Why Some of the Rainbow is Missing

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Over 200 years ago, scientists were looking at sunlight through a prism when they noticed that part of the rainbow was missing. There were dark lines where there should have been colors. Since then, scientists have unlocked the secrets encoded in these lines, using it to uncover mind-boggling facts about the fundamental nature of our universe and about worlds light-years away.
Want to build your own DIY spectrometer? Mine is a modified version of this one from @exploratorium www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/...
And here's what you'll need to make one: amzn.to/3sbhr7C
References: sites.google.com/view/whysome...
0:00 Fraunhofer's mystery of missing colors
0:54 Playing with fire
2:11 Puzzle pieces and color codes
3:30 Electrons do the strangest things
5:40 How to make a rainbow analyzer
8:00 Using rainbows to understand the universe
9:57 Life beyond Earth
10:57 Final thoughts
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[@dod108d]

It's also worth mentioning that helium was first discovered as an unknown spectral line in the Sun's spectrum, few decades before its actual discovery on Earth

[@GTAVictor9128]

Hence the name Helium - derived from "Helios", the Greek word for sun.

[@dracomaster4]

I was sad this fact wasn’t mentioned.

[@some_guy7734]

helium gives off a pale yellow spectral line too, like sodium

[@jackgenewtf]

And now we are running out of the stuff.

[@nayhem]

"The spectral line is coming from *inside* your atmosphere!"

[@terrybradford3727]

This is the best explanation of what red and blue shift is. I "knew " what it meant, but seeing the example with the spectrum made everything click. Awesome video

[@unglud]

Indeed, I was always like, how do we know it moving away and not just red from the beginning? Now I know!

[@inkynebula]

I came here to write this ❤

[@didack1419]

That sensation when you get a deeper sudden intuition about something that you thought you already understood well-enough.

[@KaiserMattTygore927]

Same here, exactly what you mean, too.

[@EngASax]

True 👍🏻

[@jkzero]

I really liked how Joe's shirt colors shifted from red to violet during the video, nice touch. I live in Heidelberg, where Bunsen and Kirchhoff made their great discovery. On the busiest street in town there is a plate, outside the building where their lab was located, with the caption "In this building in 1859 Kirchhoff applied his spectral analysis, founded with Bunsen, to the Sun and the stars, thus opening up the chemistry of the universe." I look at it and smile every time I walk by, I see it as the place where astrophysics was born.

[@satyabratshanu8815]

He blue shifted, which means he is coming near us. 😊

[@AlexM-xj7qd]

It changed?! Lol I didn't notice

[@rosebudmelissa]

I saw red, yellow, teal, and purple. Not sure if I missed any.

[@ronald3836]

@@AlexM-xj7qd Me neither. I think we wouldn't do well as scientists.

[@jkzero]

@@ronald3836 honestly, I only noticed at the end of the video: when I saw Joe on a purple shirt I thought "it would have been nice if he had continuously changed his shirt to the rainbow colors" so I went back and watched the video again. It was very satisfying to see the increasing wavelength colors and I said "thank you @besmart"

[@zhubajie6940]

I still remember asking my 4th grade teacher how we knew what the atmosphere of Mars was made of, for at the time, we had only had the flyby of Mariner 4. To her credit, she said she didn't know, made me research it at our public library (with the help of librarians there), and I had to give a report on this very subject.

[@cherrydragon3120]

Thats nice. Teachers here probably wouldn't care enough to want a report back

[@CarolineLurks]

Now that's a great teacher! If only all teachers were like this.

[@Idontknow4]

how did that go, like how in depth did you get into it

[@sozeytozey]

@@CarolineLurks Takes the right student as well, to be fair

[@alanhermesjr9949]

W teacher

[@paulcooper8818]

Imagine how exciting it was for Bunsen and Kirchhoff when they realized what caused missing lines, and then the subsequent verification as they mapped various elements.

