Worldbuilding: Hot & Cold Planet Climates

Deriving sets of worldbuilding climate guidelines from the Last Glacial Maximum and the Last Interglacial Period.
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LINKS:
► CLIMATE GUIDELINES: docs.google.com/document/d/1O...
► EOCENE CLIMATE MODEL: www.geosci-model-dev.net/7/20...
► MIOCENE CLIMATE MODEL: www.sciencedirect.com/science...
► SCRIPT w/ SOURCES: docs.google.com/document/d/1Q...
► CORRECTIONS: docs.google.com/document/d/1m...
► WORLD ANVIL: www.worldanvil.com/about
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Thanks for watching everyone. It means a lot. :)

[@robertcoleman349]

"Let's derive our guidelines from something a little more modern, 120,000 years ago..."

[@junovzla]

dnfuhasgvuisgnu

[@RafaelSCalsaverini]

In geology that's a sneeze

[@timverma]

I mean the other was 55,000,000, it's 54,880,000 years more moderns. rounding to use only 2 digits again, 55,000,000 years more moderns, aka it's today.

[@Dragrath1]

It is far more modern than the last time there was an actual hot Earth 34 Ma. The Earth has been in a continuous ice age climate regime for the last 33 million years so this entire video was extremely misleading as it only addressed Ice House Climates. Actual hot climates were extremely different but it is really hard to gauge what a modern analog would be like since grasslands didn't exist and at least two lineages of Marine reptiles that survived the K-Pg extinction still roamed the seas there were crocs with hooves and much of the high arctic was covered in dawn redwood swamp forests full of towering trees.

[@Dragrath1]

@haven oludawole Yeah unfortunately we seem well on track for that to happen with Greenland and west Antarctica well past the point of no return and East Antarctica nearing its own critical failure point in the not so distant future. >_

[@LostieTrekieTechie]

I wouldn't mind an episode on Arctic rainforests.

[@fantysq]

That is exactly the sort of thing that a worldbuilder would go for, so it's kinda disappointing that they didn't get covered in the video :/

[@lyreparadox]

+

[@LostieTrekieTechie]

@Icarus Narcissus could it still be in a later video?

[@johannageisel5390]

I'm very suspicious of this. There was a time when the continent of Antarctica did have rainforests, but it was near the equator at this time. I cannot imagine any large plants growing in the real polar regions, because of this pesky half a year of darkness.

[@IgnisDomini97]

@@johannageisel5390 If you read climate reconstructions for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the biomes we refer to as "rainforests" here weren't really much like what we think of when we think of modern-day tropical rainforests, due to tropical rainforests not really having seasonal climates. These biomes have no real equivalent on modern Earth.

[@BrotherHoodMovies331]

Would love an episode on Minerals, and where to put them, or maybe one on how to make a giant Fungal Forest. Fantastic video as ever Edgar.

[@Alice-gr1kb]

Halite forms in oceans

[@EvilParagon4]

So let's think about creatures in 3 ways. Animals, Fungi, and Plants. Animals move to food, Fungi grow where food is, and Plants make their own food. So Fungi in a sense is always ready to grow where it can. So to make a giant fungi forest, you need there to be food. Done, right? Well... not quite. Fungi due to their rapid growing nature tend to be made out of lightweight materials. This is likely because heavier materials are likely to take longer to grow and probably require more of the food to grow. Meanwhile things like heavy rain and wind can break mushrooms which aids in their ability to spread but not in their ability to grow to large sizes. You'd need a relatively calm climate with an abundance of food, and an in lore reason why the fungi can grow quickly yet is structurally sound enough to not break under its own weight (lower gravity?).

[@Alice-gr1kb]

Going off what Paragon said the best stable climates would probably be humid Continental as rain is stable throughout the year. More about minerals: Minerals form in rocks, so you first need to know what type of rock is common in each part of the world. Once you know that there are some basic places minerals will form. Where you have felsic rock there will be lots of Feldspar and Quartz. Those 2 are the most common minerals on Earth. In Mafic zones expect allot of Olivine, Biotite, and Amphibole. In sedimentary zones it really depends on which type of rock you have. Sandstone has Quartz, and chemical rocks have various minerals, like halite, calcite, and gypsum. In metamorphic rock many minerals form with increasing pressure, like Garnet. Coal, jet, and graphite are all very similar things, and they form anywhere where there was once expansive plant cover that became fossilized.

[@Jpteryx]

A forest of fungi would require a large source of nutrients. Maybe it sprouts out of a marsh fed by a major river and feeds off the decaying plant matter. Or maybe the tall, thin fungi grow as a canopy over a forest of photosynthetic plants, not blocking out the light so the plants can grow, die, and feed the fungi. Alternatively, you could use giant lichen, which are fungi that have symbiotic algae to give them nutrients by photosynthesis. (At least one of these three types of fungal forests existed in real life: look up Prototaxites.)

