocwus5228]

how did people exactly experiment when testing which number base would be the best to use

[@mfocwus5228]

is there a certain name for this type of experimentation?

[@ezedeenosman6015]

Nice and simple explanation

[@aaronmiller5378]

What about balanced ternary where the three states are 1 0 and -1 with 1 and -1 differentiated by the direction the electricity flows

[@triblow_9713]

So how did the triglavians in EVE manage to advance in technoledgy so far using this system?

[@SandeepSharma-rj2li]

Thank... Man U r very good.....i suggest you should upload videos regularly....u can get millions of subs...💪

[@Shake_Well_Before_Use]

Can u explain NVMe and PCI-E drives And SATA and PATA drive in a brief video if possible.

[@worldshaper1723]

I am intrested in How will trenary code make it easier to control Quarks and gluons in real time.

[@tealkerberus748]

Yeah, you just said why it's a bad idea, and then you said "but these things do it." Duh. Of course I wanna know how they make it okay.

[@ephraimedits]

Nice one...now let's have the hard drives one ....

[@thomek2172]

Oh yeah, i wouldn't mind you to tell us more!!

[@HelloKittyFanMan]

You mentioned less than 50% charge and greater than 50%. But what about right AT 50%?

[@HelloKittyFanMan]

@@P47CH3Z: There are so many kinds of instances where I've seen people state ranges of numbers that fail to include the divider number either on one side or the other that it's insane!

[@gwho]

3:48 it's not completely useless. you're ignoring that it takes more "bits", which means more space, more transistors, or to be general, more components. This isn't a strong objection, but it's one not to overlook in technicality. So it's not that it's useless, it's just that the tradeoff of reliability vs space heavily favors reliability.

[@dailynotes2845]

I was wondering if spintronics could solve this issue.

[@jasonthekingozwo4619]

This problem can it not be fixed by finding a way of making the voltage constant

[@ZetoBlackproject]

how about reversing charge from positive to negative in a trinary system? Would that have the same problem?

[@joefarrow1599]

Hi what about balanced ternary with -1 0 and 1, wouldn't that be reliable?

[@streakurt]

You are just unbelievable knowledge guy. Every university (at least for my old trash university ;d) teachers should get a lesson from you how to teach lesson students !!

[@hereticstanlyhalo6916]

I had a hard drive that used trinary, but a little electrical issue happened and it corrupted the whole thing.

[@InFAMOUSPS4_19]

The SSD base 4 system you mentioned, I'd like to learn more

[@reviewneo1449]

Thank you , god bless you 🙏

[@gsc512]

Why not use light instead of electricity through the transistor? You can still have a charge but it needs transistor would be a chip that would measure the light? You're really helpful to refer me this video and I'm completely curious. I'm sure you have another video?

[@gsc512]

With the light, you wouldn't have any of the falling or rising state issues. You could simply change the color. I know in the old days this would have been a problem as the machine would have had to been huge! And for a projects like project Pluto, it would have been a huge problem to have that type of computer on an aircraft, especially a doomsday plane.

[@Nawwar1980]

This is an awesome video .

[@BlackLoneWolf]

so it was a hardware problem all along. that means that we might with the help of electric and material engineering be capable of doing it.

[@xeddiustripp6398]

What about balanced ternary with negative voltage?