[@_kopcsi_]

well, they didn’t know it. many many years later when Einstein discovered the quantum nature of light (photons) we have realised that electron structures are behind this mystery.

[@paulcooper8818]

@@_kopcsi_ Alright, just for you Poindexter. Imagine how exciting it was for Bunsen and Kirchhoff when they correlated the missing lines to the emission lines, and then the subsequent verification as they mapped various elements.

[@boxoftin]

​@@paulcooper8818They may not have known the reason for it but it definitely must have been exciting.

[@JetstreamGW]

Imagine if Slipher pissed himself when he realized how fast things were moving :D

[@kingglassmouse7873]

@@_kopcsi_ 🤓🤓🤓

[@kaibroeking9968]

Kirchhoff and Bunsen discovered two new elements when the spa at the small town of Bad Dürkheim commisioned a spectroscopic analysis of their mineral spring water. One element had a ruby red spectral line, so they christened it "Rubidium". The other element they discovered there, they called "Caesium" after the Latin word for blueish-grey.

[@chillphil967]

TIL 👍

[@VeganSemihCyprus33]

Hi smart people, the "elite" rulers have fooled you and enslaved you; this is your story 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖

[@FranciscoJG]

Just a note: if someone has access to a prism, that's better than diffraction grating for building the spectroscope. The light is diffracted in several orders through the grating, so it's quite common to find second-order lines mixing up with first-order ones. Also, that makes the intensity of the spectrum much lower.

[@SinHurr]

It was me. Sorry. I needed a snack.

[@ricdavid]

This is like the perfect science video in terms of actually teaching a concept and its history and what it's used for. And this stuff always blows my mind - obviously everything we know now had to come from somewhere and was discovered by people working with a lot less than what we have now (it's WHY we have what we have now) but it still kills me that dudes with top hats and bushy mustaches were able to just burn some stuff and realize they could figure out what the sun was made of.

[@extragoogleaccount6061]

This video could keep going too....spectral line emissions were also really important in discovery process that eventually went from questions about black-body radiation to the idea of quantized energy and the whole field of quantum mechanics!

[@VeganSemihCyprus33]

Hi smart people, the "elite" rulers have fooled you and enslaved you; this is your story 👉 The Connections (2021) [short documentary] 💖

[@nerdjournal]

it's a beautifully simplified explanation for a beautiful discovery that shows us our beautiful universe through the beauty of the color spectrum. It makes me sad that people feel they need a god for beauty to exist or to not feel so small. It makes me feel as big as the universe, knowing that our tiny little speck of dust floating in a sun beam holds smaller specks still that can unlock such mysteries so vast. We are only as small as knowledge, both miniscule and infinite.

[@AEAG9YT_]

imagine if your favourite shade of a colour just didn't appear in a rainbow one day

[@coemcoem7070]

Your

[@itsgonnabeokai]

if you like magenta it never is there

[@AEAG9YT_]

@@coemcoem7070 nerd

[@BonaparteStyle]

@@itsgonnabeokai It's spot is halfway to the other one on double rainbow. (not exactly magenta but violet is pretty close)

[@itsnick37]

Maybe a new color just shows up someday, hard to even imagine it….. :P

[@pingidjit]

This episode was MINDBLOWING! Makes rainbows even more awesome. Totally amazed.

[@cherrydragon3120]

Its really cool to figure out through missing colors in rainbows what elements are in stars or planetary atmospheres wich might give us potential worlds to colonize, or find extraterrestial life forms on other planets.

[@andyhill7]

Ten extra points for Joe for changing shirt color to follow the spectrum!

[@Dave-su5cd]

This is so fascinating. when i was a kid i was almost always wondering if you can cancel out light somehow and was wondering how, but now i know its actually possible.

[@kbee225]

You can cancel out light. But not using spectral absorption. It's a wave, you can create destructive interference to cancel the wave.