[@BrotherHoodMovies331]

@@Jpteryx Well, Mushrooms grow in flushes, a bit like bamboo, so maybe the area looks somewhat barren for parts of the year, then the Mycelium fruits all at once to release its spores, which attracts animals which die and then feed the soil, and then the cycle repeats.

[@myysterio2]

what about incredibly unusual climate regions. Like massive rain shadows, areas where there's no direct exposure to light (so it freezes) or strange misplaced tropical regions?

[@madjames1134]

These three extreme climates can be found in Chile and Peru.

[@user-jr7ww2gf1h]

Massive rain shadows is basically the Taklamakan desert in China and the rest of dry Central Asia caused by Tibet and the Tian Shan mountains. Rain shadows only end when other moisture comes in, like how in Asia Siberia gets more green due to the Polar front.

[@madjames1134]

The Cotopaxi mountain in Ecuador is at the Equator line and, thanks to its height of 5.900 m, it has glaciers at top.

[@MiguelEMG]

It’s partly because he didn’t really touch too much on the effects a planet interior can have Sometimes it’s also the seasonal winds that can have a strong impact on seemingly misplaced rainforest and large rain shadows. I go by this safe rule of if it seems plausible due to some quirk of the currents or geography may as well go a little creative with it

[@Kalithrasis]

" Like massive rain shadows, areas where there's no direct exposure to light (so it freezes) " Rain shadows refer to the effect of mountains pulling moisture out of clouds as they pass over which causes drying of the landscape on the other side of the crest, like the basin and range zone of the western US. Before the uplift of that topography, the flora was likely similar to the eastern US (which is why California has a number of species in genuses found on the east coast). It's not a literal shadow. If you're looking for no direct light exposure, you're looking for a cave system.

[@AgglomeratiProduzioni]

3:59 Hot model? Oh, Artifexian, always talking about yourself...

[@scptime1188]

😅😅😅

[@4sythdude549]

Artifexian? Oh! You mean ArtiSEXYian!

[@NoverMaC]

Hi Artifexian! I'm currenttly building my own scientifically accurate fantasy world for a project and I want to thank you for all the work you've done for this channel and the resource you've provided for us! Continue being amazing! :)

[@moemuxhagi]

Hail ! I hear you, brother, I am doing the exact same. Artiflexian is our MapMaking Savior !

[@NoverMaC]

@@moemuxhagi ikr? we don't need to scour the internet for resources and calculations now! so convenient :)

[@moemuxhagi]

@@NoverMaC AND we have someone to help us easely understand said data and preventing most mistakes !

[@NoverMaC]

@@moemuxhagi though having his sources may be useful but hey, can't ask for perfection :P

[@moemuxhagi]

@@NoverMaC He does link stuff, what do you mean ?

[@moonbender95]

7:21 The Mediterranean climate expanded towards the English Isles due to the jet stream being weak. Weaker jet stream means the high pressures during summers stay longer. The rains come back during cooler months due to the Jet stream being strengthened by temperature differences.

[@lv2draw1]

Oooh. Thats really interesting to know

[@moonbender95]

@@lv2draw1 Thank you! I've done soft research and observed the changes happening to our climate all thanks to the internet, youtube and official Climate scientists who put their work scattered throughout the internet.

[@user-jr7ww2gf1h]

Uneti Tree oh thanks I thought it was just drier due to more heat from being tilted towards the sun more

[@lcb931023]

And here I thought Edgar's just trying to make Ireland rain less lol

[@GuardsmanBass]

That Eocene model in the description is fascinating. If anyone wants the details, - Between 50 degrees N and 50 degrees S, it appears to be all tropical climates. Massive tropical forests and tropical grassland, with the occasional desert (mostly small, except on the west coast of what would become Asia). The largest tropical forest on the planet is in North America between 30 N and 50 N, although the equatorial African forest is a close second. -North of 50 N, it's a mix of Temperate Forest and Warm-Temperate Forest. The Warm-Temperate Forest goes all the ways to the Arctic Ocean shoreline in North America, Greenland, and what would become Europe, and hugs part of the shore in Asia. The Temperate Forest is mostly in in-land areas in the far north, particularly in Asia. -South of 50 S, it transitions pretty quickly to Temperate Forest across the southern tip of South America, the southern half of Australia, and the coastal regions of Antarctica (although there are a few patches of Warm-Temperate Forest along the Antarctic coastline). Inland Antarctica is different, though - it's a high plateau that's grassland/shrubland, probably something akin to the Great Plains of North America today. -The only "cold" climate that we'd recognize is a narrow strip of Boreal Forest high in what appears to be a range of Antarctic mountains.

[@paulbrower]

Note also that Australia had barely broken away from Australia, and the two consonants could still exchange air masses. Once Antarctica was isolated by the strong ocean currents it quickly chilled. Also, India was still headed north through the Indian Ocean and had yet to crash into Asia. Soon after that the silicate rocks got to react with acid rain to become snow-white carbonates that tended to refect instead of absorb sunlight.

