SACSAYHUAMAN - How They Did It | Polygonal Masonry

[@socialismfailsallday8994]

Pedro Cieza de León wrote and published Crónicas del Perú. In said book he explains that the Inca's told him, during the Spanish conquest, that they found ruins of a much older civilization and build their civilization on those ruins. You're a liar.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Have you ever read the Crónicas del Perú? Please provide the chapter where he says this.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Here is the account of the building of Sacsayhuaman in the Crónicas del Perú by Pedro Cieza de León, chapter 51: "The city of Cuzco is built in a valley, and on the slopes of hills, as I explained in the first part of this history, and from the edifices themselves run broad terraces on which they sow their crops, and they rise one above the other like walls, so that the whole slopes were formed in these andenes, which made the city stronger, although its position is naturally strong. For this reason the lords selected it, out of so many other sites. The dominion of the kings was now become extensive and powerful, and Inca Yupanqui entertained far- reaching thoughts. Notwithstanding that the temple of the Sun, called Curicancha, had been enriched and beautified by himself, and that he had erected other great edifices, he resolved to build another house of the Sun which should surpass all existing temples, and to enrich it with all the things that could be obtained, as well gold and silver as precious stones, fine cloth, arms of all the different kinds they used, munitions of war, shoes, plumes of feathers, skins of animals and birds, coca, sacks of wool, and valuables of a thousand kinds, in short, all things of which they had any knowledge. This work was begun with such lofty aspirations, that if their monarchy had endured until to-day it would not yet have been completed. The Inca ordered that the provinces should provide 20,000 men and that the villages should send the necessary pro visions. If any fell sick, another labourer was to supply his place, and he was to return to his home. But these Indians were not kept constantly at a work in progress. They laboured for a limited time, and were then relieved by others, so that they did not feel the demand on their services. There were 4,000 labourers whose duty it was to quarry and get out the stones; 6,000 conveyed them by means of great cables of leather and of cabuya to the works. The rest opened the ground and prepared the foundations, some being told off to cut the posts and beams for the woodwork. For their greater convenience, these labourers made their dwelling-huts, each lineage apart, near the place where the works were progressing. To this day most of the walls of these lodgings may be seen. Overseers were stationed to superintend, and there were great masters of the art of building who had been well instructed. Thus on the highest part of a hill to the north of the city, and little more than an arquebus shot from it, this fortress was built which the natives called the House of the Sun, but which we named the Fortress. The living rock was excavated for the foundation, which was prepared with such solidity that it will endure as long as the world itself. The work had, according to my estimate, a length of 330 paces, and a width of 200. Its walls were so strong that there is no artillery which could breach them. The principal entrance was a thing worthy of contemplation, to see how well it was built, and how the walls were arranged so that one commanded the other. And in these walls there were stones so large and mighty that it tired the judgment to conceive how they could have been conveyed and placed, and who could have had sufficient power to shape them, seeing that among these people there are so few tools. Some of these stones are of a width of twelve feet and more than twenty long, others are thicker than a bullock. All the stones are laid and joined with such delicacy that a rial could not be put in between two of them."

[@heisag]

@@WorldofAntiquity This thread would be nice to have stickied for a little while. It answers some, but not all, question i see a lot of in the comment section.

[@TonyTrupp]

I just read this alleged section in Cieza De Leon’s Chronicles of Peru (referring to the original commenter’s claim). It’s specifically referring to Tiwanaku and Puma Punka at the southern end of lake titicaca, not the Inca attributed sites. Archeologists do also agree that Tiwanaku was an older civilization, so that doesn’t conflict with anything being presented in this Sacsayhuaman video, which is Inca, not Tiwanaku. Tiwanaku has a very different architectural style, lacking the trapazodal doors and windows, more rectangular cuts, and using more complex joints. I also haven’t seen any evidence that the inca ever occupied or built upon that pre-existing tiwanaku site.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

@@TonyTrupp He literally says the fortress is at Cusco.

[@BongoFerno]

This video is so great that you can't possibly had made it. You found it in an archeological excavation, built by an ancient civilization, who had long time lost video technologies, out of our understanding.

[@pcatful]

He just crudely added his image and voice to the ancient video.

[@Rando_Shyte]

Lol

[@aaronh1372]

Out of our understanding for origins of aliens

[@annafox7474]

@@BongoFerno 😂

[@moerakibeachbumb]

the skills of those ancient tradesmen are humbling and impressive.

[@mikedrop4421]

That's why all this lost ancient high tech civilization BS being peddled by people selling books, running youtube channels and selling tours are so offensive. If I busted my back shaping a block by hand and someone claimed I used a huge power saw or alien laser technology I'd be pissed.

[@MaryAnnNytowl]

@@mikedrop4421 I agree 100% It's downright demeaning to their skills!

[@michaelmoorrees3585]

@@mikedrop4421 - Yep, the Inca craftsmen & engineers, were very capable. Its an insult to dismiss their accomplishments. Ancients, of all cultures, were smart cookies. Even in the modern era, I see too many dependent on 3D printers and CNC machines. They've lost the skill of using hand tools. Your best tool is one between your ears.