[@Dave-su5cd]

@@kbee225 so technically theres a way to become invisible. although it would be a tedious process.

[@skorp5677]

Works for sound as well. This is called noise cancelling :)

[@kbee225]

@@Dave-su5cd it only works for one wavelength at a time. And no cancelling light will not make you invisible it will make you look like a dark silhouette

[@thomaslane1547]

To be invisible, you'd need active camoflage such that, when light hits you on one side, it sends out matching light on the opposite side.

[@KuruGDI]

Hydrogen as one electron. Helium has two electrons. The electrons of both atoms sit in the "K" shell. So I wonder: Do both atoms have the same spectrum? EDIT: The internet says no. But why is it that way?

[@besmart]

Good question! Those electrons may seem interchangeable, but the nucleus and the atom as a whole influences the electromagnetic field around each atom, so although those electrons are in the “same” orbital, they require different energies to jump out of ground state

[@boxoftin]

Because their nucleus is different and electrons are bound to the nucleus in helium differently to that in hydrogen, that's what I think happens as I have interpreted it in my lectures of atomic structure.

[@cryingwater]

@@besmart I see! Because the nucleus pulls on the electrons differently, which makes the energy required for the electron to jump state also different! So fascinating.

[@garethdean6382]

Helium has twice the central charge, this makes it a smaller atom than hydrogen, and thus require more energy to ionize. And with TWO electrons there's the spectrum for the first, AND the second electron, which aren't the same since once the first electron moves up an orbital, it'll leave the second experiencing even more of the nucleus' charge. And the situation only gets worse for heavier atoms.

[@karlkarlsson9126]

I came here for the girls.

[@SOMEGUYANDREW]

I love it how well the explanation is built step by step and how it all ties together

[@guybrush1701]

0:56 "Yes, that Bunsen." *Proceeds to NOT show us a picture of the Muppet" How dare you, Joe? How dare you? 😂

[@Chris-ok4zo]

In my view, this is the DaVinci Code of physics. Also finally explains to me how science dudes find out the elemental compostion of far-off celestial bodies without being able to go there in person.

[@smurfyday]

Da Vinci Code's overrated. Much boring ado about nothing

[@DemPilafian]

The combo of science and history in this video was very informative and made for captivating storytelling. 👍

[@Kyle-nm1kh]

Well, only the elements capable of burning. What if there are elements not being burned? Also, since it takes time for light to travel, what if we are seeing elements from the past that no longer exist within that fireball? And since he said to "be curious" how do we know the angle of trajectory of motion? Surely it's not as simple as "away" and "towards" since there are 180 degrees of each. And I wonder how the angle would change the data of the shift too. Sorry I'm a math guy and I don't understand the geometry.

[@anteshell]

@@Kyle-nm1kh False. Burning has nothing to do with the spectroscopy. Electromagnetic radiation has everything to do. Literally every element has their own electromagnetic fingerprint observable with a spectroscope. Read the wikipedia article about it. It is quite comprehensive but doesn't mention "burning" even once, because as I said, a chemical reaction with oxygen is irrelevant to the spectroscopy. angle can be determined by how the object moves angularly in the sky. The red/blue shift gives the speed vector towards you and the rest is simple vector math.

[@eljanrimsa5843]

@@Kyle-nm1kh if you are math guy you have to wrap your head around the fact that space itself expands. if everything moves away and objects move away faster proportional to how far they are away from us, the only explanation is that space itself expands

[@besmart]

UPDATE: Want to make your own DIY spectrometer? There's directions down in the description! Something is stealing colors from the rainbow… and we're here to solve that mystery 😎 If you read this, go hit that like button!!