[@stephisage]

I see artifexian and I click

[@grimtheghastly8878]

Yes.

[@Dragrath1]

Hmm for fairly recent ice ages this is a pretty good coverage though if you want to break the Ice age guidelines here I have to warn people things got pretty crazy the last time that happened. If ice got closer to the equator then around 30 degrees latitude the reduced insolation became a runaway cooling process that inevitably led to the planet freezing over. Of course land plants didn't exist back when this last occurred so it is open speculation how far this effect could go with land plants or the 30% increase in the sun's luminosity since the Cryogenian. Plants over all have a large albedo darkening effect since the live by absorbing sunlight so naturally they increase the amount of heat taken in compared to the bare rock conditions of the Cryogenian. The Hot Earth climate is a bit misleading since your example is still within the Ice Age only during the interglacial phase of an Ice Age where eccentricity precession and obliquity are sufficient to minimize Ice coverage. As such the same general climate zones exist only significantly shifted. In a true hothouse climate the temperature gradient seen largely breaks down resulting in a planet that is near uniformly hot climates. The point of distinction is that no ice exists on the Earths surface long term cold weather can still happen (i.e. snow sleet and low temperatures) it is just far less common and ice can't remain stable on the surface melting or sublimating not long after its deposition. As such a hot house climate is defined by the complete lack of ice caps which means you will have far lower climatic variation globally with far weaker climatic circulation since there isn't a temperature gradient to drive the same sort of large scale wind patterns and currents, as such expect storms and cyclones to be largely responsible for heat transfer rather than sustained wind currents which will be far more likely to break up. Biome wise it is a bit tricky to gauge what a hothouse climate would be like with modern vegetation since before the last Ice age grasslands didn't exist as grass as we know it didn't exist with the exception of the older bamboo like lineages. Modern grasses started to appear around 30 million years ago with the first true grasslands appearing only around 20 million years ago probably driven by nearby supernovae supercharging lightning activity on top of dry ice age climatic conditions and lower CO2 concentrations enabling grass to overtake forests for the first time in Earths history. How grasslands would respond to a warming climate would be a critical clue in determining how climates would or would not differ from what we are used to. I would suspect that over all tropical forest cover would probably increase since it became the predominate biome wherever moisture was sufficient but there is no precedent for grasslands so it is hard to accurately gauge whether grasslands could maintain their dominance. I suspect not at least not without some form of allelopathic poisoning of the soil and or self conflagration strategies but evolution has a way of surprising us so the sheer possibility is there for world building. In short if looking to set the Earth in a different climate regime this is insufficient and sadly largely speculative unless you want to use flora and fauna from hothouse Earth phases which tended to have far wider more homogeneous ranges Fun fact their have been five major ice ages on the history of our planet. The Huronian(2.4-2.1 Gya 1st Snowball Earth related to post Oxygenation greenhouse collapse)), Cryogenian(720-635 Mya 2nd Snowball Earth interval w/ 2 waves), Gaskiers(579.88 to 579.63 Mya), Andean-Saharan(Ordovician 450-420 Mya), late Paleozoic(Carboniferous through Early Permian 360-260 Mya), and the Late Cenozoic Ice Age ( Eocene-Oligocene boundary to present 33.9-0 Mya) Other likely glaciations were the Gaskiers Baykonurian(547 to 541.5 Mya) and perhaps one around 2.9 Gya. There was also a period during the Jurassic where substantial sea ice was present but there was no polar continents at the time to trigger a real ice age with flood basalt volcanism reversing trends back into a hot house climate. Outside of those times there hasn't been any ice cover at all so hot house conditions have been the default climate state of the Earth.

[@skadoosher7747]

Well done! Great to see the discourse on this subject. Good research as far as I can tell.

[@moo8866]

Wow.

[@rickascii]

When you're saying where to place various climates as at 1:33 or 6:00, there's a good deal of negative space that you could use for the images of modern earth and hot/cold earth. It'd make it a lot easier to see everything.

[@JustNierninwa]

YES Thank you

[@wilcdav]

👆👆👆

[@kobovad]

Mate, I was wondering about how to handle glacial maximums and such a few days ago, great timing!

[@sjei.]

"Sometimes, for the sanity, you just gotta get down with the fudge"

[@brunnomenxa]

An interesting fact is that Greenland has this name because that locality was green at the time they started to inhabit it. Plants grew easily in that region, and once the temperature dropped, it became cold and inhospitable again.

[@Deathnotefan97]

Yes and no While the specific area that was first settled in Greenland _was_ particularly habitable (although the island itself was not, but probably not as inhospitable as today) the name most likely came from a desire to attract settlers Then again, Iceland is named as such simply because the guy that found it saw some ice floating in a river, despite the island itself being very green and fertile, so Greenland might be named from a little bit of both

[@Cythil]

@@Deathnotefan97 I have also heard that it was done due to marketing as Iceland does not sounds like a pleasant place to colonize. But Greenland and Vinland does. I do not know how much true it is to this however.

