Why Genetic Engineering Can’t Do Everything (Yet)

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We've made some great strides in understanding the human genome, but before we can tackle genetic engineering, we have some "chicken and egg" problems to figure out.
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Sources:
Sources:
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com...
academic.oup.com/g3journal/ar...
www.nature.com/articles/srep0...
genomebiology.biomedcentral.c...
academic.oup.com/nar/article/...
www.mpg.de/18386613/potato-ge...
www.nature.com/articles/s4158...
www.nature.com/articles/s4143...
www.britannica.com/science/po...
www.nature.com/articles/natur...
www.nature.com/articles/s4158...
www.eurekalert.org/news-relea...
www.sciencedirect.com/science...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
www.cdc.gov/lyme/index.html
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
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[@SciShow]

Get 30% off your first purchase (plus free shipping) when you use my code SCISHOW30 at cometeer.com/scishow5

[@ArthropodJay]

can i lick these like ice cubes

[@vickiephelps5169]

This is a terrible way to get a cup of coffee.

[@krishanmistry6372]

@Vickie Phelps I agree. Getting pwhole beans is already convenient enough. I wonder what the increased carbon footprint of keeping it frozen from facility to consumer is.

[@SithLordBishop]

I am really shocked this channel would promote a product that seems to produce a lot fo waste. Maybe I am wrong and its all recycled cardboard or paper but even then the packaging and shipping etc.

[@DarkYor]

most usless sponsor of all i've seen on this channel.

[@QuannanHade]

"Chickens cannot hide their secrets forever." is a very powerful line.

[@Kabup2]

A 007 movie's theme.

[@jessical4866]

A little disappointed in the delivery, but I believe in Hank. I know he can bring out the true excessive drama this line deserves!

[@NinaDmytraczenko]

...Or can they??

[@gamesguy]

Birds aren't real.

[@myothersoul1953]

The secret of chickens was revealed by Werner Herzog years ago Werner Herzog on Chickens kzbin.info/www/bejne/h5mwoGeNoaegfa8

[@joanhoffman3702]

Genetics has changed a LOT since I was in college. I learned some real cool facts today. Thank you, SciShow!

[@jtspiky]

DID THEY TEACH YOU OUR SAVIOUR LORD JESUS CHRIST INVENTED POTATOES ?

[@Kabup2]

@@jtspiky Evolution invented potatoes.

[@falloutbattlefield521]

@@Kabup2 you know Jesus also invented bread

[@mookfaru835]

@KaBup and who invented evolution?

[@thomasmendez1843]

@@jtspiky you’re the reason we invented abortions

[@dissolvedpeafowl]

If anyone was curious about why they chose the mouth parts in the tick study, there are a few reasons. First is that the gene itself is well-studied in a few different bug species, and it's nearly identical from species to species. Changing this gene, no matter if it's a spider, fly, or tick, causes an obvious outward change, called a phenotype. In order words, it's instantly obvious if the gene edit worked. Second, and more importantly, they knew the gene wasn't essential (for development). If you mess with the wrong gene, the embryo wouldn't survive. The ticks with the altered mouth parts would die pretty quickly in the wild, but the mutation itself isn't lethal. On a related point, this kind of gene editing doesn't pass on, so it's not like this kind of research is gonna create a new species of super tick.

[@matthewchandler7845]

Thanks I too was curious...

[@Kabup2]

Yeah, a super tick with giant mouth, bigger blood-sucking. I was worried.

[@planchetflaw]

Is there a reason it doesn't pass on? Don't we want it to pass on when it comes down to the nasty stuff about ticks?