[@mixer6166]

@@mikedrop4421 I’m trying to decide if I would take it as an insult or a compliment. What sounds better? Hey you cut that block perfectly square with a saw! Well, actually I used a rock. Hey you cut that block perfectly square with a rock! Well, actually I used a saw.

[@mikedrop4421]

@@mixer6166 well I guess it's a compliment in that they think it must have been done with power tools but it's insulting that they don't think the people who performed the job were capable of producing such quality work.

[@oldschool1993]

I thought that perhaps these stones already were a perfect fit before they arrived at the site. Imagine a quarry where the cutters follow some natural fractures in the face of the rock and chisel fracture lines along those natural lines, then they begin the quarrying from above to shear off a section of the rock face. As the rock face falls, the stones break along the chiseled fracture lines and you end up with a bunch of stones that fit back together like puzzle pieces. Once moved to the site you only need to fit the blocks that meet up with the prior course and the rest just stack back in place the way they broke off the quarry wall. Once stacked up your finishers come along and clean up the face to a uniform style.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Interesting idea!

[@errolpippin6036]

Wow I literally just thought of that today,I said to myself ,it's probably the most simplest solution,and usually is ,so that is actually what I thought,I believe you are one hundred percent right,they key for me was the word puzzle.

[@VeronicaGorositoMusic]

Yes, I thought of that method. First getting the cuts in the quarry, transporting the pieces, and make them fit exactly as they were before the cuts.

[@stevev6002]

Be interested to look at an entire wall to see if obvious lines exist that indicate a break in continuous source stone

[@RodriguezFazanatas]

Never heard this one! Somebody should really look into it.

[@fecalmatter4195]

I'm fascinated by this I'm a builder/chippy and have worked sandstone I believe this is the hardest and surprisingly most stable possible way to build a wall. The fact that these blocks can weigh over a hundred tonnes makes this infinitely more difficult. I'm not a stone mason by any means but have built sandstone walls (softstone). Used diamond steel power saws to cut and it wasn't a walk in the park. Of course I used mortar I'm just in awe of these ancient master stone masons it's like they were showing off an engineering feat.

[@deandeann1541]

My understanding is that the great amount of labor needed to build these stone walls was well understood, thus the walls were an obvious demonstration of the power of the ruler that had them built, and were likely considered good propaganda.

[@hizurumegumi5727]

Me too i agree

[@yevgenchuk]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJ-on42Np7tsqqMsi=4RBkgesGRx6leJjp

[@nexpro6985]

@World Of Antiquity before I discovered your channel and other realist channels I had come to the conclusion that polygonal masonry is how you get the strongest and biggest wall for the least amount of work. Our ancestors were just as smart as us. Drag all the largest stones you can find to the site or an area near the quarry. Spend some time arranging them on the ground (imagine the wall laid flat on the ground) until an arrangement with the minimum amount of gaps is found. Proceed from there. I really appreciate your presentations. There are all too many self-appointed experts claiming advanced technologies and civilizations. Keep up the good work.

[@garfieldisgod]

I firmly believe that polygonal masonry was builders in antiquity answer to earthquakes. Regular blocks just got tossed around in an earthquake; but irregular shaped blocks, tightly fitted, had a better chance of surviving tectonic movement. Big, heavy, multiple shapes tightly fitted, was their engineering guess at stability. Look at how many remain when the colonnades and regular blocks are all strewn about ancient sites, but most of the polygonal walls remain.

[@bobwilson7684]

this is how your comment starts " I firmly believe...." that is your science and evidence, solid beliefs....

[@shaolin1derpalm]

Well I mean the EVIDENCE is there. No EVIDENCE of ancient advanced civilizations.

[@dgafbrapman688]

you have to ask why they went through all that trouble unless they wanted to make it last tens of thousands of years

[@bobwilson7684]

@@shaolin1derpalm this bald game of words is dead

[@floridaman4073]

@@dgafbrapman688 , why is because of the cost of reconstruction. They wanted to make sure their time, labour wasn’t wasted. Think of maximizing investment.

[@bogieviews]

Having been to Peru several times, and once on the east side of the Andes, what really impressed me was that there are stone walls and stone terracing all over the place. There must have been masonry teaching for hundreds of years. Stone shaping schools, maybe.

[@warrendourond7236]

Indeed!

[@WildAlchemicalSpirit]

I was impressed with that, too. It blew me away.

[@chriscaahbaugh2246]

We still do this today in the U.S.... However the megalithic style sizes very few know the old ways in them cause the cost to produce is monumental... I got lucky almost 45 years ago cause my great grand father and grandfather taught me well

[@chuckdeuces911]

@@chriscaahbaugh2246 you're literally saying the same thing this guy is saying... so you're saying that in 1000 BCE, if those dates are true, those people had more wealth and time than future generations did to waste time building buildings that they could have very easily done much more easily? That's the argument I'm hearing, the very first argument. There's so much wrong with that, it's counterintuitive to mainstream thinking and it runs parallel with 'pseudoscience' which is funny because isn't that what you all are? Anti pseudo science?

[@keirfarnum6811]

That’s the thing. Ancient peoples were master stone workers. They developed techniques we haven’t even begun to think of. Necessity is the mother of invention. The only stone works that really, really intrigue me are the regular, repeating stone blocks at Puma Punku. I would really like to know what techniques were used for that.