[@brunnomenxa]

@@Deathnotefan97, It is documented that Greenland was fertile, temperatures were mild, there was pasture and other things in many areas. It is also documented that the inhabited region became cold enough to make any agrarian activities unfeasible. Anyway, only part of the island has been inhabited and this, which was really green, is no longer.

[@newq]

I mean, there are mile thick glaciers burying most of Greenland. I think it's a little silly to generalize the entire island as having been subject to that change. Most of it has been uninhabitable icecap for as long as the human race existed. There's 100,000 year old ice in Greenland.

[@jegaveirneynamasiado]

I've had a hard time finding a satisfying answer on a specific question; would I have super hurricanes that could destroy a Texas-ish-sized continent if they started from one side of a planet, and had no other obstacles. Think two continents on one hemisphere, close together, and almost only water on the other except the small continent.

[@jegaveirneynamasiado]

I'd imagine that as long as the storm stays over warm seas, it will continue to get more severe. It seems plausible that such a planet would have hurricanes far worse than on Earth; Because earth has so many land masses. I suppose category 8 or 9 would be reasonably likely. Besides, cat 6 is enough to destroy anything it goes over.

[@ChasingBisharps]

I believe as long as you have a LOT of warm ocean and little land you can get texas-sized hurricanes, although I'm no weather expert. A planet a few degrees warmer could probably also do the trick.

[@722890]

do you guys think the last artifexian video will be him teaching us how to make an apple pie in a constructed world

[@Alice-gr1kb]

722890 maybe

[@RandomJake]

Mediterranean Ireland might be the only reason you made this video

[@Alice-gr1kb]

And yes, glaciers went down that low. I live at 43° and there are glacial formations all over the place

[@schurch1569]

Greetings from Switzerland!

[@globaros6629]

I love these worldbuilding videos, keep em’ up buddy!

[@pedersenlasse]

Hell yeah, new Artifexian vid!

[@LunizIsGlacey]

Artifexian, in the future, can you do a video on animals maybe? Btw I really love your videos!

[@wilcdav]

He did a bit of creature design on the podcast (think it's episode 20) if that helps

[@wilcdav]

But yeah an animals video would be awesome

[@LunizIsGlacey]

Oh ok I will check it out

[@LunizIsGlacey]

But yeah it would be great

[@lyreparadox]

If you're looking for animal ideas try the Worldbuilding Notes channel. She goes through her entire process for creating plant life and animal life for her world, and may give you some ideas.

[@Bryggyth]

I really enjoy these videos on climates! I find it interesting, and use it as a basis for the climates for my own world I'm making. That said, I... don't really follow it exactly and often go a bit off of if I think it would be neat. I mean, it's a fantasy world. I'm not intending it to be perfectly realistic, just mildly believable while still fantastical, if that makes sense.

[@lv2draw1]

Yay! Its always good when you see some worldbuilding up on your dash. I know last time i asked you said it was photoshop you used, but what i really meant was what processes using photoshop do you use in your mapmaking 😅 I wanna know how you got such good interlocking shapes from it. Ta

[@michaelchurch1324]

This is cool stuff, but I'd love to hear your thoughts on truly exotic climates, +/- 10, 20, 30 K. Also, I look forward to your work on wonky axial tilts (e.g. 54-126, where the poles are hotter than the equator). I'm building a steampunk fantasy world on a +20 C planet-- 47 C at the equator, Polar Ocean navigable in summer, human civilization between 35 and 75 latitude. I wanted the equator to be uninhabitable (splitting N from S) while having recognizable climates. This doesn't really work at 23+ axial tilt-- where, if the equator is uninhabitably hot, so are the mid-latitudes-- but I got lucky insofar as an axial tilt of 12 degrees both ameliorated this effect and prevented me from having to work around the extreme day/night behavior that, say, 60-75 N would experience on a planet like ours. What I have read is that if an ocean gets above 50 C (and this is why I didn't go higher than 47) it can generate hypercanes: 500+ km/hour hurricanes that last for months and can go inland... which could make civilization untenable, if they were able to get into the temperate zones. (Reasonable for hostile-planet sci-fi, but not a fit for my steampunk fantasy world.)

