Why your phone battery gets worse over time - George Zaidan

Explore the science of why single-use and rechargeable batteries die, and find out why recycling batteries can be challenging.
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Almost all batteries, even single-use batteries, are theoretically rechargeable. That’s because the metals and other chemicals are still there in the battery. So chemically speaking, a dead battery is actually not that different from a fresh one. Then why do batteries die in the first place? And what should you do with them once they’re spent? George Zaidan digs into the science of batteries.
Lesson by George Zaidan, directed by Luisa Holanda.
This video made possible in collaboration with Speed & Scale
Learn more about how TED-Ed partnerships work: bit.ly/TEDEdPartners
A special thanks to Sunil Mair who provided information and insights for the development of this video.
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[@M0M0AR1]

Me watching this while my battery drains so much it looks like a countdown

[@TyeArtisik]

That used to be my battery. That's why I got a new phone

[@sanyammalhan]

*iPhone users*

[@toolbaggers]

It looks like a countdown because that's what it is. It counts down to when the battery dies.

[@M0M0AR1]

@@toolbaggers woow you are so smart that i need to explain my comment... I meant battery percentage is draining so fast it looks like seconds are counting down... Do you get it now? Smartass

[@Human_traain]

​@@toolbaggersYou don't understand humour huh?

[@mikayahlevi]

TED-Ed is a basically a video encyclopedia at this point and that’s amazing

[@OmamiyereEromosene]

i know right

[@garybrocklehurst6784]

@@hozhipx Just curious about your profile pic... it looks like a pumpjack and a crucifix combined, does that have some special meaning?

[@nutzeeer]

Lets have a ted app that offers a video dictionary of the videos while tracking watched videos and recommended videos.

[@selenay502]

@@Stuff-is-coolwait who what wdym

[@amanjain4817]

I love how the sun was sad when the car was running on gasoline but was happy and cheery to see a car running on battery. Subtle details like this tells you how much effort and emotion the designers put in the videos.

[@herecomesthescience]

Geez, you're easily impressed.

[@aguyontheinternet8436]

@@herecomesthescience lol. It's just a little touch :P

[@tinkersdinkers]

@@herecomesthescience yep! that's how to live life :) by being happy w the little things

[@user-cz3rh8ph1d]

Good

[@ValerioRhys]

Considering lithium car batteries on electric cars are not actually eco friendly as they claim.

[@Crunch104]

This is why phones should go back to having their batteries replaced easily. Companies are not into this , however, as they would rather you buy a new one. Remember Apple getting caught for slowing your phone with an older battery hoping you would just upgrade it?! Bring back replaceable batteries!

[@prfm_setya95]

I watching this on my Nokia 2.2, which is have replaceable battery, this is my second battery after I bought this phone, but the performance is way below need 😅

[@jaysoosbeans]

Thing is, those exist but mostly only for budget phones. Medium-spec and flagships are both built to be "disposable" thus the batteries tend to be a pain to access and remove.

[@No__direction__]

Easily replaceable batteries aren’t all good though. When you can easily expose the battery you’re risking the battery’s safety. If you drop your phone you’re very likely to accidentally break the cover off and your battery gets damaged and/or falls out. Dropping your phone is inevitable. Accidents happen and many of are very clumsy. No case can save your battery if it’s easily replaced. There’s no good solution to this. All possible solutions have cons that outweigh the good. At best they’re decent options

[@user-bp8yg3ko1r]

@@No__direction__ I disagree, removable batteries are the way to go. Remember the Galaxy S5 or the Galaxy Xcover series, a phone with drop protection, IP rating and a removable battery.

[@Crunch104]

@@No__direction__ I had a Samsung S3 with a replaceable battery. I dropped it and broke the front display glass. The battery was fine. Safety is definitely a consideration though

[@Archontasil]

companies doesn't want you to recycle, they rather force you to buy a new phone/car when it's just the battery that's broken

[@veryberry39]

As evidenced by the fact that you can't replace your own battery anymore, on most phones. So annoying.

[@Blue2x2x]

@@veryberry39 Funny that you said that, as EU recently just made (or passed?) a bill that force phones and electronics to have user removable batteries by 2027.

