How Do Computers Remember?

Exploring some of the basics of computer memory: latches, flip flops, and registers!
Series playlist: • Exploring How Computer...
Simulation tool (work in progress): sebastian.itch.io/digital-log...
Source code: github.com/SebLague/Digital-L...
Support the channel: / sebastianlague
Resources and Inspiration:
/ beneater
www.coursera.org/learn/build-...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-fl...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequent...
electronics.stackexchange.com...
tams.informatik.uni-hamburg.d...
Chapters:
00:00 Intro
00:33 Set-Reset Latch
04:33 Data Latch
05:56 Race Condition!
07:32 Breadboard Data Latch
09:36 Asynchronous Register
11:41 The Clock
13:03 Edge Triggered Flip Flop
14:18 Synchronous Register
16:48 Testing 4-bit Registers
18:25 Outro
Music:
"Frontier" by Shimmer
"A Quiet Place" by Jordan White
"Constellations" by Acreage
"Beyond the Horizon" by Sounds Like Sander
"Crystal Bursts" by Cody Martin
"When Rain Comes" by Tide Electric
"Air" by Assaf Ayalon
"Mallets of Mischief" by Rhythm Scott
Images:
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...

[@SebastianLague]

Hi everyone, I hope you enjoy the video! By popular demand, the little simulation tool is now available. Links below :) Download (windows/mac) sebastian.itch.io/digital-logic-sim Source: github.com/SebLague/Digital-Logic-Sim The project is free, but if you'd like to support my work you can set an optional amount to pay when downloading. Alternatively, you can support via Patreon to get early access to new videos and projects: www.patreon.com/SebastianLague

[@Voltaire321]

Awesome! I was just going to ask about that. Thanks so much for sharing it.

[@appleyt6757]

Thx for sharing this

[@morezco]

Amazing! I was also going to ask about that. Appreciate the quality in your content man!

[@aliimran8479]

Thanks slot

[@lexi6129]

Could you please release a Linux version, i have tried running the windows version and Linux via Wine (I running ubuntu Server, With bspwm) but when ever i click off the window then come back it no longer takes input and idk why Edit:Linux version is released ty!

[@sasino4569]

I'm not exaggerating this is basically an entire course that I took in university summed up in less than 20 minutes

[@dimitrisspiridonidis3284]

sad but true

[@habboUdviseren]

Otherwise they wouldn’t be able to charge you insane amounts of money for their course if it wasnt stretched out. Or rather - a wet cloth, you know? When you squeeze the last amount. Yeah - thats just your money they’re squeezing

[@sasino4569]

@@habboUdviseren Universities in my country are completely free

[@habboUdviseren]

@@sasino4569 Same here. But you gotta ask yourself. Is it really university level when a 20 min video sums it up?

[@sasino4569]

@@habboUdviseren No it's not. But at least I'm not paying for it

[@niceguysayshi5765]

These Videos are so good, they should be shown in school

[@Pi7on]

100%

[@nejatulusal1475]

@@jakubgamer4641 sadly but yes

[@davescott7680]

I've suddenly realised after all this time, what they were trying to teach me in electronics and my IT classes, quite some time ago. This made so much more sense.

[@spatialfree]

*they've replaced school

[@gamermachine4048]

Agreed

[@zeorxofline]

I was struggling at university to understand digital electronics ( flip flops and so on), I tried all my efforts and passed my test at last, but seeing this video in about 20 minutes explains the whole course, just WAW WAW WAW.

[@accuFan]

You could understand the video in 20 minutes because you already passed all the test and tried all your efforts. Do you think you could pass the tests only with this 20 minute video? By the way, Great video and wonderful explanation!!!!

[@rogueninja185]

@@accuFan exactly, lol. I personally find it too fast for me.

[@bco-fm5qu]

@@rogueninja185 Yea, exactly. I taught myself programming then I finally go to a real class and I already know like 9/7 of the class.

[@intelchip_x86]

@@bco-fm5qu lmao

[@KamalSadanah92]

my digital electronics exam tommorow still watching n dont understand

[@31emanual]

I know others have said it, but a continuation of this series that tackles RAM and beyond would be amazing

[@raphaelmorgan2307]

I wanna know how computers store info when they turn off!