[@niiii_niiii]

Jooooeee❤

[@drstone3418]

I thought light Waves don't exist independent of our brains. And you don't understand why our brains can't identify images faster then they can be processed just like you don't understand why no animals have wheels. Signals cells actually have wheels

[@Blue.star1]

Why didn't the bunsen guys get Nobel prize

[@astonpiche9532]

Please explain how you made the spectroscope

[@jimbolino]

the audio is too loud, its clipping

[@riddhichakraborty4890]

We made a spectroscope using a diffraction grating, and it was a small part of a compact disc. Pretty incredible.

[@Specifix5]

Imagine scanning the barcode and buying the entire universe

[@Rebellum1]

The home made spectrometer was SUCH a good idea, that really helped me to better understand the topic, you should definitely include more demonstrations for the camera in future videos

[@Isaac_L..]

Senior chemistry major here. Great job explaining this. One really cool thing that uses these concepts is ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy). It as an analytical instrument that essentially burns the crap out of whatever sample you put in and measures the light that comes out. The cool thing is that it is both a qualitative and quantitative technique since it measures the frequency of emissions. This allows you to do cool stuff like find how much of a certain atom is in your water for instance. And it's extremely sensitive, like more accurate than ppb sensitive.

[@Arycke]

Tbh ICP-MS is better for quantifying ppb results without addition of internal standards in standard AES/OES.

[@Arycke]

Stating that ICP techniques can tell you "How much of an atom is in ___" is somewhat misleading. E.g. there are isotopes of elements that are commonly elucidated, and they are technically different atoms, since they don't have the same amount of constituent particles, and ICP spectroscopy won't differentiate between the two. Atoms, or ions, are indeed excited in the argon plasma, then intensity of the light emitted when the electrons in the atoms or ions return to the ground state, or a lower energy is measured. I know you may have simplified the explanation for those casually reading/watching, but just wanted to throw out the details.

[@GovilGirl]

❤ a good technical fight that is way over my head now. I see this as a marker of a solid science educational video. This little comment thread is like walking by teachers lounge and overhearing professors arguing over specific words, sentences, or points in each other's lessons.

[@GovilGirl]

Also, is this how serum labs are run for metals, vitamins, gases, and medications? If so, why are we not running a "full spectrum" analysis using ai instead of hunting and pecking through the spectrum for results on specific bands?

[@monicarenee7949]

@@GovilGirl you like that kinda stuff? People arguing the semantics of words gets so annoying to me lol, I have a love/hate relationship with the comment section

[@zotechgaming1095]

I always wondered how we found out what things are made of so far away in the galaxy. Thank you for this info!

[@ThouAppo]

This is so intuitive video, thanknyou for making it, suddenly everything clicked in my head when you were explaining about the redshift

[@r_viana]

Nice touch changing the t-shirt colors! Great video as always, thank you sir!

[@JK-df6do]

Even the spectrum of your t-shirts throughout the video was missing a couple colors. Nicely done.

[@valiroime]

I did seem to notice that it kept changing colors.

[@NIX-FLIX]

This is one of the coolest things I’ve ever learned. Thank you Joe!

[@ilghiz]

Best video about spectrography, in depth but simple. Most videos only mention spectrography or touch the surface. Great job, a huuuuge thank you!

[@shawnholbrook7278]

I learn a lot of things through context, but I am very happy about the way you explain the specifics to us. It leads to a better understanding, thank you!

[@rianby64]

It's amazing! Just amazing how complex concepts you explain here so easily! Thanks a lot!

[@kaishimagaki1488]

I love your program! These are always fascinating and fun! I also love some hidden codes, like the missing Cooper's emission color on your T-shirts :)

[@GregStrike]

I knew OF most of this, but, this video brought a lot of insight, clarity and tied it together. Loved seeing the red shift in the spectrograph! Awesome storytelling and great explanation! Thank you!!

[@TheSkystrider]

Thanks Joe! I needed this refresher cuz I couldn't remember how absorption and emission spectrums tell us about the makeup of exoplanet atmospheres and stars.

[@DeirdreSM]

One of the "search for life on Mars" experiments on the Viking Lander was a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (adorably nicknamed the "green-colored Martian sniffer"). My dad was one of the scientists who worked on it.