[@timhaldane7588]

I love the idea, but I'm wondering exactly how you generate significant steam power on such a hot planet. Remember: it's not the actual temperature of the steam itself that creates work, but the temperature differential. Steam rushing skyward in order to cool and match its environment is what releases that energy as kinetic energy, driving your steam engines. Keep in mind that a hot atmosphere on a planet with oceans would be also be wet, even inland. You're going to have less of a rain shadow because water is more likely just to stay suspended in the air, so large portions of the planet would be tropical. Water is a spectacular conductor of heat, which is why steam power is a thing to begin with, but steam is going to be less effective in a humid atmosphere. That's especially true if the atmosphere is hot. It's kind of the same reason why you don't really sweat very effectively in a hot, wet climate - your body heat isn't going anywhere because your sweat is hot and wet and so is the air. Of course, it could be a planet with low moisture, or huge underground oceans, in which case water would be an incredibly valuable resource. You also wouldn't get hypercanes, but you'd be much more likely to get dust storms. This would almost certainly make access to water the primary driver of political power (a la Frank Herbert's Dune). Or, because this is a fantasy world, maybe your steam engines work in reverse somehow. Maybe there is a substance that acts like a miniature black hole for heat, rapidly pulling in hot air and freezing it. Or maybe you have other ideas. Just a few thoughts.

[@michaelchurch1324]

​@@timhaldane7588 For my world, I use a lower axial tilt than Earth's: 12 degrees. At 23, the temperate summer is as hot as the equatorial range... which is a problem, because I'm going for a world split in two, where the equator's (mostly?) impassible. With a 12-degree axis, you get comparable climates to ours, but farther poleward: the increased seasonality from being polar and the decreased seasonality from a lower axial tilt seem to cancel out perfectly. You get a climate like Minneapolis (45 N, our world) at 65-70 N, and one like Washington DC (38 N, our world) at 50-55 N. What my world doesn't have it a seasonless habitable zone like Earth's tropics; 35 N is about the limit of habitability (defined as nighttime lows below 30 C / 86 F) but has a climate more like Mecca than Singapore.

[@davesulphate4497]

I have been really enjoying your videos but as a colour blind person this one is really confusing. Is there any chance that you could add a set of annotated images to the description (as a download or seperate vid maybe) so that I might better visualize what is being explained? Alternatively a legend with colour key, at least I could copy paste the images into paint and change the colours to somthing that I can understand?? If this is too much of a hassle then don't bother but I really would like to be able to understand this better. As always, great vid :) (edit: ps, I know this would be a lot to ask if it was just for me but colour blindness isn't rare and I'm sure im not your only subscriber to be finding this one harder to understand, most of your earlier videos have been much simpler to understand btw)

[@civilixxxx8914]

Finally, I've been waiting so much!

[@Rationalific]

You really do fantastic and unique stuff! Keep it up!

[@VulcanTrekkie45]

Happy to help!

[@aaronmyers6686]

Could you do an episode on wetter and drier Earths, and maybe compare both axes of wetness and temperature? If that seems complicated, could you give me some resources?

[@Alice-gr1kb]

Aaron Myers wet earths would be smaller and likely have smaller continents, and maybe hotter. The reverse for dry worlds

[@egemenpolat7366]

I've been looking for exactly this for months.

[@the_biblioklept2533]

Is there a way to design a star's atmosphere so that there would be interesting differences, not just " Wow. Look at that hot gas"?

[@Mysteri0usChannel]

Well, there are so called variable stars that actually periodically change in luminosity and temperature over time, so you, theoretically, could have a star that's a mild yellow for one week and a bright, stingy neutral white for the next. However, such stars usually are much, MUCH bigger than our son, and probably don't support habitable planets. HOWEVER, you could have a binary system consisting of two orbiting stars, for example a big, hot blue one and a cooler, smaller red one. In that case, they'd either be next to each other in the sky, creating a very bright and hot time, or one would "hide" the other - this would create cooler times when the red star is behind the blue one and even dimmer and colder times when the red star is in front of the blue one. Such systems could maybe support life, if you choose the right stars and distances. You could also have one side of a star be covered in sun spots, making it much dimmer and colder, and the other side be basically sun spot free. In that case the brightness and the temperature of the planet would change in accordance with whatever side is turned towards the planet. However, the differences wouldn't be TOO extreme and also only be stable for about a few decades up to AT MAX a few millennia, and the period of the "solar seasons" would directly be correlated to the star's rotational period. Another option would be something VERY exotic, like a star periodically throwing out MASSIVE bursts of ionized matter, however, such a star would create a very inhabitable environment, and you could not really find a habitable zone for a planet to place it in. If you want something cool that'd still be hospitable (unfortunately, it'd only be a ball of plasma then, too), try a silent red dwarf. They are EXREMELY small and cold stars which have lifetimes of TRILLIONS of years, and right now we think they could even support life much better than our sun can because they throw around very little ionizing radiation and UV light and have very long life spans for life to develop on the orbiting planets.

[@HAL-oj4jb]

Astrophysicist here, and my answer is: not really, unfortunately. The compositions of stars are extremely homogenous, and any deviations are only noticeable by their emission lines. The only thing that really affects how a star looks is its mass, which determines its surface temperature and color. An interesting idea would be a supermassive star more than hundred times more massive than the sun. Such stars are not stable and lose a lot of mass via solar winds, and could look quite interesting, with a lot of surface turbulences, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections... but they would be very dangerous to observe from close distance, have such a short lifetime that they could not even form planets for any lifeform to inhabit ^^

[@lyreparadox]

@@HAL-oj4jb Ooh, but if your "worldbuilding" involved an artificial structure and imported lifeforms... that could be fun.