[@toolbaggers]

lol they want you to buy a new phone every year even if your old phone works perfectly fine.

[@toolbaggers]

This is where we need strong government regulations. Unchecked capitalism leads to slavery and the destruction of the planet.

[@Archontasil]

@@toolbaggers if you want to buy a new phone every year, it's fine. But if they refuse to repair your (mostly functional) phone hence forcing you to buy a new one. That's not fine

[@Person-ef4xj]

I'm surprised they didn't talk about planned obsolescence, in which companies intentionally make their batteries to age faster in order to force consumer to buy batteries more often.

[@Delmworks]

It is a missed opportunity… but to be fair it implies there is we way to make a permanent battery- which would not be the case even if the companies making them had working ethics.

[@haleysimone123]

This isn’t a thing with batteries. That lawsuit you’re talking about was simply because customers don’t understand how lithium ion batteries work and that they age faster with more use and more charges and age slower with less use and proper charging.

[@One.Zero.One101]

@@InternetStranger476 Zombie consumers cannot fathom that companies would employ shady tactics. In their minds, their favorite companies are saints and bastions of morality and virtue. They think company motto and values are real and they're not PR statements.

[@SingingGinge]

I've always used the rule of "never let your battery go under 20%, and never charge it over 80%," which years later ended up being the two percentages in iPhones that the battery efficiency mode kicks in or out, which I found cool!

[@texanplayer7651]

Yeah but this is more of a myth, it doesn't increase your battery's life at all. This belief stems from the fact that batteries charge slower the higher the percentage of power is, notably at around 80%. This led people to believe that since batteries charge slower at around that percentage, that it must be because of some sort of mechanism that deteriorates the battery faster. But that's not really it. To better understand, you can picture batteries as bowls that you fill with water from a garden hose. The stream of the hose is powerful, and will fill the bowl fast. However, after the bowl is at a certain level, you realize that the stream of the garden hose is too powerful and ejects water out of the bowl, and you can never fully fill it, so you must decrease the power of the stream, and therefore take more time to fill the rest of the bowl. In batteries, the "water ejected" is energy being transformed into heat, this is why the phone gets hot when charging. But don't worry, the batteries (unless they are of dubious quality) can resist that heat no problem.

[@6nkuma6]

​@@texanplayer7651wonderful example 👍

[@asmrjed7810]

@@texanplayer7651Excellent example

[@bobstr6224]

​@@texanplayer7651 I use accubattery and I've heard from lots of reputable sources that most of the wear on batteries comes from the last bit of charging - mrwhosetheboss springs to mind. Please let me know how you think otherwise with sources thanks :)

[@jake51515]

The one thing that I'm surprised you did not mention is fast charging. Excessive heat can ruin batteries, and super fast charging causes excessive heat. I've noticed that after using super fast charging for a few weeks, my S21 Ultra no longer take traditional charging, as it will now take 9 to 10 hours to charge. super-fast charging, which it'll do in about 50 minutes.

[@einren1171]

Damn ive used my default charger that is fast charge D:

[@Rhythm8503]

I remember they made a video of this years ago, I watched it when I was in middle school fascinated by how they work. Now I'm almost done studying electrical engineering at my college fully understanding it.

[@deep-seeker]

I hope one day I can use my anxiety as an energy source.

[@clark5426]

I always thought that maybe if we manage to make electricty from ambient sounds, they would work well in noisy places like croweded stadiums, traffic highways or busy airport terminals.

[@WWTormentor]

When I was a teenager, I learned that you can recharge a battery by putting it in a pot of water and boiling it, but not too much, or it would explode! Being poor, this was a great discovery.

[@q2ts]

If you want to save you battery, NEVER use it when it's charging and at 100%. I had a computer(with a battery) that was always charging and the battery is now 5 min from 100% to 0%.

[@abdsalamelkhamlichi6677]

Newer laptops have a feature where it doesn't charge the battery after it reaches 80%. It directly supplies the laptop with electricity without charging the battery.

[@J.o.s.h.u.a.]