[@shaunmadden545]

I love that I finally found this, the 'possible' answer to how they carved the stones to fit so perfectly. People have been amazing for 100,000 years and we shouldn't just say it was aliens and dismiss there skills and efforts. The strength and smarts of 1000s of men should never be under estimated.

[@shaolin1derpalm]

Plus the need to survive.

[@newjerseyjustin]

No one said aliens specifically. I think some form of forgotten knowledge our ancestors may have possessed is more logical.

[@shaolin1derpalm]

@@newjerseyjustin but everyone cherry picks from various sources and intentionally leaves it ambiguous just so they can bitch about "main stream narrative".

[@getredytagetredy]

it's hidden in plain sight just like the rest of the things we can't figure out...

[@getredytagetredy]

go to Roger Spurr's Mud fossil University to find out how they carved the mud fossils into shapes.

[@larrys9879]

I love history. Your channel has become my go to place for the truth. It’s refreshing to find a historian that sticks to the real historical facts. The term “advanced technology” is relative to the period of time being referenced as well as the context in which the term “advanced technology” is being used. At one time in history the bow and arrow would have been classified as “advanced technology”.

[@PictishGrappling]

Advanced technology refers to anything that is very difficult to recreate. You show a bow and arrow to a native tribe living on an island and they will easily re-create this. You show them a wall made of polygonal stones crafted from basalt or granite (Stones harder than steel) weighing in excess of 50 tons and ask them to repeat the same task, they could spend the next ten generations and not accomplish this. You need to understand just how hard it is to carve such tons that rank at 6/7 on the mohs scale. Silly argument you made.

[@L.Pondera]

​@@PictishGrappling you can go outside right now, and with an abrasive material like sand of equal or greater hardness and a copper tool, carve these very stones. It would take a long time, but imagine if there were hundreds of you doing this. It's not absurd or impossible. It was done, and you can do it too. In fact, if all you science deniers worked together, you could build the pyramids right now. Or possibly debunk science by testing the theory they have and proven them wrong.

[@50megatondiplomat28]

As a former stoneworker who later went into engineering, I can think of one way that they might have done it that would have been relatively quick and easy. When I put in a slab of stone to walk on or to make a wall look nice, there are some occasions where I can avoid using the tape measure and still achieve a very tight and precise fit. One of those methods I can use is scribing. Now Scribing isn't going to work here, not without lifting an enormous stone, over and over, but I still want to transfer those exact curves and dimensions to my next piece. So I can probably take either paper or a strong, flat leaf, even cheap cloth. I have my friends place it up to my piece I need to match on the left, my bottom interface, and my right interface and they hold it flat. I may even use a clamping frame to make sure it stays flat enough. I can then use a sharp knife to cut along the edges that I have to meet. Now I can take my perfectly sized cut-out and trace around it onto my new stone. If I did everything right, we lift the new piece right up and slide it in, and the Inca King doesn't let the Jaguar Knight capture me and sacrifice me to the rain-god. All is well in my world until the Spanish come.

[@bouipozz]

Did the Spanish force you into being an engineer?

[@kateapple1]

@@bouipozz this entire 11,000 comment section is so full of weird comments like this I don’t know if you’re being serious or making a joke 😂

[@kateapple1]

Thank you for this

[@johnquintana7276]

I agree

[@andrewmole745]

Actually, scribing is the method that is explained in this video. I recommend watching it to the end.

[@MadnessMotorcycle]

You had me at Sacsayhuaman. I have just recently read Hiram Bingham's books on Peru and the Inca. Excellent questions by the way. Thanks for taking the time to discuss. This is a great channel.

[@rosetownstumpcity]

i found this channel fairly recently and I feel so lucky that I did. Such a great wealth of knowledge, interesting topics, and trustworthy research. Thank you for the effort that goes into these videos just for the benefit of the viewer

[@chuckdeuces911]

Why do you say all of that? Why is it trustworthy? He's saying the same things that everyone else says other than a very small group of alt history people? Why are you so lucky? Were you really agonizing over this question? This channel feels a lot like a ' I believe everything MSM says and now I need a binky so I feel comfortable, Momma'.... are you in a safe place now?

[@doomoo5365]

We should be able to date sediments to carbon-14 dating and find out when they were abandoned if we can find spots that aren't contaminated with more recent deposits

[@McShag420]

Is it?

[@tpxchallenger]

@@doomoo5365 They have done exactly that. Carbon 14 dating of material from between the stones at Sascayhuaman indicates they were built around 1200 CE during the Killke period, just before the Inca. This is what the Incans told the Spanish.

[@yevgenchuk]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJ-on42Np7tsqqMsi=4RBkgesGRx6leJjp

[@mightyoaks77]

I read the title of the video and then at 17:00 the expert says "the answers to allot of these questions we just don't know" now I don't subscribe to conspiracies and I'm not completely sold the idea of an ancient advanced civilization either but, i think this term needs clarification, it doesn't automatically mean computers and flying cars but we are talking about people with the same intellectual capacity as us being able to excel in all sorts of different area's. Now this does fascinate me and there are examples all over the world of seemingly impossible artefacts, temples, carvings, buildings, desert formations and many many more things that could be considered to have come from advanced civilizations. They exist therefore there was a creative process and that's what fascinates me, and polygonal masonry is one of these subjects and although this guy put forward some good ideas, he openly tells us that allot of the questions about construction they just don't know. So I don't think we can say with any degree of confidence "how they did it" just yet.