[@marcojacomedelangel2756]

@@planchetflaw it's possible to make permanent and temporal gene modifications. If you're interested, you can search for "germinal vs somatical gene modifications"

[@clarkkent7973]

I imagined these escaping into the wild, and now you have a tick with a bigger mouth for biting. I am glad to hear that they would "die pretty quickly in the wild"

[@lincroyableprocrastinateur5414]

My mum bloody loves this channel, I always know a new one's out because she comes over going "Look at this! This is so much further along than I ever learned in high level University courses! And everyone can learn from these, you don't have to be rich!" So yeah, I've turned off notifications because mum gets too much joy out of getting to show me something cool for me to ruin that😄

[@constantchanger]

3:53 "Hey, we need an image showing how chromosomes are made up of DNA, and remember that this is a science education channel." *inserts graphic where DNA is the gooey caramel center and chromosomes are the crunchy candy shell*

[@gooblepls3985]

fr that was stupid

[@austindavis4708]

I was thinking about that too, the people who made that graphic really don’t know anything about dna.

[@allisavercool227]

"chickens cannot hide their secrets forever" excellent, quality content

[@jgig1329]

Regarding the coffee comment: Hank, you have no idea. Every mol bio lab I’ve worked in has valued its coffee machine more than any piece of equipment, and I wager a new PI buys a coffee machine before anything else. Great video, had no idea about bird genomes.

[@ludoviajante]

I just wanted to thank for another interesting and lovingly made video. What a fascinating topic! Much love from Brazil.

[@PequenaNoobAmaPudim]

♡

[@FrieBonx22]

=)

[@fyang1429]

It is a myth that the high melting temperature in DNA with high GC content is primarily from the additional hydrogen bonds. It is actually mostly caused by base stacking (particularly with guanine). As an example, G-quadruplexes are extremely hard to disentangle and are known to be binding targets of specific kinds of proteins (e.g. some telomere binding proteins).

[@itsohaya4096]

Do you have any sources for that? I'd like to read more into that, it sounds interesting!

[@Proxyy7]

Yeah

[@gustavoespinoza7940]

Base stacking is specific example of something called pi stacking There are a few ways to explain mp/bps by looking at a molecules degree of unsaturation. given the right conditions these molecules are considered aromatic which can create positive intermolecular interactions and increasing their stabitility. It’s probably described as electrons being delocalized throughout multiple molecules therefore increased stability. I want to say it’s a fairly recently discovered phenomena/theory(within 20-30 yrs) as I don’t really see literature going past 2001 referencing it so you probs wont see it included in most textbooks at least I can’t remember pi stacking being mentioned in any of my textbooks or being referenced in any of the courses I’ve taken from 2017-present. Although it is offhandedly mentioned every once and awhile by the curious student. But if you’re curious you can search up pi stacking and get a wiki page.

[@calladricosplays]

I wonder if this is advantageous for birds as a way to protect important DNA? If not from nosy researchers then from DNA damage associated with a high metabolism (like what bats have)?

[@LANSl0t]

y-yeah

[@vietlee4290]

Potatoes are some of the most complicated but basic parts of the universe. The primeval atom was in the shape of a potato; some scientists believed it was looked more like a Yukon Gold potato while some think it was more like a russet potato, but I believe it was the shape of a purple majestic potato.

[@joanhoffman3702]

🤣🤣🤣

[@humanityisevil]

I think I made cips out of your universe, sorry it looked so delicious

[@StYxXx]

Right after the big bang the temperature was so high, the primeval potato was baked immediatelly and split into fries.

[@Kabup2]

@@StYxXx Instant pringles.

[@TM4N]

Do not forget that earth has the form of a potato!

[@CujoHyer]

As someone whose last functional optic nerve was severely damaged last year... Oh god, please oh god, figure out how to genetic engineer optic nerves to heal themselves.

[@just_chilling4396]

There's another video I think on this channel thats about tiny robot kind of things that are closer to being able to do that

[@daleolson3506]

And make replacement teeth and repair nerve damage.

[@fashiharz8584]

How do you browse internet as a blind person?

[@joanhoffman3702]

I hope you get your wish, along with others who have damaged nerves.

[@CujoHyer]

​@@fashiharz8584 Screen Reader and keyboard shortcuts.