I thought the "don't use while charging" thing wasn't needed any more on new devices

[@Moircuus]

​@@abdsalamelkhamlichi6677So do phones, the s23 caps at 84

[@floatoss]

That is entirely false for the newer laptops, which are any of those which are manufactured within the last 5-8 years. If used while charging, the battery is disconnected as it is fully charged, and now the power from the input source (your AC wall) is being used to drive the internal circuitry of the laptop, so your laptop's battery is left untouched. Some laptops even allow you to cut-off the charging after reaching a certain percentage. It's honestly very surprising and so abstract. I wonder the manufacturers should do some kind of inductions to let the customer know about these abstractions a bit.

[@stephensnell5707]

@@J.o.s.h.u.a. it is not a worry with more modern devices Using a charging device is perfectly safe

[@Joe-ik1ph]

My tablet battery is messed up, and in inconsistent ways. This morning, it went from 100% to 20% is 30 minutes while in low power mode. Sometimes, it will die at about 50%.

[@J.o.s.h.u.a.]

I would change it...

[@javieralejandrotrianapaz6343]

For how long did you have that iPad?

[@Joe-ik1ph]

@@javieralejandrotrianapaz6343 I would say about 4-5 years. I'm thinking of getting a new one.

[@gaburieruR]

Samsung batteries need to be recalibrated some times, the readings get wonky after a while. For other phones, it's a signal of replacement time

[@juliusceaser5507]

In the UK most local shops have recycling posts for batteries.

[@yellowstarproductions6743]

Great to know.

[@NatanoGlori]

Was working with a team for this recycling research! Really looking forward to more innovation in this topic

[@hennnerz]

Any chance on doing a video about epilepsy or seizures?

[@TyeArtisik]

That's good

[@iiVERSEii]

Watching this ironically as my phone battery’s almost dead 😂

[@DougiePlaysSoccer]

Again, companies should be held accountable for the products they produce, not us, not waste management. All companies need to reinvent their manufacturing to incorporate recycling. Period. Full stop.

[@stachowi]

There should be a financial bounty on all batteries, that way there is an incentive to recycle them. Otherwise they'll all end up in the ground polluting our ground water.

[@frannyche7978]

Im in love with this caricature of the duracell bunny that dances with a drum ❤

[@darexinfinity]

i came to get educated, I left with puns.

[@No__direction__]

I have no access to those special recycling centers or drop offs… and the only bus here is to the casino and only 2 stops per town and only a few small towns and 1 city. I can’t drive and taxis don’t go out here. I also can’t afford to waste money on shipping costs to send something in. If I had access to recycling for electronics and batteries I’d do it but sadly I don’t…

[@lenjaminjosh7269]

I believe its something to do with battery health. My battery health is currently weak on my 4 year old phone so it lost a lot of its initial capacity. Charging cycles can also affect the longevity of the battery cell.

[@stevencooke6451]

I'm not convinced you're very sorry about that last pun. Fantastically informative video. Ted Ed reminds us that the Internet actually does some good things. Or more accurately, that some people do good things with the Internet.

[@jungsangyoon8793]

Same as us. Our organs go old and die eventually. You use, it wears..

[@hornetthehivewing6265]

I've heard somewhere that we could, in theory, make batteries using mostly hydrogen. Since it's a very plentiful resource, we could make a LOT of them and still be able to recycle them. I wonder what they would look like...

[@Stapler42]

hydrogen batteries already exist for some EVs, its still very much in R&D but I feel like they would be way better than Lithium EVs purely because it doesn't need huge amounts of rare metals, just some pipes and a storage canister

[@hornetthehivewing6265]

@@Stapler42 Wow, I didn't know they already existed! Thanks for the input, @Stapler42!

[@harrisongerdes7078]

0:54 XD A bunny with a drum. Energizer Battery reference

[@ridhaaloina]

thanks for the content, I was working with LiBs as a researcher, and it is true the company doesn't consider how to handle the waste or recycle it. instead, they care about how to increase the life cycle of the battery

[@Aexryus]

Let's make recycling our number one priority!