[@jamisojo]

Dante, if you look at that 17 minute comment, He was referring directly to a small detail of what was being discussed. Specifically: Did they take the rough stones they pulled out of the ground and bring them to the work site or did they cut off what they could beforehand? You could do it either way. It is not an important question here. 😁 How were these walls built? He explains how they could be built and none of it sounds impossible. Therefore, it is a much better answer than a mysterious older civilization that we have no evidence of.

[@alexr1934]

Can't believe I found this video randomly at 2:35am. What an amazing piece of scholarship.

[@chrismalcomson7640]

I would guess if you spent your entire day scribing and cutting these stones you'd become a master at it. Also the stones seem to have a certain level of finish on them at the joints so this would make the scribing and fitting much easier.. I heard a very good theory for the knobs you see on some of these stones. They were used in the quarrying process to fracture stone slabs at the desired point. When they freed a huge slab and it crashed to the ground these knobs would work much like the reverse of wedges, using the weight of the stone to get the desired fracture.. Best theory I've heard so far...

[@DavidHoshor]

Thank you for posting this video. I've watched dozens of videos that ascribe the Peruvian ruins to more ancient civilizations, aliens, etc. It's good to see a video that offers explanations for the Inca building skills that don't rely on such fanciful reasoning. Vincent Lee may not be entirely right, but I think he's on the right track.

[@salamanca1954]

You don't have jack squat.

[@FirstnameLastname-bn4gv]

@@salamanca1954 He never made any such claim. Your reply makes no sense.

[@goldenduck854]

What explanations? lol

[@podemosurss8316]

Hi. I remember visiting an archeological site in which there was a bridge made using a similar method to that you describe: the blocks were designed in a way such that they supported each other, without need for concrete. Greetings from Granada, Spain, a province where you can find a lot of Neolithic and Ancient archeologic sites.

[@yevgenchuk]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJ-on42Np7tsqqMsi=4RBkgesGRx6leJjp

[@TSZatoichi]

Google Maps, Saqsaywaman - 13°30'21.3"S 71°58'53.2"W - Look around in street view where I dropped the pin, I don't think this is the area Mr. Lee was talking about as the quarry, but if you zoom in you can clearly see some places where stone was removed. There's an excellent drone shot of the site at the center of the round structure to the south of where I dropped the pin. On a side note, can someone please strap a camera to their back and make a more thorough walking tour of this site? Ollantaytambo - 13°15'25.8"S 72°15'58.0"W - Thank you Mr. Lee for bringing this extraordinary place to my attention. This whole area is littered with sites, just look around the map for clusters of picture dots in street view. Took a while, but I finally found the quarries Mr. Lee was talking about (I was looking to close to town.) - 13°16'11.4"S 72°17'46.6"W - Unfortunately, not enough people have uploaded pictures of this place to explore it in more detail. FYI, Machu Picchu - 13°09'47.6"S 72°32'42.4"W - This is the kind of walking tour I'd like to see in more of these ancient sites.

[@thefunkosaurus]

Check out Brien Forester, and UnchartedX on KZbin. Lots of imagery.

[@ritaandcharlescorley5668]

I can see a lot of work went into this answer and by interviewing this expert you are in essence creating a historical document. This so important work you are doing and highly impressive. Your work and channel are both informative and vital to bringing this knowledge into a more accessible format that works strongly against the tide of misinformation. Thank you so much

[@DocBree13]

I agree!

[@yevgenchuk]

​@@DocBree13kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJ-on42Np7tsqqMsi=4RBkgesGRx6leJjp

[@AwesomeJerkface]

Finally all of my questions are being answered. Thank you so much for taking the time to share this information with those of us unable to pursue these subjects in an academic setting.

[@AwesomeJerkface]

@@tilleryinnovations592 it’s still an answer, even if you don’t like it.

[@AwesomeJerkface]

@@tilleryinnovations592 capitalism bro. Do you want to pay a bunch of dudes to roll rocks down a hill and then alternate bashing them with a rock or holding a stick, plus the whole “log scaffold” deal for sliding the block into place. Imagine the hazard pay for the guy doing the chipping work under the rocks before they were set.

[@AwesomeJerkface]

@@tilleryinnovations592 bro, you can totally use rocks to break rocks. Every little kid has done it.

[@mikecassidy1623]

@@AwesomeJerkface Haha you have as many answers as the guy in the video. 0.

[@AwesomeJerkface]

@@mikecassidy1623 bro, it’s not our fault you came to this channel hoping for a story about aliens. They’re are a ton of unhinged channels out there where you can learn all about alternative hypotheses. You don’t see us in the comment section of your videos expecting more grounded explanations.

[@bobman3388]

Rock solid vid Professor also big thanks to Vincent Lee, so privileged to hear him speak. PS: Has anyone noticed the world famous handbag on the Wizard/foreman's arm in the pulling the rock drawing 18.28?