[@vela7447]

@@Mysteri0usChannel That's what they did in The 100 (semi spoilers but worth saying)

[@annikathewitch3950]

It would be nice to have some sort of rough guide for the hothouse periods for spec bio and keeping track of fossils and stuff.

[@josefwolanczyk4866]

YES! You're back!

[@tonyhind6992]

This is the best world building channel on the internet.

[@blunije]

Very useful. I have two habitable(ish) planets in the habitable zones, and these help immensely. I think my colder one is too cold for humans, and they just made a new system with the same colors. I'll figure it out later...

[@ninoninonino981]

Can't believe it: 1 view and 4 likes. Truly fascinating

[@kayseek1248]

Nikola Uzunoski 3 seconds of viewing counts as a view.

[@petersmythe6462]

My suggestion would be to "extremify" the model for larger temperatures, while also taking into account significant differences in ocean evaporation and such. Particularly for hothouse (ocean evaporation dominates everything not protected by thick continents or rain shadows) or borderline snowball (ocean evaporation is low even in tropical areas and non-existent in areas where sea ice stops it from happening at all, meaning currents outside the equatorial region mostly just decide where the sea ice will be, not where climate zones on land will be).

[@YujiUedaFan]

"Modern Ert... cold Ert"

[@skadoosher7747]

I would like a video on the concept of a planet sat in the barricenter of a binary star system. I was wondering if that would be considered a Lagrange point or if it's just a stable point around which the stars orbit. If not vid worthy and I'm misunderstanding something, please just clarify. Either way, the Idea is really interesting.

[@fabiomorandi3585]

About that out of place Mediterranean zone, the hotter the Arctic Ocean gets, the weaker the Gulf Current becomes, so it's not unlikely that due to the generally warmer Eemian climate the North-East Atlantic could have become colder than today.

[@junovzla]

FINALLY, thank you :3

[@TheMagicPinecone]

yay now I can make the cold planet of my dreams thanks Edgar ^w^

[@JustNierninwa]

My issue is my world is about double the last inter-glacial period and I was hoping you'd give us a little work-around to guesstimate how the climate zones would evolve then 😕

[@JustNierninwa]

Cause the 55 Mya ago Eocene climate model is cute and all but I'm basing myself off the late Eocene round 37 Mya and the climate had changed A LOT by then (thanks to the Azolla even and a bunch of other stuff)

[@Lucy-ng7cw]

Just Nierninwa atlas pro has a pretty good video on azolla. What was the climate like by then? I know it started cooling by that point but by how much? I had a quick look at Wikipedia and I think you could estimate the temperature for the time and go from there. Temperature is a factor in the Köppen climate classification so if it is 5 degrees hotter then then now you could alter the positions based on that. Someone has probably done a map somewhere but I couldn’t find one. I think if you did a lot of reading about the specific time you could work something out.

[@Jpteryx]

There's a paper linked in the description describing the Late Miocene climate, maybe you can make your world intermediate between the EoTM model and the Late Miocene model?

[@nuriocristino2888]

Why did the mediterranean zone in the Iberean penisula expand on both the hot and cold models? I would have thought that, in the same location, if expansion occurs in one of the models reduction would occur in the other.

[@Diesalot-sc9qz]

When talking about the hot model, he used a time period where Earth’s climate was still between two ice ages. This meant that the biomes didnt have time to properly shift to align accordingly to this biome method. It wasn’t the best example for a hot model, as there was also that detail of the Northern Hemisphere being tilted closer to the sun which skewed a few details. Probably should just have done a theoretical version of Earth with an increase in temperatures rather than the example chosen.

[@nkanyezihlatshwayo3601]

Terrestrial high axial tilt climate model next please... helps us you beautiful Irishman, save from weirdness of ourselves and the weirdness of our hobbies, don't make me get my shillelagh.

[@daniel_rossy_explica]

Try to figure it out by youself. He has moved on to other topics and will never return to this one.

[@mainecoonmadness1373]

Could you please add more onto this series I always found them fun and cool, and I would like to experiment with new worlds

[@Mattrons14]

Let me fist say, I am a huge fan of your world building videos, particularly this series on continents and climates. Love them! So, some constructive criticism: This video jumped way to fast for me into the details and the spesifics. I very quickly felt lost. I miss a bit more general intro on what the premise of the video is and what you are going to show. Keep up the great work!

[@StoneCresent]

I was wondering about how you were going to fit the greening of the Sahara into these climate models. Thanks.

[@tiezukae]

I would love to see a video on where in my world I should place natural resources.

[@orange8192]

Would love an indepth look at tidally locked worlds, your previous mention of them only used a waterworld for an example.

[@daishzen]

Hey Artifexian, Is there any chance we can get a chart of the climate guidelines for normal earth like those you shared for the hot and cold climates?