[@toolbaggers]

Nope. The 3 R's are in order of priority. 1. Reduce - you don't need it in the first place 2. Reuse - it's not single use and get a new one, repurpose it again and you don't need to recycle anything or buy something new (see 1.) 3. Recycle - only if you can't reuse, divert it from the landfill and turn it back into raw materials to make new products but remember rule 1.

[@phoenixflamegames1]

@@toolbaggersReduce isn’t the same as not needing it at all. For example, plastic around a whole set is fine, plastic around each product in a set isn’t.

[@jmckendry84]

​@@phoenixflamegames1yes, and that's why the chosen word is "reduce" and not "remove" 🤦

[@chinglamyung]

Reduction in lithium-ion battery by moving away from automobiles and into transit-oriented development and human-centered urbanism should be our priority.

[@gaburieruR]

Yes, no way the world reserves of lithium (that we know until now) are sufficient for electric cars to help against global warming. We need walkable/bikeable cities and focus the lithium in good quality mass transport

[@artofstem]

I’ve even taught lessons on battery drain for RC vehicles and somehow can’t process that my phone follows the same laws of chemistry and physics.

[@gaburieruR]

Even our body and photosynthesis follow them (electron channels and ion pumps). It's wild how biochemistry is complex

[@josephmalala1093]

Again, your animations are tight 🔥🔥🔥👌🏾👌🏾👌🏾

[@Blazingstudios882]

Always wondered about that

[@simonPARK-lv8fi]

Me: Now that solves it. My phone: 1% left

[@Killachamper256]

In order to get people to do these extra recycling steps, there needs to be an incentive to do so. People should be rewarded to recycle batteries the same way they are with aluminum cans or glass bottles.

[@yellowstarproductions6743]

That is true.

[@danielsantiagourtado3430]

Love your videos! Do another history vs!😊😊😊😊😊😊

[@balazsbanhegyi6448]

The title is misleading! The video focuses on recycling batteries (which is of course extremely important), but only 30 sec vague explanation is about how they die.

[@Snowman_44]

It's a sad thing to see my phone gradually lose its battery capacity. I remember when i first got it, i could use the phone for about 3-4 days before it got on low charge. But i played some heavy games which heated up my phone like crazy, and now it works for far less time. I heard that the more the battery heats up, the more harm it does to the battery. Yeah, should not have heated my phone that much.

[@whisperingwooper1763]

Same I don’t use too many heavy things on my phone besides KZbin but when I first got my phone it would last all day! Now it can’t even last the entire day anymore 🙁

[@bansilalnabediya3501]

Also since the batteries work on charges, having them charge completely full or null is a bad practice too as the electrons just move to one side causing disbalance

[@stephensnell5707]

@@bansilalnabediya3501 I charge to 100% each night and the main reason is I am quite a heavy user especially of Social Media like Facebook and also the App called KZbin Any Smartphone that I ever have I can get it to last 6 years,I ONLY change it once every 6 years

[@CjComments]

My phone has been with me since 1st year college, now I am graduating in a month , My Cellphone battery is still the same or maybe it has been affected but just a little that I haven't noticed. The only tip that I will give you is charge it when it's 20% , and unplugged it from about 90-95%. Stop being addicted to it that you will use while charging😂 , just go to sleep or clean your house while its charging. Do the chores or go outside and touch some grass.

[@zodiacfml]

4:02 isn't this outdated? it is highly recyclable and valuable like any metal. it is the collection that is hard because small batteries are stored at homes instead of being sent to recycling. EV batteries are definitely reused and recycled because they are large and/or valuable enough for the effort to collect.

[@huunter006]

Youre correct! And apple and samsung know this which is why there is still value when you trade in most old phones

[@zodiacfml]

@@huunter006 right but recycling phones has small value. What Apple is doing is actually removing/killing old phones so that people don't buy old phones and get the new

[@jenezethgamertv2815]

We need to tackle next about the study of nephology

[@abrahamariyo9516]

The video of the century I needed.

[@gf4453]

Thanks, Science!

[@shinigami3460]

Ironic, I had my battery damaged today, and this showed up in my for you page.