[@acertainnemesis]

YEAH! I wanna learn RAM

[@acertainnemesis]

@@raphaelmorgan2307 Oh the concept is basically using real life materials (like a long rounded string of a magnet, and writing data in the form of magnetization (1) or non magnetisation (0) the amount of storage in this kind of this kind is dependent on the length of the magnet. In CDs (please correct me if im wrong) dents are used as a differentiator (so if light reflects it will be 1 if it dents 0, Im sure sure if the correlation is correct tho). I dont know how but I would love to know how SSDs store data.

[@xminusone1]

@@acertainnemesis Exactly this. I've worked on old jukeboxes from the 50's and they had a memory build Exactly like this. They "remember" 15 songs selected and played them in a row. And these memories were build with iron cores. Chips are build that way too but miniature. Edit: CD data is also stored this way with very small holes punctured in it. I don't remember what of the holes or non holes are 1.

[@acertainnemesis]

@@xminusone1 Thanks for the clarification on how CDs work. Also found it interesting that SSDs store data by trapping electrons (well that's the basic idea but it's waaaay too complex for me to understand currently). It's just so insane how small storage methods are now (even to the point of reaching subatomic levels) and how they can retain their states consistently even with such high complexities.

[@voidvenom7452]

Congrats dude, you just summarized 3/4 of a semester of a University course in a free 20 minute video, with a more intuitive and digestible explanation.

[@jamiebroere5251]

So true

[@cuhh6a1n]

Men i love youtube bruh

[@danieltemelkovski9828]

I'm not sure what made me click this video, since an interest in computer science is something I thought I left behind in an earlier life, never to be resurrected. Just hearing terms like gates, clocks, flip-flops brought back some very bad memories. And yet, in this presentation, it wasn't as scary as I remember it.

[@dogguyful]

@@geekazodium Hahaha😁😁😁

[@Shizs]

Wait are is this serious? Please you guys send me some link that I'll probably need to watch before going into university. KZbin give me more knowledge than school

[@muteman2432]

I don't know about you guys, but I'm here to finally learn how redstone computers work

[@Someoneyeeted]

When i saw the video i tried doing it in minecraft .... And it didn't work ... At all ...

[@mayabartolabac]

hey dude i make redstone computers in minecraft and this video helped me kzbin.info/www/bejne/eV7VaaWLrsl-ftE this video is part of a series of 3 other videos and it really goes into detail also, i recommend playing on the ORE server helped me a lot

[@tundrummax6221]

@@danielb270 its possible to make all gates in minecraft, and people have made many computers in minecraft before with just redstone

[@benjaming.8368]

@@danielb270 pretty sure AND gates are possible. A while since ive played, but some blocks allow current to go through. If you use a piston to fill a gap as input 1 and the redstone line with the gap as input 2, tada, AND gate. Edit: if you dislike moving parts, you can do this with two redstone torches and a comparator in comparison mode. What do you mean by propagating backwards?

[@mayabartolabac]

@@danielb270 dude making an AND gate is just inverting the inputs, connecting them together with a single redstone wire, and inverting the output of that wire not that hard

[@RaiuTheEevee]

One of the things that I find so fascinating about Minecraft's redstone circuitry is how incredibly similar it is to real life circuitry. I wasn't even looking for a video about it, but this suddenely showed up on my recommended feed. This video helped me better understand how to do a small memory bank project I was trying to do the other day. Your way of explaining this in this video is very intuitive and I appreciate it.

[@eduardmeiring8383]

exactly what i was thinking 😭 i was obsessed with redstone 2 years back, and after seeing this i want to start again by building even more complicated machines

[@DWlsh43]

that's so funny. probably like 7 years ago I was pretty into red stone, making various devices for automation. I haven't played Minecraft in years. seeing this video, I was like "oh hey I didn't realize Redstone was based off of basic circuitry"

[@modernmajorgeneral4669]

I want to see someone make a 4 bit adder with redstone.

[@7MinutozRapsLetras]

@@modernmajorgeneral4669 its really easy tho

[@RaiuTheEevee]

@@modernmajorgeneral4669 It's already been done many times. People have even built whole 8 bit computers with redstone

[@untitledsurfer8503]

I have a computer engineering degree and 10 years of work experience but I find your videos so amazing that I find myself watching them even about things that I already know. BTW I was so fixated and hypnotized by the way you move the mouse cursor and how smoothly it's done that I had to backtrack a section of the video several times because I was only paying attention to the mouse hahaha you make it seem so effortless like "I'm recording my screen just moving the mouse and talking" and I'm not sure but I'm under the impression the mouse is scripted or smoothed (great work! That's very hard to achieve and takes a lot of work and attention to detail). Anyway, your video is extremely easy to follow, and that's a huge and great thing because there is an immense amount of people trying to teach these concepts and yours has definitely stood out as the best, most beautiful, and easiest way to learn.