[@KristovMars]

I love this! People have this idea that science (and other academic fields) is just boring stuffy people doing nerdy dry research - but I've met so many people in specialist disciplines with a great sense of humour, and joyous passion for what they're doing. Keep being awesome, fellow nerds!

[@ohadregev]

Really good explanation. I now understand for the 1 time like 5-6 things I heard about so many times and accepted so I can hear the larger story but never understood what the actual method was doing. Thanks!

[@juliaconnell]

wow - this really helped me to understand a lot of stuff heard over the years - like a really important jigsaw piece that lets me see the whole picture really differently - massive paradigm shift - *thank you*

[@MattDavis5]

Is very cool to hear how one observation can lead to so much discovery!

[@extragoogleaccount6061]

This video could keep going too....spectral line emissions were also really important in discovery process that eventually went from questions about black-body radiation to the idea of quantized energy and the whole field of quantum mechanics!

[@madhououinkyoma]

Standing on the shoulders of giants

[@NoSuffix]

Although I learned about prism and spectrums decades ago, it is still amazing to delve into the details and see how tiny phenomena can lead to great discoveries about the big universe. Glory to all those curious and smart minds!

[@lauraprosseda7275]

Love this topic! Excellent touch with the different colored Tshirts too Joe 😊

[@YEWCHENGYINMoe]

your shirt is getting bluer

[@charky6683]

he is approaching us.

[@orparag6525]

7:45 looks like Netflix's Tudum opener

[@Zachyshows]

Someone else noticed!

[@thebutterflythatstamps]

Hi Joe. I just wanted to say that I love your videos. I just wanted to make a suggestion for one of your future videos. I think that the Turritopsis Dohrnii or the 'immortal jellyfish' would be a fascinating topic to discuss.

[@Picla_Peremohy]

Tremendous video. Takes me back over 4 decades and reminds me how much I loved this in college.

[@DuyNguyen-ks8dc]

absolutely love your vids. Tks to you, science is so interesting and easy to understand!

[@mattp4953]

Great video. Around 8:00 you say "physics basically becomes cryptography", while the captions read "physics basically becomes cryology". I was also wondering what you meant by that metaphor. If we take RSA encryption, I have seen a lot of metaphors that liken it to two painters mixing pigments, representing the two prime factors (one each for the private and public key) and recovering the original pigments from one combined color is really hard, as is getting back the original two pigments. Would the metaphor in this case liken the different element's subtraction from the light wavelength to prime factors? Or is it more in general that all the information is in there (the spectra), just kind of gunked up, as data similarly is for encryption. Would love to see your take on applied cryptography, or the next step of quantum resistant cryptography algorithms (more commonly known as "Post-Quantum Cryptography") in the future.

[@StiggyAzalea]

0:37 how fast is this imaginary camera moving to scale

[@Pearier]

Several thousand light years per secound

[@Link_hyaa]

​@@PearierMillions or 100 000s

[@MindLaboratory]

This is one of your better videos - I love the history, hands-on demo, then projection to the future. Really well done. Changing through a rainbow of shirts through the video, nice touch.

[@gordon1545]

This is the single most useful video about cosmology that I've ever seen, and really nicely made too. Thank you.

[@ahorrell]

Came for the missing rainbow, left with an actual understanding of how red-shifting works. This video promised something interesting and delivered something fascinating

[@-SUM1-]

This is the video that has single-handedly taught me the most about something I used to wonder about in childhood in perhaps my last decade of KZbin watching.

[@Cosmic_Ray_]

Great video. It filled in some gaps of information that I didn't know about/didn't completely understand. I'll be sure to share this video with other people.

[@Petch85]

Spectral lines are so cool, I just love them.❤

[@NateSchoonoversAdventures]

So cool! I would love to see a DIY high-resolution spectroscope. How do they get those long spectra grids?