[@Moontanthefirst]

Good spot! Also, what do the arrow-like symbols all around the base mean? An attempt to indicate some upward force maybe?

[@eternalinternalinfernal7839]

notice how your comment isnt hearted lol

[@Adamas7]

"Rock solid" .Pun intended? Lol

[@donlitos]

Hello. These are actually bags, yes, but there is no mystery. They were used for the Inca to carry the precious and most sacred of all Coca leaves. Still used today exact same size and design. The Assyrian 'Anunnaki bags' however are actually small buckets or containers to carry water. It gets pretty hot there! This is identified written on stele in Akkadian and they have been found by archeologist. - 7th generation Peruvian

[@chuckleezodiac24]

It's not a handbag or man-purse. It's a European carryall.

[@jimgrant4578]

I've tried finding information on how these stone structures were made, and usually run into wild theories involving lasers or ESP. It's refreshing to see actual SCIENCE on KZbin. Thanks a lot!

[@MarkJones-fx8id]

They didn't actually do science. They didn't make a thing. Only drawings and theory. Good science is reproducible.

[@S....]

And they lie. They lie about precision, weight, materials, etc. bluntly ignoring some of the actual proof we have.

[@DeathDwells]

@jimgrant4578 you found theories wich is what science is....

[@Messi-rw9ng]

​​@DeathDwells Theories that were not made using the scientific method or theories drawn incorrectly. Anyone can come up with a theory about something but not everyone can back those theories up scientifically or have arrived at that theory in an empirical way. Just because it's a "theory" doesn't mean it is scientific

[@oscresson]

Vincent Lee shows us how he thought through these problems, it didn't all come to him at once. Thanks for introducing us to this remarkable person. One detail about his comment, "I found Inca plumb bobs, they have them all over the place" (36:30). Those could also be weaving weights that hold down warp threads in a vertical loom. The Incas were great weavers.

[@rschultz9492]

You Sir, are one of the best nerds/geeks (high compliment ) the world was ever lucky enough to be graced with. Cheers.

[@Kinghobbe]

This is such a well thought out explanation by Mr Lee and makes total sense........I particularly loved the wooden poles being jammed under the famous 'knobs' (the smaller protuberances that stuck out from the stone faces) as I have wondered for decades what possible function could be applied to them. Great interview, nothing better than seeing a person being asked questions and have someone actually listen to the whole answer and coming out with a subsequent further question for a change. The use of polygonal masonry seems to be about familiarity with the techniques over many generations and simply being really good at knowing what they wanted and how to achieve it.

[@andreaarchaeology]

I love that you're covering this topic! Another great video.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Thank you!

[@naguszed]

I enjoyed your video but still have questions. Has either Sacsayhuaman or Ollantaytamboever been dated using thermoluminescence? Ollantaytambo is on the top of a steep mountain. Did they really drag those huge stones to the top? I'm intrigued by the idea of the nubs serving a purpose of holding stones in place above their final position so workers can work the stones below, but there's no consistent pattern to them at those two sites. It would be a lot of additional work to relief carve the front of the stones to have nubs-that is hammer away everything off the front except the nub- in additional to the other hammering they had to do to make the stones interlock. Then there's the question of if they quarried all stones to have nubs, and then why some nubs remained. I will check out your links. Thank you

[@thesaneparty4079]

Interesting theory with the scribe stick- it made me think of an easier way using the same general idea- why couldn't they plan the entire wall and lay the stones on the ground roughly in the orientation of the wall with the faces pointed up and enough space to work the scribe. You could shape the entire wall without suspending any stones, and then just assemble the pieces like a puzzle when done.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Not a bad idea!

[@stridersmythe8860]

I think that is likely how it was done, wooden templates at that size not likely.

[@abcfavorites]

Clear evidence from the bulging and impression left on all four sides (when you remove a stone block) that they factually built these walls with the assistance of gravity to seal it tight. Please, visit these sites first, then offer your theories.

[@stridersmythe8860]

@@abcfavorites your not clear in your statements, learn English then offer your theories.

[@abcfavorites]

@@stridersmythe8860 it's you're, not your haha

[@olybears57]

When Vincent was talking about drag roads- it made me think of my experience building trails in the backcountry with hand tools. We sourced our lumber from fallen logs in the surrounding woods and often had to move the material quite a ways to our build site. We set up “skid paths” with long wooden runners. We would push and pull the large slabs of wood along those runners which reduced the friction on the slab and made it significantly easier to move. I’ve never seen it proposed- but what if these skid roads were lined with partially buried logs as rails- and even potentially greased with animal fat. It would have made the stones significantly easier to move as you’re only dragging along a few narrow points of contact rather than having the stone digging into the dirt.