[@lobsterfork]

Well, he probably records the demo and then voices over it. He's human after all. :-p But yeah, the spectrum in me found all of that incredibly satisfying to watch.

[@jesper2k]

These computer series videos are so well made, thanks so much for making them :D

[@SebastianLague]

Thanks! Happy you like them :)

[@carrotylemons1190]

Wait why is it 10 hours ago

[@RForReversal]

@@carrotylemons1190 Probably a perk of being a patron, they get earlier access to the video.

[@animationspace8550]

All of his videos are made well, even his oldest ones. Starting to think he's just naturally good.

[@anjusingh-jd7pd]

How is it 11 hours ago

[@michaelerhardt2549]

his cat is actually a computer scientist expert trying to build the circuit for him

[@caetanogarelii6657]

First comment

[@zeptofine]

Isnt that a game

[@TheGodofcookiez]

I think cat is instructing human where to put the wires 😂

[@OrangeC7]

@@TheGodofcookiez The human needed some expert advice, he was so clearly putting everything in the wrong spots lol

[@HailtotheKiin]

Circatry

[@EuropaE]

Hey Sebastian. I know I'm 2 years late to the party, but I just recently discovered this series of yours, and following along has been a blast! I'm curious by nature and have always wanted to understand fundamentally how computers work, so upon discovering your videos and the simulation tool you've made available, I knew I'd struck gold. I've sunk 10s of hours into grasping how each logic gate works and how stringing them together can eventually result in a functioning computer. I haven't even gotten to the later videos in this series, but I've already learned so much that I want to thank you for doing all of this. You're amazing!

[@Isotropic_dude]

"how each logic gate works and how stringing them together eventually leads into a functioning computer" can you share the resources from where you learnt? I'm a high school student, Computer Science has not been my subject so i'm not sure what keywords/ descriptions should i use to search the appropriate results online, this video is the closest i came across which explains how computers FUNDAMENTALLY work. Would be glad if you share your knowledge /\

[@adithyaps3606]

​@@Isotropic_dudeI think nand to tetris and the series by Ben Eater were the recommendations given by Sebastian in the first video

[@bobdueck3854]

This is a *really* good explanation of a basic topic in digital design. Well done! (I taught this material for 30 years.)

[@manlikezakaado6135]

Which course is this, I found it interesting

[@kaiogomes956]

​​@@manlikezakaado6135 Digital Design

[@heh_boaner]

I would binge watch an entire series like this.

[@Bananappleboy]

niko-

[@anaycoding6594]

sad theres only 2 videos

[@Rob-777]

@@anaycoding6594 yes he didnt do the RAM video apparently

[@sandpaperunderthetable6708]

@@Rob-777 sad

[@jamesmulloy9870]

you should check out ben eaters videos. very informative and entertaining

[@ktvx.94]

This guy in 10 years: "building a DIY quantum computer"

[@hasany.9095]

I recommend Ben Eater

[@daviskipchirchir1357]

@@hasany.9095 who is Ben Eater. Let me go search

[@potatoboy549]

@@daviskipchirchir1357 Ben Eater is instructive, but can be hard to follow. This one is easier for beginners because it has an easily explainable simple diagram whereas Ben Eater does everything over a breadboard. Unfortunately, he’s really the only other youtuber that covers building a basic computer.

[@daviskipchirchir1357]

@@potatoboy549 Thanks fahm.

[@mondaymornings2]

@@daviskipchirchir1357 glad to see a Kenyan here

[@archimedeis]

I watched this out of pure curiosity and it turns out it actually covered one of the modules of my CS syllabus. You're really good at visualizing explanations to make them easier to understand.

[@1Dr490n]

I've learned from you how awesome and interesting this whole topic is 2 years ago, and I haven't done much else than learning and exploring how computers work, also a bit more advanced stuff, and I had a lot of fun with it. Thank you!

[@moosipea4206]

I can't tell if he's just moving the mouse cursor REALLY smoothly or its animated

[@captain_code]

Exactly what i was wondering

[@nicopullen158]

Same because the lines are always aligned as well

[@petrimal]

Im SO glad Im not the only one

[@devfasil4810]

It must be animated, right?