[@cherrydragon3120]

Might have to purchase somewhere? Check google

[@josiahpinner6377]

THANK YOU for this video! I've been very confused about how exoplanets and their makeup have been reported, and you broke it down perfectly!

[@unsafeaccount8516]

Fantastic video, great explanation of the blue/red shift! It's not easy to make science approachable, but you guys seriously rock it!

[@morphig]

Amazing. It’s like Joe read my mind. Halfway through the video I was thinking: “How are we sure that those colors correspond to an element? Doesn’t red/blue shift affect it?” Then he explains what it is and how it happens 🤯

[@roobussbjrn]

Its Crazy you guys keep producing these Amqzing videos

[@Zibanu]

Joe's t-shirts blue-shifting is such a great touch!! A sartorial emission spectrum. Really enjoyed the video - great job as always!

[@jormagi]

Really good video! Best simple explanation I have seen on this subject.

[@Querez8504]

honestly this was one of the things I always wondered about. How people found out compositions of interstellar and intergalactic objects, I mean. I suppose it makes sense light is the reason, since it's largely the only source of information we get from the stuff.

[@blackeagle1985]

It's kinda funny that my physics teacher told us about this phenomenon less than 2 hours ago. The Universe works in mysterious ways.....

[@Foxtrot_Foxtrot_Lima]

Nice tutorial, super easy to follow. Thanks for showing us how you built that.

[@stevesloan6775]

Beautifully put together! Great work!

[@loopylunkers8759]

1:40 netflix

[@AbiJaay]

I could never work out how they know things where moving away from us. I know things where red shifted but I wasn’t sure how. This video just answered questions I didn’t even realise I had.

[@cherrydragon3120]

There are tons of video's about red and blue shift. You can even see it in those picture or video's where they show cars on highways sped up.

[@NickPershyn]

I was looking for a video like this to show to a friend some time ago. I am glad you made it. There are still many people who does not know how the world work and it is good to have these simple and easily verifiable paths that lead scientists to the modern conclusions. I had good environment, where I learned things the way they are the first time, however many people are not that lucky and they need simple guide to discover the world. Spectroscope is one of those instruments that is simple and that everyone should build and watch into for themselves.

[@ayarottilsandeep545]

Woow it filled gaps of so many confusing question in my mind.... Thanks alot. Thanks for all those oceans of information. Very good video

[@projectbutter6930]

Somebody's taking the Rainbow!? Now who's work would this be of? Maybe they work in a huge group? But maybe a group so small at the same time that they couldn't take too much at once? *GASP* THE LEPRECHAUNS!!

[@sonicsupersam7793]

just accidentally did my science homework lmaooooo

[@valliemcc8352]

The absorption and emission spectra topic in chemistry was pretty difficult for me to grasp, so this was helpful to visualize it

[@haloKINGSstudios]

Honestly this was the best way i've ever seen of explaining how we know all these things. I always knew that we knew, but not HOW we knew.

[@schmerol]

3:47 didn't know there where swiss particles tho

[@everbran503]

😂 His shirt changes colors throughout like the 🌈

[@mambim.lee5781]

This is dope dude I love having a place on KZbin to find scientific stuff this specific

[@timothyrosenvall1496]

This is a great explanation! Well spoken! Something I could probably google but would love feedback on is: Are there spectral lines in gravitational waves?

[@SuperHansburger93]

I had always wondered how astrophysicists could learn so much about the composition and movements of astral objects just by looking at them. Thanks for explaining it to us! :)

[@BonaparteStyle]

Great visualizations! Had to watch it like 3 times too completely get it ;)

[@BonaparteStyle]

10:00 is an example of something I will share with people. Thanks!