[@Gam3Junkie7]

Correction: You CAN convert exhaust back into gasoline through carbon-capture and the process of creating synth-fuel. The process is just longer and drawn out than a battery, but scaled-up, it could not just reduce carbon impact, but reverse it. Anyway, back to batteries.

[@logans3365]

Have you considered the amount of energy it would take to recapture the fuel vs the energy the fuel actually provides?

[@imoutodaisuki]

​@@logans3365True, it would make no sense if the energy used to convert it back is higher than the energy the resulting fuel could produce.

[@KnowledgeSpree]

The race between my phone's battery and the video's progress bar. Guess who won...

[@fromjolien]

The graphics are 🔥🔥!

[@honeynfred]

What greatly concerns me is the way lithium is produced. I was hoping it was a step forward but it's not. Several companies are using vast amounts of fresh water to the detriment of the environment and the poor in countries that barely have enough fresh water for its people.

[@Echo81Rumple83]

Great. Dad pun near the end 😖

[@pdls4]

another amazing video as always!

[@toyotaprius79]

No it wasn't

[@BUNl777]

​@@toyotaprius79it was for us

[@ayyappanchithambaram4575]

@@toyotaprius79 Well ackshually it was a baaaad video 🤓👆

[@FIstof7LEGEND]

Remember when you used to be able to just pop your phone battery out like you can with a tv remote? We should go back to that

[@midimusicforever]

Phones get slower over time because of battery degradation, because to cope with the battery getting worse, they phone lowers performance to increase battery performance.

[@gaburieruR]

This is true for Iphones, for others brands, we are not sure. The other cause is simple the hardware not being able to run the newer and heavy software

[@KristianYeager]

Conventional current flow is in the direction of the electric field for both AC and DC tho, so… how do electrons flow out of the negative terminal of the battery? 🤔

[@Sjalabais]

The Duracell bunny illustration is impossibly adorable and beats the original by a full charge...

[@CharlotteXMoon]

Already ahead of You!

[@thetechexplain3r]

The part about battery recycling being challenging due to the difficulty of safely extracting and reusing these materials is an eye-opener. It makes me appreciate the importance of developing more sustainable battery technologies and better recycling methods. On that note, have you guys heard about Chargie? Since keeping a lithium-ion battery at a high charge can accelerate its degradation, Chargie limits the charging to a healthier level, potentially prolonging the battery’s lifespan. Anyone tried something similar?

[@Berry-pieisforgotten]

Ted ed the best

[@loony5174]

That earth animation is so so cute 🥺🥹🥹🤣

[@valeriorodrigues3351]

this gives me knowledge

[@thebdsyt]

Very cool

[@theallduck]

Lol i like the energizer bunny in the video

[@KimiiiRaikkonen]

Awesome content

[@jacobtran2055]

Wow thats amazing! Let’s save!

[@cutterslade447]

I amswered 'Obsolescence - the efflux of time' before starting this video.

[@hope-.]

We as humans and society need to broaden our minds to more severe and urgent problems like environmental and mental health. That needs all of us, as individuals and as a society, to be less judgmental, more open minded and more willing to contribute towards the good. Enough of national and international needs. It's time to focus on humanitarian needs

[@elianatorres9546]

Hey Ted ed 👋 can you make a video on why some people have curly hair and some don’t? 🤷‍♀️ love your videos💗😁

[@ericB3444]

It gets wisdom though.

[@taktsing4969]

nice video

[@Manowar458]

Cool video

[@ultimate_pleb]

Take a shot ever time he says battery

[@ShellySolis]

For some of us, we just really need to maximize our device battery life. That is why I use battery limiters. Personally, I use this device called Chargie for my iPhone. Makes me ensure I only charge up to 80%.

[@yeeterscringer5760]

Reaping power from impact is very interesting. We can find ways to get and store energy from the Earth's natural processes like earthquakes and maybe even billions of people's actions everyday like pressing buttons in an elevator or walking. If it is too hard or impossible to revert materials back to their pure state, finding sustainable energy alternatives is the next best thing humans can do.

[@driptcg]

The puns at the end lol

[@choochoochooseyou]

I always assumed the power ran from the positive terminal to the negative not the other way round.