[@leeoiou7295]

The drawing is probably assisted. A simple algorithm to check the difference in y positions of the continued pixels. If they are under a threshold, then place the pixels on the same y axis as the first one.

[@genericytprofile852]

3 episodes into the future: So now as you can see we have a fully functioning 64bit computer. But how do we do anything with it? Well for that we'd need to make an operating system..

[@SimonTiger]

I think the next episode will be a 4, 8, or maybe 16-bit computer. But I think if Sebastian takes this series far enough, he will make an operating system, yes (though I don't think it will be 64-bit)!

[@danielpalma7279]

One of the learning resources in the descriptions is the course NAND to tetris, and in the second part you create an operating system, so there is hope

[@beri4138]

I don't think you guys understand how complex a 64 bit cpu is.

[@honorousjorg7200]

@@beri4138 I don't think you understand what a joke is.

[@revimfadli4666]

I wonder if it'll run GPT at one point

[@matthewbowers88]

I'm 2.5 minutes into discovering this channel and I can already tell I'm going to love this. You're hyper talented at teaching.

[@FASHIONIZE]

this video is sooo good, i”ve been trying to understand these concepts for so long ,no other video has made it this simple to digest

[@psellison]

In all my years I have NEVER had anyone explain these concepts to me in such a clear and straight forward manner! I love this video. These are amazing Sebastian and I hope you do more!

[@technicalspider2547]

This video is the best video ever in entire multi verse

[@shadesmarerik4112]

the thing is that just basic explanation doesnt enable u to work on ur own on those circuits. U need to do this on ur own. Thats why school is formulating those concepts as exercises u need to do for urself. And this takes effort and time from u.

[@netiosys4677]

I still don't get it. Too fast for my slow brain

[@netiosys4677]

I get it, but I don't get it you know. Nothing is illogical it just still seems like magic. Think I need to sit an tinker with it myself

[@rafaelespinoza6530]

Amen 💕🔙🙈🙈💞

[@JJDSG]

Loved the new content ☺️

[@SebastianLague]

Thanks!

[@caetanogarelii6657]

Why this doesn't have more comments?

[@faceofsarcasm4947]

Why is it past tense?

[@faceofsarcasm4947]

@@tthung8668 I can't read between the lines, so if they didn't say it, that's not what they meant.

[@nightchicken3517]

Like

[@opDavi1]

Sebastian, please continue this series! I know the basics but dont understand how all these components work together to make a full computer. I've never seen anyone explain these concepts simpler than you so it would be great to see more.

[@chrissysevigny2462]

This was a really cool video! I just finished my Digital Design course, and your breakdown of the latch gates really helped me to understand better what was going on. Thanks for sharing!

[@kcwidman]

This video literally taught me more about digital logic than my entire, semester long university digital logic course. You do amazing work, but at the same time it makes me sad I wasn’t taught in a more effective manner.

[@danieltemelkovski9828]

Yeah, if you told me back then that this stuff could actually be made to sound interesting, I'd have thought you nuts.

[@Ben-rz9cf]

I recommend learning blueprints in unreal engine. It looks a lot like this and you can do some really cool stuff with it. I have known some coding languages for years but only when i was able to visually work with the logic in blueprints without worrying about code did i truly grasp how to really use any of it functionally

[@qitupmaga3403]

You needed a cat there to supervise, apparently

[@mo4721]

The university does not give you the skills that the labor market needs. The university teaches you how to teach yourself on your own. Imagine, after fifty years, will your university degree benefit you, of course, no, because the labor market is developing rapidly

[@d3vitron779]

The only problem with this video is that it ended

[@duffman7674]

But the ending was great

[@hawkleslayer8931]

I'm going to tell him to do a part 3

[@baze3541]

Saddest part

[@user-lb3rx9sd3f]

Hohoho

[@skullcat324]

the cat pressed the outro button

[@thesciencewitch]

Really glad this hit my recommended - right up my alley. Thanks for such a clear, logical explanation and the simulator makes it SO easy to understand visually! Brilliant video

[@thesciencewitch]

oh my god the kitti's lil pap pap at the circuitry was adorable!!!!

[@occamraiser]

Unbelievably, in 1980 when I started my computer science degree this stuff was part of a BSc course. And it mattered, in an era where 'you can make any gate out of nand gates' was a revelation :)

[@oberonpanopticon]

Well, it’s still a revelation to people who’ve never studied computer science before

[@amalirfan]

this is ASMR for my brain. Feels like I am sleeping in a winter morning.