[@erezyaacoby4484]

Lol yeah I'm on my second watch @@BonaparteStyle

[@blobbie]

It came out 3 mins ago. What speed u watching at?😂

[@helpmycatiseatingme84]

Love it when people are able to time travel to watch videos over and over again so you can comment 2 minutes after the video releases

[@BonaparteStyle]

@@helpmycatiseatingme84 I'm a photon. What is time?

[@thechristiangamer9140]

This is super cool! I've always wanted to know more about light and how it affects things. And how it can give us knowledge.

[@Itsmidnight_youneedtosleep]

this is so cool. I especially love the connection to astronomy because thats what im learning about in science right now.

[@glumpfi]

Would it be possible to create a kind of camera that scans the entire surrounding and for each spot in the picture it splits up a spectrogram, so a photo of elements could be computed? For example: If it's focused on a tiny spot on a car, this spot gets split up in the shown diffraction grating and the pattern is stored along with positional information, so a complete image can be created. (Sorry, hard to explain)

[@andrewsuryali8540]

This sort of sounds like what multispectral imaging cameras already do.

[@mpumelelokhumalo7107]

Are you talking about something like the JWST?

[@kumasenlac5504]

@@mpumelelokhumalo7107 Absolutely ! The Webb telescope has both imagers and spectrometers to do just this science - imaging distant objects and picking apart their chemistry. The MIRI instrument looks at wavelengths which are blocked by the Earth's atmosphere - so everything it sees is new to science...

[@glumpfi]

@@mpumelelokhumalo7107 I don't know any devices that can do it so... No idea if it is the same :D

[@larshowen3319]

I made a lame effort at explaining this phenomenon to some friends of mine, some 15 or 20 years ago. I failed miserably! All I got was blank stares. Hats off to you for making it understandable, and frankly, satisfying. If you have curiosity about the physics around us, these types of explanations make it so much more enjoyable!

[@lodestone.design]

I just wanted to say that I really appreciate this episode for giving me context on one of the most basic experiences in life, vision. This should be a part of basic education, it might be now, but this was a burning question for me as a kid that no one could answer.

[@anomt.h1165]

It is mind blowing, especially the way determining other space object element just from the color. Complete physics and science is not found in 10 years, but in a continous and cross generation. Thank you for making this video.

[@julesbower762]

8:50 A 'kind' of doppler effect? That 'is' the doppler effect. Doesn't matter what kind of waves, light, water, it is still that effect.

[@johnschlosser8472]

3:00 - This would be good place to tell a sodium joke... but... Na...

[@club_q4730]

Im Nat impressed

[@ragingwillie483]

this is one of the best episodes to date. THANK YOU!

[@alexanderkruszewski7306]

Brilliant video! Can’t wait until the optics unit with my Physics students this year when I can share this with them!

[@AdamWest-qp3yp]

11:03 let’s give a big shout out to skittles.

[@maincharacter859]

1:49 Power Rangers

[@EntropicEcho]

Damn, a lot of things I knew just a bit about suddenly really clicked, great video, thanks!

[@Nestor_Suarez]

Amazing and mind-blowing video!! Thank you for the explanation and history!

[@Ariste_]

God I love being a nerd.

[@mrosskne]

3:29 skill issue

[@user-me9rd9qj1b]

😂😂😂

[@davidhatch7056]

epic vid.. answered mysteries in my mind both simply & concise, excellent educational video bonus points awarded!

[@javersongoulartfilho9439]

By far the coolest video I've ever watched on this channel. I'm speechless.

[@Teraplexor1]

Those parts of the rainbow just haven't come out of the closet yet

[@Chazzy499]

They'll, in June

[@allywithextral7960]

0:29 they scanned the frickin barcode dinney?

[@jodeath2000]

Thank you! You’ve done an amazing job explaining this. Many prices of the astronomical puzzle fit together in my mind now. Thanks again!

[@stephsexoticpets]

this was incredible! I remember *attempting* to learn this in hs chemistry & it went over my head. Now, I can understand how cool!

[@lychee4031]

this made me so excited and amazed. amazing video!