[@l.mcmanus3983]

Fascinating and well presented video. Having worked in a lab doing both sequencing and gene editing, I can attest to the accuracy of the information presented. Though I did find the random mention of zebra fish a little unnecessary. Zebra fish are certain a useful model organism for research, but as I recall it is with regards to the ability to use RNA interference to silence genes without needing to alter their genome. One interesting point that was not mentioned is that isolating DNA from plants is also difficult because of their cell walls. It is a balancing act to use a procedure with chemicals strong enough to disrupt cell walls and membranes without destroying the fragile DNA within. I do regret my time in labs was before the discovery of CrispR. My experience with gene editing involved older techniques. Still workable, but more time consuming.

[@fwizzybee42]

Zebra fish do actually have a very large duplication in the genome that can make things difficult, possibly similar to the potato situation but not as bad.

[@Treviisolion]

I think the zebra fish was a non-mammal example. If it was just humans and mice that had these genes, without any further information it would be reasonable to assume that these were mammal specific genes and as such reasonable to not find in chickens. Add in a distantly related vertebrate having the same genes, then a group of closer related vertebrates all missing thousands of genes looks as odd as the biologists studying it know it’s odd.

[@rennnnn914]

Um, potato breeder here - the potatoes mostly found in supermarkets are diploid. I work with tetraploids, but there are many potato species that have other ploidies

[@myceilauniverse9096]

Why do you work with Tetraploids potatoes rather then diploids? What species are you working with? I was thinking about starting my own little potato breeding project to localize some varieties/hybridize.

[@rachaelfleming7132]

The nematode from potatoes Sugar Yeast hve been used in their creating life firms...they mapped the human geneome dna a few years ago they especially focused in on the CCR5 - Delta 32 .sequence because if you hve 2 or more of the delta32 you had more protection...interesting that coincidentally the medical trial vaxines were for the Delta variant sars CoV2 that also could be known as Sars....pharoah Co.....carbon oxides V2....Vandelun is one meaning for V2 or V....which is a variant of 9 + more toxic harmful deadly hazardous elements which is also called Vandelum ... Of course this is just one of a few different ways that sars Co V2 can be looked at is not the official narritive i just thought it was an interesting one....

[@jimlovesgina]

Potatoes are largely empty calories, mostly needless carbohydrates that do more harm than good. So, keep up the good work!

[@rennnnn914]

@@jimlovesgina You might want to do some fact checking on that

[@brandon9172]

@@jimlovesgina So what if they're empty calories? You can just eat other high nutrient plants alongside it.

[@timothysands5537]

very well put together video with more detail than usual. I really appreciated the content you chose to cover!

[@bluwasabi7635]

Achievememt unlocked: potato genome (4N) New challege: strawberry genome (8N)

[@rennnnn914]

They didn't want to even look at the potato species that are 8N

[@bluwasabi7635]

@@rennnnn914 ooh! I'd like to know. Octoploid things are cool

[@Tsuchimursu]

@@rennnnn914 I only knew there were pentaploid potatoes. Hadn't heard of octaploids! (and diploids too, but those are a lower count)

[@Tsuchimursu]

Oh wow now I found out that you can create octoploids by removing eyes from a tetraploid potato tuber and planting it like that, with a possibility of inner tissues forming adventitious buds that grow into octoploid potatoes? This is a rabbit hole in going to dive into.

[@bluwasabi7635]

@@Tsuchimursu That sounds amazing! When you get an octoploid potato, could you do the same trick to make a (16)ploid one or would that not work? I'll have to try this sometime

[@mattalevine]

"It's like the world's worst word search, where first you have to extract the puzzle board from a potato." What a sentence.

[@pionoplayer9617]

Watching this video was especially fun because every time you brought out the next example it felt like it was something you, specifically, had a personal grievance against from experience.

[@dandavatsdasa8345]

I am more on the level of how to get a better potato harvest in the home garden. It seems that the potato and tomato share some oddities. Thank you for sharing informative videos!

[@asishallab4354]

Great show. Putting genome sequencing in a nutshell is no simple task. Well done. Concerning complex genomes; check out that of wheat. The potato genome is a little mouse compared to the dragon that rears up its head when looking at grass genomes.

[@amirbahalegharn365]

great Segway to sponsor at the end. great topic,informative contents thanks

[@lamegoldfish6736]

I came here for the potatoes and was not disappointed.