[@shalinsaju9620]

6:00 Alternate title : how to make a redstone burnout clock

[@levb258]

I'm actually following the tutorials along in Minecraft, which is pretty fun.

[@TheAzizurRahman]

@@levb258 I liked that too.

[@evanherriges4042]

@@levb258 I actually thought about trying these in various games with logic systems to see how they work in them.

[@daviamsilva]

Profile picture checks out

[@zakyzein4521]

Mc bedrock redstone : 7:03

[@EchelonTheCat]

Both of your videos on computer science have been amazing. So clear and easy to understand (though it took me much longer than the video time to digest everything fully and create the same components in the simulator for myself and truly understand them). I really do hope you'll make that next video you promised, but even if not, thanks so much for what you've done so far!

[@rachelpinho5715]

Thanks for the video, Sebastian! These are REALLY good

[@pentzilam]

I'm using this video as an assistant for me to build a simple redstone computer in Minecraft and so far I have been able to recreate every circuit! Admittedly, its getting a bit large in my world but I'm excited for the next episode!!! Keep up the good work man.

[@PandaPal_]

hey that's exactly what im doing

[@randomnessnecesity9627]

Good luck to the two of you! I'm using the series to try and build a little game console with my raspberry pi.

[@ogsgamer1]

lol

[@mathieu525]

You should really continue this video series! It has helped me understand alot of things about computers and how to make them in different games. It would be great if you continued it!

[@thynepker-1453]

Minecraft

[@EpicVideoGamer7771]

@@thynepker-1453 ?

[@thynepker-1453]

@@EpicVideoGamer7771 red stone in minecraft

[@noxnight]

@@thynepker-1453 first thing i thought about x)

[@professorpoke]

I have made a adder in minecraft. Also a binary to decimal converter using a 7 segment display.

[@armadillo9889]

you should really continue this series, this was a really great video!

[@akulsoni3428]

Bro i just watched 2 of your videos and i am just filled with knowledge which i would hardly get from my school or somewhere else. I really appreciate you and your work you explain things really well and with the help of simulation i got it really quick . Just keep going brother

[@baraksmash]

So lucky to come across this 47 seconds after it's published

[@terohannula30]

I did after 47 minutes 😆

[@MattiaConti]

This is exactly a part of one course that I followed last year at Politecnico of Milano, but thanks to the visual approach is 10 times better!

[@stefanobertolotti2555]

Ah bene, non pensavo potesse essere così.

[@MattiaConti]

@@stefanobertolotti2555 why?

[@MrSumkinFedor]

I stydied it a t TSTU in Russia

[@MattiaConti]

@@MrSumkinFedor what is TSTU ?

[@MrSumkinFedor]

@@MattiaConti Tver State Technical University

[@oxynetz]

It all went over my head ...but somehow i couldnt stop watching....love computing. Great work Sebastian

[@nooterdooter6497]

Quite interesting video. Just got done with a digital logic class in my first year of college and you nailed the explanations of this topic! Honeslty one of my biggest takeaways from the class was latches so it is cool to see videos like this explaining a core part of how computers work in an easily-digestable video. Great work!

[@el_quba]

18:45 Aaaaaaaah, that's why RAMs have clock speed. That video series is absolutely fantastic!

[@Laff700]

I had looked into logic gates before and never figured out how to get around that issue. Using a clock makes sooo much sense now!

[@feha92]

That timestamp feels a bit mistimed :d

[@UNSCPILOT]

I mean really, that's why *everything* has clock speeds, and he explains it so perfectly simple even a simpleton like me gets it, this is great

[@rmrob148]

Please, please do more of this series. So incredibly informative and digestible. I ended up downloading your simulator and tried to guess what the solutions were before you showed them. I was wrong most of the time, but it was very fun and scratched a brain-itch I didn't realize I had. Thank you.

[@andrewliu6592]

Ben eater has a series on building an 8 bit computer and also creating a system using a 6502 microprocessor

[@petefrancisco3267]

You made all those simulator? 😆 I remember Jon teaching me in DOS.. He said, "Type:c:/ (slash)". I put "\".. He said, "Hindi slash yan, "backlash" yan! 😆😆😆.. He is really nice with all that patience! He teach graphic games in DOS!.. By the way, he is also a student! Classmate si Tracy....

[@amittyagiat80]

Excellent informative video. Crisp clear audio visuals.👍

[@lobsterfork]

This was great. Just the right amount of simplicity and complexity.