[@grimtheghastly8878]

Climate dad is back at it again.

[@quel2324]

Could you talk about that extreme different temperature variations?

[@LAMarshall]

7:33 "The transition between savannah and hot steppe/ deserts in North Africa was also Humid Subtropical. [It may be] a consequence of the same mechanisms that greened the Sahara. Whether this holds in general, I don't know." Well, we can see a similar quirk today (and back then) in Northern India, which I always found weird. And if, as you said, Africa was subject to a much stronger monsoon circulation back then, then perhaps it has something to do with areas that are subject to very strong monsoon circulation? There are a few other reasonable explanations, such as being on the windward side of the Himalayas, but it always looked strange to me.

[@yoironfistbro8128]

Since the northern winter came near aphelion, it would have lowered winter temperatures in the region. Still, I feel that large ares of lowland Cwa that close to the equator is a bit dubious. The modern day equivalent in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola and Mozambique is mostly a result of elevation and the region would otherwise be tropical savanna.

[@tophat665]

Maybe someone hit this already, and you touched on it briefly, but the seasonal migration of the ITCV, and how it drives large continent monsoons (ie. Asian) is likely what drove the greening of the Sahara. Given the amount of water wot would get dumped on what currently constitutes the sahel, that could easily mimic subtropical continental conditions. Or not. It's a thought. Perhaps a video going into the climate dynamics resulting from axial tilt? With reference to oroegraphy where tall mountains affect the onshore, wet season low?

[@Curiosity-ye4bq]

if no hemisphere is facing towards the sun,then deserts in N hemisphere will shrink slightly and S hemisphere will expand slightly.The Mediterranean climate seems to extend much further because the neutral currents seem to flow at higher latitude so the cold current begins at higher latitude.Actually hot earth is extreme earth, because winters are also getting colder.

[@paulbrower]

The world cools off severely as (1) Australia separates from Antarctica and (2) India slams into Asia. When Australia and Antarctica were closr, the two land masses could exchange air masses. Once the strong oceanic currents fully surrounded Antarctica, Australia warmed as it headed north toward the equator while isolated Antarctiva got steadily colder. Add to that, the Himalayas rose so high that their silicate rocks could be transformed into snowy-white carbonates. due to acid rian. Earth's albedo tose and caron dioxide got reduced, so the Earth chilled to ner what we have today. For a really-warm Earth one would need to have India separated from Asia and Australia still connected to Antarctica.

[@dionemoolman]

Any more videos like this in future? I’d love to see one on land/water ratio and axial tilt.

[@daniel_rossy_explica]

Don't hold your breath. He has moved on to other topics and will never return to this one. He is incosistent like that.

[@kingkobold9438]

Could we maybe get a video on planets with different levels of axial tilt, like world that have arctic equators and tropical caps?

[@SpuneDagr]

I know you've talked about how Star Wars-style single-biome planets aren't realistic (other than desert and ice). If you really wanted to, how close could you get to an all-forest or all-plains or all-monsoon world? - using your methods

[@djragnarok1494]

Hello, nice video! I can’t find those two climate maps on worldclim, could you please tell me where to find them? Thanks!

[@viceliag3916]

On the topic of tidally locked planets... what might life which develops in the night half of the planet be like?

[@user-jr7ww2gf1h]

Vi Celia G probably blind or light sensitive

[@MaiNai0]

When he said Cold Earth i felt that

[@thegoatishere5131]

We love one view with 22 likes and 6 different comments

[@hermionesydneygoldmanphynn498]

What

[@deffinitelynobody6347]

Hey, this is really cool and helps me with my world, but I do have a question if you don't mind me asking; for a planet whose orbit makes the average global temperature alternate between these extremes over the course of several years, how would you recommend designing those climates?

[@Jpteryx]

I would make two maps: one for cold periods, one for hot periods, then overlap them. If a region has the same climate on both maps, great, keep it. But if two significantly different climates overlap, you have to decide whether it makes sense to switch between one and the other every temperature cycle. If an area is tundra in cold years but temperate forest in warm years, maybe there are fast-growing trees there that freeze and die during cold years, but regrow from seeds when the warm years return.

[@user-jr7ww2gf1h]

Oh that sounds very cool. My suggestion is to make up other climate codes for shifting temperatures and rainfall, as Köppen codes only account for precipitation differences. But yeah like the other commenter said make 2 maps and overlay them to see what matches and what doesn’t can be a new zone

[@MarkMetEenC]

Let's go!

[@crsmith6226]

How would this look on a ring world, like one of the megastructures Isaac Arthur talks about? Or what about a toroidal world?

[@skadoosher7747]

Toroidal worlds aren't feasible, they would require large antimatter structures to even exist, much less form and keep an atmosphere! Donuts just don't work gravitationally.

[@danielsac6316]

Thanks a lot for all these videos. By the way, I wonder why rainforests shrink both in hot and cold models of earth… why does it happen?