[@Ninth_Penumbra]

Several food crops demonstrate Polyploidy. Triploid - Bananas & Seedless Watermelons. Tetraploid - Coffee, Blackberries & Peanuts. Hexaploid - Sweet Potato & Wheat. Octaploid - Strawberries.

[@allyahinblack]

I swear, potatoes are a never ending source of wonder

[@MoCsomeone]

Unless we're talking about the potato I use as a graphics card... That is one useless potato

[@kyliew9229]

Love this video, I work on DNA extractions, some things are so stubborn to get the DNA from

[@sstff6771]

Wow, cool

[@2wings1bird31]

Good, leave it alone and stop messing with things you don't even fully understand. I swear the last utterance of the human race will be "it worked".

[@lilyfhonazhel2675]

@@2wings1bird31 progress must continue Why do people keep looking at the bad side this days? No matter the good, they always think something is bad when they saw a single flaw. Genetic modifications are a part of the future, it gives a lot of advantages to human race, most especially on the medical field, not to mention modified crops that can produce more and healthier produce It presents boundless possibilities

[@2wings1bird31]

@@lilyfhonazhel2675 Russian studies which fed mice on exclusively GMO foods led to infertility within 2 generations. You wanna modify ecoli to produce a one size fits all insulin that's great. You start messing with the makeup of our food because you think you can do it better than nature, even though you only just figured out how to map a potato last year and had to cheat to do it, and I'm out.

[@StolenJoker84]

@@lilyfhonazhel2675 Not to mention that genetic modification happens naturally over time anyway.

[@jeffreyschweitzer8289]

OK…they wanted to prove their process for modifying tick genomes really worked. So to see if they could tinker, they could have given them a different color shell or extra antennae, or something as they do with fruit flies. But no, just to see if it worked, they gave the ticks BIGGER MOUTHPARTS. What could possibly go wrong??

[@christianedwards9025]

Only benefit I can remotely think of for this is if bitten maybe easier to remove with tweezers....maybe. I also question the choice for them doing this.

[@timsmith6675]

I thought almost the same thing, but now any tick outbreak will be contributed to this genetic engineering test. Lol. I thought maybe make the rear legs longer or something else. I can only figure its presently easier for the jaw enlargement in the DNA manipulation than other areas of the DNA.

[@jeffreyschweitzer8289]

@@christianedwards9025 not to worry. Nothing ever escapes from laboratories.

[@StYxXx]

Don't worry, the next step will be making them 100 times bigger to see if it worked.

[@Alpha13Wolf]

It was just to see if it worked they weren’t trying to make it survivable for the tick. Having larger mouthparts would make it extremely difficult for the tick to survive outside of laboratory environments, by reducing it’s ability to eat. The mouthparts is also the part of the tick where if something changed it would be most obvious.

[@randalrand]

Excellent episode!

[@secretsoul6882]

What i love about this video is how they came out with some great ideas to solve the puzzle. Love molecular biology

[@Erik-pu4mj]

Super cool. Thanks again for solid content.

[@Xirpzy]

Interesting. Good thing about potatoes is that they are easy to grow already. We started with a small bag of potatoes some years ago and now we can cover a field, with potatoes on the table year round. Another great thing about potatoes is that they can be stored for months.

[@A_Different_ViewPoint.]

Really enjoyed the content 👍

[@buddhapalm2330]

That tick bit was bizzare! Thanks SciShow!

[@marginbuu212]

So you're telling me that somewhere out there, there are ticks with genetically enlarged mouth parts?

[@a2pabmb2]

Was. In a laboratory. Sure.

[@2wings1bird31]

@@a2pabmb2 yes, and nothing ever escaped a laboratory, cough(Wuhan) cough cough.

[@gljames24]

I recently did a presentation for my computer science class on the Shortest Common Super String problem which is NP complete and explained how it's used in genetic research to reconstruct DNA sequencing. It's crazy how much computation it takes although there are some approximate algorithms that do well.

[@milliemino8424]

I’m not smart enough to say something useful, but I never thought the mighty spud could be so fascinating!