[@jaytea3085]

you are SUCH a good teacher! i'm absolutely loving this series so far. every single step between the paper clip and-gate at the start of the first video to the 4-bit register at the end of this video has felt completely clear and logical. and you're really good at making effective visuals to go along with whatever you're describing. mad props, keep it up!

[@SebastianLague]

Thank you!

[@ludodejongh4672]

Why does this not have more comments?

[@rafaelespinoza6530]

Ok rocky Balboa boxing up in the morning America happy birthday dad 🎁🥳🎁🎁 okay mom stop 🛑 acting like a foolish stuff 👍🙏👍🙏💓🙏 Amen 🙏💞🙏🙏 Amen 🙏🌄

[@TheBookworm284]

I took a class on this years back in college and never did wrap my brain around these concepts. This just about covered the last 2 months of that class in 20 minutes and made way more sense than any lecture or book.

[@tomthumb3085]

Probably the clearest and most understandable explanation I’ve ever seen. Excellent video, thanks.

[@michaelpolinsky4611]

Man, this is so intriguing! I hope you make more videos on this topic!

[@tylerfara]

Truly phenomenal. I love how you set so many things up as, "Here is a problem that gets introduced when we try to make this harder...and here is the solution to that problem."

[@luke7503]

You could so turn this into a puzzle game that teaches you to complete levels and complete all of these, with hints and info on solution

[@xeryus3357]

@@BusinessWolf1 ?

[@BusinessWolf1]

@@xeryus3357 ignore it, I'm deleting it idk why the fuck I wrote that

[@xeryus3357]

@@BusinessWolf1 lol aright

[@ZaHandle]

@@BusinessWolf1 now everyone reading this is confused

[@BusinessWolf1]

@@ZaHandle I'm okay with that :))

[@akhilkothapalli4350]

absolutely amazing content, i enjoyed this!

[@ziggyzoggin]

please continue this, this is my favorite series on your channel.

[@defhunta7301]

I really liked the slow moving signals in the connections, it really helped visualise what was happening. Can't wait for the next episode!

[@ComputerElectronicTechnology]

Thank you for this refresher. Nice to see these videos being made!

[@TheWindpacer]

Most underrated channel. Good work explaining the concepts. The voice is clear and easy to understand. Keep up the good work. 👏

[@nikosaarinen3258]

This video really makes me want a cat. Also makes me want to make a computer in Minecraft, but mainly I just want a cat

[@legion2069]

Coincidentally enough he actually makes a rather popular redstone circuit called an RSNor latch in the first 1/3 of the video

[@DeltaEchoVictor]

I have that same idea too

[@k.d.kelley2830]

🤣

[@EvelineFlowercrown]

I am currently building an 8 bit adder in minecraft and it's actually not that hard. You should give it a try! And I want a cat too :(

[@DeltaEchoVictor]

@@EvelineFlowercrown ya adder is too wasy to build it only need xor gate and and gate

[@jonathanmoothart8038]

Dude this series is AMAZING! It's remarkably informative and presented in an easy to comprehend manner. Please make more of these dude!

[@killzone1490]

You actually make this so clear, I can draw out these circuits on grid paper with almost zero background beyond this video. I've been drawing out exploded diagrams of each of these chips as they go and it's mind blowing how compact and cheaply these can be made

[@kosullivan]

Please continue this series! Beautiful in its simplicity, it's like a riveting mystery

[@moldman5694]

3:35 brings me back to learning redstone like 10 years ago

[@laelcosta7060]

This series is helping me to fill in a void in my understanding of computers that's been really bothering me. Thank you for presenting this fascinating information in such a clear and engaging way!

[@neverendingfire]

This is the first of your video's that I came across, and I found it really interesting and very nicely explained! Thank you Sebastian for that! I hope to watch more! I have subscribed!

[@gobinath7493]

sir, please don't stop posting videos, because you are creating more engineers through your videos, it helps them to start in their career with clear base knowledge

[@barmetler]

I absolutely love your aesthetic! Everything is so clean and easy to understand and well structured and nice and good and nice! I'm always excited when I see a new upload, keep it up!

[@ItsGosho]

These videos are a masterpiece. That explanation, music & visualization are something that all teachers must learn how to do.

[@Henry14arsenal2007]

Just realizing the amount of gates that go into simple building blocks to store a couple of bits is mind-blowing.