[@walterulasinksi7031]

There is a reason that we have what is called the”Stone Age”. Stone is the first material that hominids would have had direct contact and curiosity about. Things about stone were first discovered by accident but that did not preclude hoinids from remembering and oassing the knowledge along. Even figuring out that a wedge shaped piece of rock scree placed in a natural fracture can cause the stone to break, becomes the basis for quarrying and rough shaping of stone. Ancient man began to read the veining in hard stone realizing it could fracture along the vein if struck by a stone at least as hard as the stone itself. Another thing that would have been learned initially by accident is that if a stone is heated, then quickly cooled with water, it will naturally fracture. This can be aided by incising a line on a stone faces before heating. Such methods can then give a rough dressed dimension even for monumental stone. That the edges of the stones were rounded off would indicate that the stones could also be rolled in transport while being dragged. A rolling method would be especially helpful when moving a large stone up any incline, apart from that the edges would not dig into the ground with excessive friction. Since we don’t have access to all the sides of these stones, it is unknown how much prefabrication dressing the stones underwent at the quarry sites. However, since is the evidence of concave rounding, then the basic scribing methods could work for most joinery including bed joints to be done on the ground then rechecked using the support methods described by Lee. An entire wall could be laid out in a a quarry staging site and basically dressed while lying on the backs of the wall stones. In this manner, it can be much like fabrication methods still used today in scenic shops. Where individual parts are constructed in sections and pre fitted, then only the connective adjacent piece is required to insure the correct fitting to the next section. This method is used for irregular shapes that maybe desired by a designer/ architect. And is used especially when the design of any kind is to be erected in a space much larger than the shop/ staging space.

[@davidhathaway3369]

THE STONE AGE WAS THE RESULT OF AN ANCIENT CATACLYSM THAT SENT US INTO CAVES,,,,,THAT IS WHAT THE STONE AGE IS

[@walterulasinksi7031]

@@davidhathaway3369 that environmental changes and cataclysms advanced hominids along, is not the direct reason for the the curiosity and experimentation that resulted in the stone hand axe. While it was most likely accidental that hominids found naturally sharp stone edges, it took the power of their minds to figure out how to recreate them. Such flint knapping goes back well over a hundred thousand years.

[@antoningarcic471]

After this catastrophe, nothing was left of the established civilization, only what was made of stone.

[@kevincrady2831]

While the idea of a Lost Ancient High Technology civilization has a lot of appeal in the Indiana Jones movie sense, there's a lot to be said for brilliant Inca master stonemasons doing "the impossible" with simple tools and massive ingenuity. Though the LAHT hypothesis does deny them the credit they deserve, I imagine they would also be flattered that members of a future civilization capable of landing people on the Moon and building self-driving cars would look at their work and believe that only people more advanced still could do what they did.

[@donwarner6925]

In essence, aren’t you describing a lost ancient high technology? It’s not some that’s easily done with today’s advancements. And self-driving cars are some time away from being a reality on public roads with a large portion of the population having access to them. Sort of like flying cars. The engineering involved in both endeavors is quite large.

[@mixer6166]

@@donwarner6925 I believe I am suggesting the difference between skill and high technology. Skilled artists and tradesmen did and still do amazing things that seem impossible to those without the skills. Our ancestors were really smart and creative with what they had and we should give them more credit.

[@chriscaahbaugh2246]

Well said... I been smashing stone over 44 years now...this stuff is simple if you work with it... People just dont have the money it takes to make them as often except for the super well off...

[@sportsfix6975]

@@donwarner6925 just hope that flying car doesn't stall! Lol

[@kmaher1424]

Indiana Jones would not have cared for Ancient High Tech, denying the skills of human beings. Especially humans with darker skins. Sounds like the N*zis and their Ancient Aryans. And you know Indiana always found those mooks annoying...

[@zenolachance1181]

It's amazing the things that were accomplished before KZbin videos occupied all our time

[@QUIRK1019]

Sometimes I wish I could give your videos more than one "like" because they deserve it. I've been very lucky to have visited Saqsayhuaman, Ollantaytambo, and Machu Picchu three times each and they are awe inspiring. And, for me and a lot of people, part of that wonder comes from the sheer amount of labor it took to produce them. Just like marveling at the tiny details of an ornate cathedral, it's like you can feel the weight of all that work. I think supernatural explanations actually lack imagination, and it takes real creativity on the part of Vincent Lee and others to find real answers

[@phantomwalker8251]

the people there say they dont know who built them, &, it was abandoned when they got there with mass destruction,, so,the flood was 12,000 yrs ago, this is when it was abandoned. this guy talks nothing but modern mainstream bs. to hide the truth & confuse you even more.. as a fact, the biggest crane today can lift 600 ton,,but not transport it, what does that tell you.. if your brainwashed,,nothing..

[@QUIRK1019]

@@phantomwalker8251 No, the people there do not say this, because like I said, I've been there myself. You don't even know how to spell.

[@petersmillie7297]

great Israeli bot answer so obvious

[@rasmokey4]

The simplest explanation is the best explanation!

[@funkoxen]

Giants?

[@DavidBalinsky]

Would love to have heard you address the carved bedrock at this site as well as the Inca work on top of the polygonal masonry (not just the modern repairs) having been to the site, to me, it appears that there are three distinct forms of stone work here. The carved bedrock is incredibly weathered, sometimes these massive stones are fractured or even flipped over. The polygonal Stone often is built around the carved bedrock protecting and supporting it and the small stones with mortar common to all Inca sites are always on top of the polygonal. I make no claims to when any of these were done, but the assumption that they were all by the same builders within a few hundred years seems an incredible leap to me. Everyone has ancestors.