[@gaburieruR]

When phisicists first studied electriticy, they labeled the electrical poles randomly. After we discovered about the real flow of electrons, we simply defined that electrical current is on the opposite side of the electron flow.

[@PerceptionVsReality333]

I've wondered.

[@manvendrajs3456]

Great coincidence, I was wondering what I will do with my old batteries which I managed to obtain after battling space launch-proof glue.

[@searchingforlostatoms7191]

I was wondering too. But the environment quickly answered that question

[@alfrancisbuada2591]

Wow now I know how a battery works and why they get worse over time

[@ramitchatterjee9626]

Nice video

[@nguyenhuong3655]

🎉good i love it 😅

[@ZennExile]

Planned Obsolescence, the second greatest crime against humanity that has ever gone unpunished.

[@searchingforlostatoms7191]

I would give plastic a tie for the category of Environmental Hate Crimes

[@ZennExile]

@@searchingforlostatoms7191 plastic polymers were all engineered with failure in mind. There are polymers that can hold up for centuries, others that break down in minutes. The value in plastic is precisely in the ability for the manufacturer to make it fail, and make it fail on a schedule. That allows them to make the maximum amount of profit from every ton of cancer they give the planet. Plastic pollution is the ultimate expression of planned obsolescence. It's not its own problem to be weighed in a vacuum.

[@sketchyskies8531]

Ok so I’m not as addicted to my phone as I thought

[@wahidulislamnabil350]

Why Lithium imagined as ship move from one side to another after leaving electrons?

[@abhirajbhokare1989]

Maybe some other devices' battery got worse over time while watching this video, lol.

[@LuigiCotocea]

I remember my toshiba laptop battery wont charge... but if i plugged in outlet it got current form the outlet and it did power this was in 2011-2012!

[@misterdot6923]

so nicve

[@crweewrc1388]

Another great video from Ted ed!

[@SanjayKumar-bl8jq]

Super

[@globurim]

My battery just died and got replaced a month ago. I wish it was easier to replace batteries like in the nokia times. That way I can also have backup batteries which is better than a power bank.

[@Lavonne9870]

This! I had 2 and always had a fresh one waiting. Now, I have a new Samsung that gets hot every time I use it. I took the phone clip (that attaches to the AC vent) out of the car to use in the house on a tabletop fan. Not so mobile now, am I? 😂

[@jik3905]

God bless❤

[@Daniella_Watch_me_live_for]

That thing you don't like about yourself is what makes you really interesting.

[@BambinaSaldana]

Cool

[@astroluxuk]

I love a good pun 👌

[@qwertykeyboard5901]

Lead acid batteries, those things are great! One of the most recycled things on the planet too.

[@whatthefallacy2686]

It represents every phone owner will die as well

[@marwanfakhradin2543]

As much i adore the concept of batteries and their recycling Electric vehicles are not the best or most cost effective way to help the environment As every civil engineer in the world know effective public transport is the only way

[@gaburieruR]

And walkable cities

[@lara_xy]

I wouldnt really say that taking batteries back is a bother since you have battery collection bins in every single supermarket. But anyway, interesting video!

[@silentsmurf]

Not where I live 😢 they live in my house for years

[@user-tzzglsstle585e38]

that's cool, if only that's the case everywhere else

[@searchingforlostatoms7191]

Where are these so called supermarkets you refer to?

[@hannesofficial]

Nicely made video with some important messages. But the main point (why batteries die over time) wasn‘t delivered very well. Why are the Li-ion “ships” veering off course? What are the mentioned ”side reactions”? It feels like the most important information was left out.

[@R3cce]

Here’s a simple way to explain: Li ions travel between the anode and cathode during charge and discharge cycles. But with each charge cycle, some li ions get trapped through unwanted side reactions within the battery. This reduces the amount of li ions that can move between the anode and cathode and thus less battery capacity.

[@lukasblur3500]

What do people do with batteries if they dont place them in recycling bins? Ive done that ever since I was a kid. Theres plenty of them in Sweden. Do other people just toss them in their household bins...?

[@aarphi1984]

"Urine for a long wait" 😂

[@imoutodaisuki]

5:02 "But urine for a long wait." Hheh