[@mrandersen6872]

This summed up the last 3 weeks of my college digital electronics class in 20 minutes. Absolutely fantastic.

[@ruthmoreton6975]

Really looking forward to seeing the next video in this series. This is similar to what we learned in 1st Year Computer Science but much clearer!

[@dennyatnotts]

This is so nostalgic for me. I spent most of my childhood doing just this sort of thing, breadboarding 7400 series ICs and building PCBs. My 'go to' clock was nothing more than a 555. Many happy hours spent working out schematics and board designs.

[@cxsey8587]

Really hope you continue this, helps bridge the gap between hardware and low level programming very well

[@jhonm6347]

This is golden knowledge and very well explained. Thank you sir.

[@tahir95soyalcom]

When exactly is the next part coming where you're explaining RAM ?

[@darowchdawg]

I know I'm so excited to see it, I've been following along making all the parts in Dreams and its been very mind expanding

[@ethereumhitman9518]

@@darowchdawg yo

[@PrivacyNProgramming]

ram technically is like a drive but it can't hold memory for a long time , example: I open a document in my document reader, the read stores the app itself and if I were to close the app, it will remove/reset the app and send it back to the main drive, idk if this is 100% correct but its a theory I thought of

[@pixeltochi4961]

@@PrivacyNProgramming What you said is 100% correct. That's why we call it Temporary memory somtimes :0 also another difference between a ram and a normal memory drive is that they are much, much faster "faster than a ssd by a lot".

[@PrivacyNProgramming]

@@pixeltochi4961 yes, a memory drive is much more faster than an ssd but there is another factor in play... HOW MUCH memory you have, you can't expect a computer with 4 Gb Ram to hold an ULTRA grafics game since it need more cpu and memory power and after all that memory is used up, your OS will probably crash since there is no more memory to run important processes

[@rutvikpanchal466]

The moment i saw memory in the title, The microprocessor subject from my engineering course rushed through my mind and i immediately wondered if you included the infamous race condition and what happens when the power turns on when both the NOR gates are off in SR latch. Also i think you should have also included what happens if both the set and reset are HIGH at the same time.

[@SheepUndefined]

Uh, I'll bite! What would happen in that last case?

[@rutvikpanchal466]

@@SheepUndefined in that case both the outputs Q and Q' will go LOW (using uppercase due to typing convention for bit states) which shouldn't happen in terms of logical properties we have assigned to the outputs. As the Q' is the opposite of Q both being the same value breaks the logic hence that state is considered an invalid state where the output of the latch isn't considered. In real world this never really happens because logically only one input of S or R is allowed to either SET or RESET the latch. You can map how both the outputs go LOW using a pen and a paper, start with any one input and you'll slowly see how the outputs go LOW. You can also map this just by looking at the latch but it might be difficult to track. For reference you can check out SR Latch video by Ben Eater. His entire series of 8-bit breadboard computer is a goldmine of knowledge and i am genuinely amazed by the effort he puts in all of his videos to educate people all around the world for free (Think about it, cutting out wires to exact size necessary to provide crystal clear presentation of circuits!). His youtube channel has taught me more than my college on that subject. Same goes for many many creators on KZbin, @Sebastian Lague obviously being one of them.

[@Roxor128]

@@rutvikpanchal466 I ran into that in a game of Factorio while trying to implement a combinator circuit to disable a train station for an oil patch that didn't produce much and avoid sending the oil train off on the long route to it when there wasn't enough available to make the trip worthwhile. I eventually got it working properly, but not without partially dismantling things to get it into a stable state. I think it got into the glitched state when setting up the combinators that provided the set and reset signals.

[@joshfrayna1250]

I should have saw this before finishing my semester last 2020. The lecture about latch makes clear to me on your video

[@insameuser9741]

bro you need to continue this is is crazy (i love it)

[@rezzacool]

I've been refreshing your channel every day since this came out waiting for part 3..! So excited!

[@SuperGamersgames]

Just imagine in the future someone takes your program and goes, “hey guys! I’ve made a functioning computer in this logic simulation.”

[@tacticalassaultanteater9678]

The point of this series is that making a computer isn't difficult at all, it just takes a while. Making a good, fast computer, now that's a challenge for 70 years and some of the greatest minds of our age.

[@APaleDot]

I imagine this "someone" will be Sebastian himself at the end of this series.