[@cursedalien]

What I want to do is make a speculative evolution project on a terraformed planet with an evolving climate. Could I use older time periods as climate models the same as recent time periods?

[@jpallen6523]

Now all I have to do is figure out how the silicate rings around my planet will affect the climates. Cold climates in the shadows of the rings and warm where the rings won't leave a direct shadow?

[@flirora]

I'm curious how this would work out on a planet with a relatively eccentric orbit (e = 0.0548 in my case), which should theoretically give a 16 °C variation in mean surface temperature.

[@caba.vrc1]

Why does the humid continental climate zone extend further south on the hotter earth?

[@lEGOBOT2565]

Is there a program where you can input a heightmap, rotation, and average temperature of a planet so that this is done automatically?

[@perrinpayanlawler1344]

could you do a climate video on donut shaped earth like planet

[@juimymary9951]

Question, does antartica change in the hot earth model?

[@davidbruesehoff1031]

The reason the mediterranean expands into warm northern areas could be because the warm current weakens (apparently salinity is important in the current system, so melting sea ice would weaken it).

[@sojourner_303]

how do the giant mountains in the Mushroom Kingdom central plains work?

[@wilcdav]

Edgar where's podcast 45 mate?

[@nexusoflife]

How do you maximize tropical rainforest coverage?

[@Alice-gr1kb]

Nexus of Life that's hard to do. Maybe have many Indonesia like archipelagos (long and short) and equatorial Continental interiors

[@Regaus]

These videos are very nice and helpful, but what if a planet has its temperatures closer to 0C, or possibly even negatives? How would climates exist in those more extreme scenarios?

[@thekatazsiuniverse4868]

You mention temperatures of the planets, how does one calculate the average temperature of their planet relative to modern day earth?

[@CrayfishCraig]

hey what about worlds with a lower water to land ratio?

[@ellarose7256]

How does the axial tilt of a planet affect climates? It seems like a lot of these climates are based on earth's axial tilt. What would happen on a planet with a lower axial tilt, let's say 15? The temperate zone would be much bigger, so would the temperate climates expand further? And would the opposite be true for a planet with a higher axial tilt than Earth?

[@Alice-gr1kb]

Ella Rose with lower tilt then there wouldn't be much variation in temperature, so it's likely subarctic and Continental would just be cold oceanic (Cfc-Cfd) and tundra, as the Continental climates are built on large temperature variation. The Mediterranean climate would also likely shrink due to how wind patterns change

[@imienazwisko6527]

Could one extrapolate the model to get something aproximating an even colder planet?

[@essentialasa5233]

Almost to faster/slower spinning planets 😃

[@jenniferdavis907]

How would one maximize the appearance of Humid Subtropical areas like that seen in the American South? I would have figured increasing the temp of the planet would have sufficed to create a larger version of this zone, but this does not appear to be the case in this video.

[@user-jr7ww2gf1h]

J.T. Davis it indeed wouldn’t. Likely make your planet more moist

[@Diesalot-sc9qz]

The example used for hot worlds is inaccurate due to being between two ice ages, so don’t take the hot model to heart (Ik it’s been two years but I figured there might be a chance ur still fretting over this detail)

[@jenniferdavis907]

@@Diesalot-sc9qz thanks

[@petersmythe6462]

At what point do we get tropical and subtropical deadly hot swamps where the wet bulb temperature and actual temperature preclude non-extremophiles from surviving there? Inland mudflats, massively eroded canyons, wierd heat tolerant plants and no forests... With constant landslides and flash floods and very few exothermic animals.

[@naimaware]

When Sahar was green would correspond to the Warmer climate scheme?

[@avandorhu-3389]

Okay, but what about planets that spin slower or faster and thus have varying amounts of atmospheric cells? I have a World that spins sorta slowly and in the video talking about this topic you said that slow rotating planets have only one cell on each hemisphere. So how does this effect biome placement? Do i just extend a single climate zone all the way around the globe?

[@user-jr7ww2gf1h]

Avandor HU-3 not quite. Regions farther away from the ocean would be drier, and most climate zones would be more like gradients from hot versions of it to cooler ones (as an example: humid subtropical to oceanic to continental to subarctic)

[@avandorhu-3389]

I see! Thanks!

[@xX_wiLLiam_Xx]

What about a mostly desert planet with very little water?

[@keybchet9986]

Yes.

[@athiefinthenight6894]

Modern Eart Cold Eart

[@RafaelSCalsaverini]

Someone should write software that implements the rules described in this whole video series.

[@blueflare726]

7:18 mediterranean norway lol

[@egemenpolat7366]

ı ask why there are humid subtropical in modern day europe ?

[@benhur2806]

6:40 - Wait... why the hell would the continental zone with colder winters expand?

[@peterhimin8051]

Yay

[@ShankarSivarajan]

This video seems to be worldbuilding Earth.