[@sfjarhead4062]

Polygonal lesbian masonry... not being straight 🤔 Sounds bout right. *Sorry, my inner 10 year old came out.

[@salinagrrrl69]

Thanx for the laff.

[@moerakibeachbumb]

hahahahahaha!

[@JT_Soul]

Great topic! Looking forward to watching this one when I get home tonight. I was lucky enough to visit Peru in my early 20s and was amazed by the beautiful masonry (amongst other things).

[@erz3030]

Why on Earth are videos like this so few and far between?? This is my new favorite channel (and I'm a follower of many alternate ancient lost civilization hypotheses proponents - Carlson, Hancock etc). I care most about what's actually true. Thank you for doing these! Subbed

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Thanks, and welcome!

[@shaolin1derpalm]

Because when logical explanation are put forward, people say " these explanations are unacceptable".

[@MrDOB1000]

What is actually true is based on politics, because discovering the real truth is very dangerous.

[@shaolin1derpalm]

@@MrDOB1000 I don't think so handsome. How shit was built millennia ago has no bearing on anything. It literally has no effect in infrastructure. It would actually be very profitable for a business to cash in on the ability, profitable for the gov't (taxes on said business) and from a nationalist point of view (reviving old customs)

[@jamisojo]

@@MrDOB1000 people are discovering the truth all the time and I don't think it's very dangerous. What exactly could possibly be dangerous about it?

[@jakobfromthefence]

This interview is pure admiration and respect for the people who built the monuments. I love it.

[@Spielkalb-von-Sparta]

That was brilliant! Thanks a lot to getting Vincent on board! Much appreciated!

[@funvee]

I absolutely loved the part with Vincent Lee!! I would love to see someone do some experimental archaeology testing his scribe methods so we could finally move on from the crazies that have aliens and magicians building everything in the old world. 🕵️‍♂️🤙

[@Kinetic-Energy117]

I never heard of this guy... His reference was a picture of a man standing on a stone wrapped in a rope implying it was pulled by men? Then, he said stone hammers quarried the megalithic stones? What? Pseudo! Shame on yall...this information is juvenile and erroneous! Your freedom is to post what you want and my freedom is to stop by and tell people who are subscribing to this nonsense it's narrative only and lacks first hand research!

[@eddietheunggoyslayer3904]

@@Kinetic-Energy117 What you're saying implies that if you personally don't know a researcher, that means they're not legitimate. A quick Google search of Vincent Lee architect finds him. So I can only assume you either font have Google where you're from or you didn't look him up.

[@doctorspockARTS]

@@Kinetic-Energy117 He explained it better than anybody else has. I’ve seen all the other videos. They never say how they thought it was done just that it couldn’t have been done. How do you suggest they did it?

[@doctorspockARTS]

@@Kinetic-Energy117 This guy worked on the site. It is the definition of first hand research. He actually woke up, went to these sites, looked at the evidence on hand, and him and his coworkers came to the best conclusion they could think of. ...his explanation ends the debate for me. The Inca pulled those stones and drank corn beer.

[@thatguyronwaiters6485]

Lol yeah we’re the smart ones.aliens built our planet 👀

[@walterulasinksi7031]

At sites such as Machu Picchu although the terraces were built from the base upwards, the major quarry was at the top of the mountain. And the scree along with the dressed stones were lowered down to their final positions. There are still pieces of unfinished large stonework atop the site. If one wanted to, it could probably be determined the original height of the mountain that was topped to create this site. It shows the creative nature that humans have to devise such a plan and it backs up my solution to the rebuilding of New Orleans after Katrina when I was saying, “ Tear down a mountain”. The Inca proved it could be done.

[@refoliation]

I’d much rather be ‘Piphysus’ than Sisyphus - eternally rolling a stone *down* a hill sounds like a much better detail than pushing it uphill 🤔

[@MyMy-tv7fd]

I am sticking with the magic and cyclopean giants theory, I saw it in a film

[@mikedrop4421]

Alien lasers and levitation technology is what I heard myself

[@slyaspie4934]

I think we can all agree it was the cyclopean giants from the inner earth, using alien technology to try and trick us into believing that the earth isn't flat and wasn't actually made by bigfoot and chupacabra for their reptilian overlords in the illuminati 😂

[@jaymevosburgh3660]

@@slyaspie4934 I believe you. Cyclopsacabra or what ever. With lasers. *edit* typos

[@slyaspie4934]

@@jaymevosburgh3660 is to much ask for some cyclopsacabra with freakin' laser beams 😂

[@lancemillward1912]

Definitely giant children playing with play dough

[@j.c.3800]

I returned from my tours overseas during the Viet Nam war with an interest in studying Anthropology. Anthropology had two enduring theories. One was that much could be learned about prehistoric humans by studying primitive tribes living in modern times, the other was a belief in uniformitarianism....that things have changed slowly overtime in the same way. However, the evidence for highly constructed sites dating way back in time, and evidence of worldwide catastrophes has challenged those theories. It is time to take the evidence for both seriously and not just build on peer reviewed theories of the past.