[@edgyanole9705]

Great episode

[@Starfals]

I already knew Potatos are hardcore, but this just takes it to a whole other level lol.

[@anubis2814]

Was trying to get a gene sequence for an unidentified archeabacter in our biobank deposited years ago. No matter what i tried the sequence lab kept sending it back. Luckily there was enough info from the depositor that I figured out it was a halophile(salt-lover). After enough digging I discovered that it was found in rock salt locked in since the pre-cambrian period. From there I looked up more on this type of genus, and found that the reason I wasn't getting DNA out is because we normally use a salt solution to burst the cell using the gradient between them. This was at home in salt so the simple solution was to just put some distilled water in stead and pop went the cell. New bacteria species alled to the biobank.

[@draugn5823]

I was eating while you were on potato facts, should have known to stop before the ticks haha

[@howdy4504]

Genetics researchers' greatest enemies: birds, wax, and potato

[@panchora99]

Aint this the dude that makes short and interesting science videos? I like his videos, he is a cool and likeable dude.

[@UGNAvalon]

4:50 I see that “shenanigans” is the official scientific terminology to be used here! (I heard that chuckle!) ;D

[@suelane3628]

Don't forget there has been a lot of selective breeding to produce the edible potato from the poisonous wild form. By the Incas if I remember rightly.

[@jamesroseii]

Dude I love SciShow... I've been watching it for literally years. Is your shirt a Predator reference??!?

[@johnirvine9942]

This was surprisingly interesting.

[@leahdragon]

'At the smallest level DNA is made up of nucleotides.' Biology brain: Yep. Physics brain: But-

[@Tsuchimursu]

BUT THE QUARKS AND THEIR SUBPARTICLES

[@Seadalgo]

"Molecular Biologists are still Biologists " *laughs in Biochemist*

[@domersgay28647]

I root for the mastering gentic engeering

[@arthurboothby4847]

Yes

[@just_chilling4396]

Yes

[@brandon9172]

Yes

[@twocvbloke]

So when do we get chickens with built-in potatoes to make a roast dinner easier? :P

[@monkingflame9493]

While there is PCR to get the DNA information, I am wondering if you could increase the resolution of a NMR to the degree, where you could just put a cell into it and get al the information you need. Like all of the bases do have Hydrogen and that can be detected in a NMR. so If the resolution is high enough and the cell frozen to reduce the movement of molecules so that a proper spacial resolution is possible you should be able to decode the entire structure of the DNA and other cell systems. It would be highly expensive and require a lot of computer power to go through the millions or billions of data points but I guess it should be possible.

[@rubiks6]

My impression is that the general public thinks reading and manipulating DNA is as easy as reading a book and writing in the margins. Thank you for giving us a glimpse into the real difficulties of dealing with DNA.

[@ryanblystone5153]

Thank you

[@indigophoenix12]

Just what we need, ticks who bite us, but with bigger mouths! Is funny that the solution to the high ospotic pressure in the eggs is an adaptation (technically advanced), of that early science experiment on osmosis witha potato and salt.

[@aaroniouse]

This was a great coffee ad.

[@cooperbuckley5564]

Nice one

[@Nomaken2]

Couldn't we use crispr to find the gene by process of elimination? Like take the protein, unfold it, give it to crispr and then introduce it to the troublesome dna and then watch where it cuts.

[@ABC-xp8bd]

The meme "I took a DNA test and I found out that I'm... A Potato." gave a whole new meaning.

[@meganproffer5583]

Should talk about genetic models and homologous genes!

[@paulkurilecz4209]

Good story but one correction. It has been known for quite some time that potatoes are tetraploid. As a result, they do not produce true to seed. This is why potatoes have been selected from naturally occurring variations and then propagating by the tuber. The varieties that are present in the ancestral Andean home of the potato is truly amazing. If potatoes could reproduce true to form by seed, then the weight that would be needed to plant an acre of potatoes would be measured in grams and not hundreds of pounds. Additionally, it would allow for the development of various traits in potatoes such as flavor, color, size at maturity, and time to maturity.