[@HomeofLawboy]

I made one once, with the simulation I built, it was really hard to program it, and it was very slow, like one instruction every 1.6 seconds if I remember correctly

[@Tomahawks360]

Then he will program a logic simulation in that computer, and the cycle would continue

[@UNSCPILOT]

It feels like he's only 2 or 3 steps from that himself

[@user-mr3mf8lo7y]

Really stunning explaination... Especially, where/how to use registers and very deep need for 'clock'.. Thanks a bunch.

[@rafaplays7418]

Boy oh boy, big respect man! Ty, was very nice to watch :)

[@rjponce15]

I'm learning all the basic gates in college right now and you just gave me new motivation on why I'm studying electrical engineering and why I love doing stuff like this so much! I love this video. Thank you for making this!

[@rafaelespinoza6530]

Amazing amount of time 🙂😘 any way you can tell me the truth about us crises center Amen 💕🔙🙈💞 okey dokey doke Amen 🙏💞🙈💞😜🤣🤣🤣🤣

[@rafaelespinoza6530]

Ok correct 💯🫂💟

[@J_E_N_T]

I'd absolutely love an episode 3 of this series, you've done an amazing job :)

[@King-sd5vg]

I remember watching this video like 2 years ago when it came out or smth. And NOW that I learned more about computers I can finally appreciate the work that went into it!

[@melikmusic]

Whoa mate! kindly continue the series! It is really helpful on building computers

[@baldchessman]

I like this series

[@aaronfitzpatrick598]

Great video, so intuitive! Looking forward to the next one in the series.

[@Bianchi77]

Nice video shot, thanks for sharing it with us, well done :)

[@Samtreee]

As someone studying electrical engineering this video has been incredibly amazing to watch. It's teaching me principles in PLC programming and electronic circuits. It's cool to see the two work together through you building the electronic circuit and showing it in PLC form.

[@AdrianoFerrari11235]

Wanted to share that my son (8yo, homeschooled) absolutely LOVED building his own gates with the simulator you released! He's particularly proud of a "pulsing, frequency modulator, with memory" circuit he built, just by playing around. We love all your videos, Sebastian, thank you so much for contributing to the commons! (My son insists I describe the truth table for the circuit he's made: 0 0 | pulse pulse pulse 0 1 | antipulse pulse pulse 1 0 | 1 pls pls 1 1 | 1 0 0 )

[@D1zZit]

who asked?

[@benreynolds5830]

@@D1zZit Don't be such a prick.

[@cesarpinto3276]

@@D1zZit Me

[@dorkle9085]

@@D1zZit I did

[@raikouno_]

@@D1zZit I asked

[@Spaceshark123]

Sebastian League is so good at explaining things with visuals that I can understand what is happening and I am only 12 years old.

[@TheAzizurRahman]

nice! I'm 10 and I just like listening to his voice. I already know this stuff.

[@TheAzizurRahman]

@champion mang K cool. Nice to know people will react if there is somebody younger than them who is watching the same stuff.

[@juliang9574]

@champion mang nice! I'm 4 and just got my PhD in computer science

[@anonymoususer3561]

@@juliang9574 pff, get on my level grandpa. I'm 2 and I wrote this from the Summit supercomputer which I just hacked with a toaster

[@ultrio325]

googoogaga I know everything

[@BeerAndWarcraft]

I just discovered this channel today, and I love it. Well done and thanks!

[@wabbatal]

I really hope you continue this series man. It’s awesome

[@leumasme]

Wow, you are perfectly in sync with my classes about exactly this topic! We literally had the flip-flops you talked about just 2 days ago.

[@charliebrewis1158]

PLEASE CONTINUE THIS SERIES, IT'S INCREDIBLE

[@lucifer6099]

You're doing what my university couldn't do, you're making me fall in love with core computer science. Kudos to you man! What a clear and fun explanation to these concepts :D

[@lukehibbert3000]

sebastian please comtinue this series its so well thought out and explained

[@13tennt3]

Perfectly done! Please continue this series. 🙏🏼

[@Crozz22]

This series is so good it's gonna be equivalent to a 1-day computer science degree

[@zoolook666]

Absolutely the best and most educational video on this subject so far. Love it!

[@fujinafiul6044]

just WOW... I am working in the Software industry for about 3+ years now and I almost forgot the basics of the boring ( that's how the teacher explained ..!) register which I hated during my grad classes... but OMG... It's fascinating how easily you just described a register for great understanding where it took so many boring unclear classes to know about these in grad classes.. wish every grad teacher were like you man.. keep up the good work..!