[@benjaminmiller3620]

Second correction: The common domesticated potatoes are tetraploid, with four sets of homologous chromosomes. Lesser known domesticated potatoes may also be diploid (two sets), triploid (three sets), or pentaploid (five sets). Wild potatoes can range in ploidy from diploid (two sets) to hexaploid (six sets). Source: cultivariable - by William Whitson (A potato breeder.)

[@andrewbarney5503]

Actually you can plant potatoes from seed. Its called TPS or True Potato Seed. There is TPS for both tetraploid and diploid potatoes.

[@lancewedor5306]

@Benjamin Miller As a public speaker, I welcomed reading your correction out loud. My delight at the sounds of your words was a joy. Might I use your 3 statements as a workpiece for my speech and acting students, please? I would of course give you credit, for in class or private tutoring. Please let me know. Thanks!

[@Dr.Pepper001]

I'm sure Monsanto is working day and night to crack the code and lock up all future potato farming for themselves.

[@AlucardNoir]

Is there any reason why we need to keep ticks around though?

[@the_hanged_clown]

how do we know we're mapping organisms to their appropriate phylatic-branch (am I using that right?)? sure it stands to reason that certain given evolutionary traits indicate two or more species branched from the same common ancestor, but could it be that our picture is wrong? could the reason we were unable to find these genes where we expected to see them in chickens be because we do not actually share a common ancestor? yes I finished the video, I know we found them, but my question remains. how do we know the picture we have now of the evolutionary tree is correct? how might it be falsified?

[@dragonfly4441]

"Chickens cannot hide their secrets forever." Sounds like a fun children's animal spy novel.

[@yesid17]

man that last bit with the tick made me want to see a short film in which giant ticks kidnap a random person and do surgery and genetic experiments on them, followed immediately by just 6:55 - 7:15 of this video also reminds me of this en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_laboratory_mouse

[@carthius]

Should do a video on how Flash Freezing works and why/how it locks in freshness instead of giving it that freezer burn after taste

[@freshbingo]

“Wow a nice video on potato dna, the perfect video to eat my dinner to tonight.” “TICK EGGS”

[@gameslayer404]

I think the reason for the complicated genome of potatoes is that the inca breed thousands of varieties of them and had very complex artificial reproduction

[@normanhull6696]

Remember the good old days when we just categorized things together because they looked and acted the same? Now it's just like. "Crab is not species, crab is EVERYTHING." *scuttle*

[@pickagreatname]

ok but why is there a goat in the coffee commercial at 0:11? Is it because it's a coffee-colored goat? does the goat work in coffee production? Does the goat do the flash freezing? why is there a goat?

[@xRockLobster75x]

All valid questions to which there are no valid answers. Truly a conundrum you have posed today.

[@fvckyoutubescensorshipandt2718]

Tick editing is nice and all, but how long before I can go to a store and get my genes edited for a catalog of improvements if I was unlucky and lost the gene lotto due to having shortsighted, ugly, (a long list of undesirable adjectives here) parents?

[@xRockLobster75x]

We can probably develop social measures to adjust for the worst one of all: poor parents. That would be easier and faster, I think.

[@fvckyoutubescensorshipandt2718]

@@xRockLobster75x poor parents has nothing to do with genetics. Though I guess if they were rich they'd find better things to do than breed.

[@jordanspencer2157]

I've never heard mitochondria labeled as cell gunk.

[@heathermarks8564]

Bigger mouthparts?!? THAT’S what they went with?!?

[@johnsmith9903]

Exactly why I came to comment. a WTF why not make them smaller. the thoughts that get to bigger is amazing.

[@duanewente457]

Could be the easiest to edit compared to legs or pigments. Would also be blatantly obvious

[@InsanityPlusOne]

Getting into this channel it feels like it should be paired with some other text and some DIY projects as a sort of class, This from someone who dropped out of school at like 14, almost 14 years ago now.

[@hentaioverwhelming]

SciShow: "Potatoes are tetraploids" Me: NANI?! *head explodes*

[@blowfishes]

Giving ticks bigger mouth parts would not be my first choice 😮

[@raylopez99]

After all this science, they still can't answer the question: what came first, the crisper chicken or the crisper egg?

[@lordmaximillius3431]

That’s simple, the egg, because the chicken’s ancestor also laid eggs so the egg came first.

[@stevenglisson7614]

Makes me think of epigenetic expression and how this also throws a huge wrench into equation. Love SciShow and I don’t agree with everything but I appreciate the opinions of qualified individuals doing their part to move science forward!

[@BoMwarriorVlog]

🤔 Maybe the "missing/unidentified genes" are actually leftovers from their dinosaur ancestors?

[@annemaupin894]

Did yall make this video for Jack Septiceye?

[@quandaliouszingleton5051]

just a heads up, 0:52's captions contain a typo.

[@drsuperhero]

How in the world do you do surgery on a tick? Removing the wax gland?! Did they have a tick rehab facility? How many ticks were harmed? Did they sign a consent?

[@kimylaKIMYLA]

Thank you for ads placed in beginning and end instead of middle!!!

[@fatherofkayos]

1. I'm gonna get Cometeer 2. Can they gene sequence mosquitoes DNA so that they only want to feed on each other? (I'd love for them to know how it feels) 3. LOVE THE SHIRT!

[@Maven0666]

Which living thing has the most copies of everything?

[@theodoregifford3861]

Huh, didn't expect Hank Green to be advertising for an increased-packaging-and-waste way to drink coffee.

[@Adamjs1985]

“Beautiful glorious messiness of living things” 😌

[@Apmag2468]

Actually the information is a bit misleading. Sequencing technology especially ilumina handles repetitive regions and GC bias just fine. The problem is assembly of short reads and closing the gaps between contigs (assembled sequences). It's a bioinformatics problem... Not a sequencing technology problem.

[@AceSpadeThePikachu]

Editing tick DNA? I eagerly await they day when one such modified tick bites someone and gives them super strength and the insatiable desire to leap across buildings and fight crime with the mighty battle cry, "SPOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOON!"

[@whitefox3189]

Only birds (aves) have hollow bones, so it kinda makes sense, since the skeleton is more different than most others.

[@hairytick7882]

Extracting a puzzle board from a potato before being able to start the puzzle sounds like one of those things people do because everything else has already been done lol

[@Biophile23]

To be fair, Wheat is hexaploid (six copies) and strawberries are octoploid (8 copies), so that doesn't fully explain the potato genome problem. Many cultivated plants are tetraploid just like the potato. :P But perhaps the potato genome is much too rearranged and repetitive?

[@bobbun9630]

All commercial potatoes in western countries are tetraploid, but diploid potatoes have been grown for thousands of years in the Andes and still are. I have been trying to grow a few diploid potatoes in my garden, actually, but even modern tetraploid potatoes aren't well suited to my climate. Since most of the genes in a modern tetraploid potato would have originated in its diploid ancestors, much of the genome could be studied in simpler diploids, though this won't get you the full picture of details like how various different potato species have contributed to the total genome of the modern tetraploid.

[@catattack885]

I have 4 copies of my X chromosome, arranged XXYXX on the ancestry test i took, yes they do give you a copy of your entire genome, it's the optional ''raw DNA'' folder along with your ancestral results in a word document. This is 49 syndrome by definition, a variation of Klinefelter, arranged from largest to smallest: XXXXY

[@eliscerebralrecyclingbin7812]

Cool thanks

[@wesleykim825]

Not me taking the mcat on the 30th haha

[@purplealice]

What about all the selective breeding we've to birds for more breast meat, higher egg production, etc., and modifying the DNA of those birds?

[@chewxieyang4677]

We did all that without knowing what Genetics is, back in the day

[@neomt2]

Sounds like the avian dinosaurs will be keeping their secrets en masse

[@ckl9390]

I'm just wondering what breed of chicken they decided was the "average" or "typical" chicken to represent the species.

[@NondescriptMammal]

I can't wait until genetic engineering can do everything! I'm sure it won't end up being an utter catastrophic disaster for humankind!

[@joelpaddock5199]

7:00 "They did surgery on a grape" but with ticks