[@ChadDidNothingWrong]

You’re a good scientist. Straightforward, restrained, and non-condescending to amateur/enthusiasts, etc. ….but especially the way you avoid stating the ideas you believe in terms of absolute certainty/truth, and instead in terms of the odds/likelihood/how convinced you are. That’s what proper science looks like.👍 I just believe in science that the specific language used is important.

[@bedofromkokstad9034]

I find it interesting when people question that large stones were moved by man power. I designed and built my Japanese garden myself and some large stones were involved. Japanese gardening and stone craft books give really interesting tips on how to move and place large stones. Through trial and error, I've found that pushing or pulling or tipping them upright, so that the smallest surface area is touching the ground, then "walking" them (leaning then turning them) to where they need to go, is pretty easy. My daughter (11) and I (a woman) did it ourselves. I'm a scientist, so I gauge the mechanics first (surfaces over which it has to move, distance, what obstacles are in the way, which side "step" to start with, what side must face which direction when I get there, etc.), put on gloves, and do it. It's really just more physics than elbow grease. 😁

[@GaryMalcolm]

Walking them up mountains. Across river valleys. Sure. More handwaving.

[@VF7777-j5k]

Japanese garden…. Hahaha this is hilarious! Elbow grease, sure buddy.

[@victorhopper6774]

@@GaryMalcolm the stone can in a way become its own lever.

[@yevgenchuk]

​@@VF7777-j5kkzbin.info/www/bejne/bJ-on42Np7tsqqMsi=4RBkgesGRx6leJjp

[@Nockturnmortem]

Thank you for that. I'm so tired of that people that say "Incas didn't build those walls" without having any knowledge on the Inca first. Great job.

[@McShag420]

I mean, historical accounts back up the Inca saying they didn't build them. To this day, many Incan ancestors still deny they were the builders.

[@newjerseyjustin]

There’s no way the Inca people moved these megaliths 3 miles from the quarries with nothing but ropes and “dragging them on the ground” without anything else. impossible. Face the fact that these were not made by who we think. Just dragging them he says. 🤡 Case closed we know how they did it they just dragged them 😂

[@Jonnygurudesigns]

@@newjerseyjustin ok, so how did they do it?

[@jamisojo]

@@newjerseyjustin prove that they didn't drag them. Your imagination based opinion isn't sufficient evidence that it isn't possible.

[@thomashenderson3901]

@World of Antiquity I'm so glad I found this. I was getting very close to setting up my own channel specifically to demonstrate how this masonry technique could practically be done. There is so much utter nonsense on youTube with people making wild and absurd guesses as to how they did it, it really needs to be batted back with quality content like this. Vincent Lee is an absolute treasure. P.S. If anyone fancies sponsoring me to do this practically, I am game!

[@keirfarnum6811]

Just gotta start making videos. Go for it.

[@thomashenderson3901]

@@keirfarnum6811 Thanks, I might just have to! Expect dodgy camera work and poorly scripted sentences at a minimum...

[@thomashenderson3901]

@@tilleryinnovations592 True enough. Will have to find a site and or willing quarry to go and have a play. I did wonder about starting with cobbles or something just as a test but I suspect you only really find out the real issues when dealing with bigger stones.

[@thomashenderson3901]

@@tilleryinnovations592 Ok, sounds like a plan.

[@thomashenderson3901]

@@tilleryinnovations592 Plus, I think you obviously failed to take in the information presented in this video, the technique is quite clear. L shaped joints are the backbone of the technique...anyway, susbcribe to my channel and keep an eye out for my dazzling new video!

[@almitrahopkins1873]

The only reason for geoplastic material shaped that way is if they knew the shape stood up to earthquakes, but they lacked enough cut stone to fit. But that would create a mix of stone and geoplastic concrete in the walls. The geoplastic material would also adhere to one another, so it wouldn’t flex and resettle in an earthquake. It’s a excellent puzzle, isn’t it? I look forward to seeing more about this in the future. Something occurs to me in watching this. If the stones were dragged and they showed sign of being dragged, the workers cutting them to fit may have noticed it and worked out how to friction-cut them. That solves the question of how they figured out how to do that, which has been bugging me for years. As to the templates, mud made out of river silt could give a perfect image of what the stone being placed needs to be shaped to match. With the right clay and sand mixture, it would probably hold the shape but not adhere to the surface. When you’re done with the mold, drop it into water to use it again on the next stone. Anyone capable of making pottery could do it. I love it. There’s not a single alien in sight. It can all be done by men who knew how to work with what they had available to them.

[@ronniesunshine1115]

Thank you Dr. Miano for this interview. It's good to hear an expert , rather than the fantastical interpretations and speculations of the Lost Civilization or Ancient Alien theorists. Good to know that people can accomplish amazing things, with simple tools, enough people, the know-how, and motivation to do so.

[@markrymanowski719]

He's lying. Other researchers into thesr stones do practical, not fantastical. If you want fantastical, check out the "expert" "opinion" on Mayan pyramid building. They say the Mayans built those pyramids 500 ce, when they had the technology to do so. The Mayans laugh at the thought of it. There is no Mayan record of pyramid building. The Mayans say they arrived there 1,500bce and made use of the pyramids which were there and built thousands of years earlier. That's pseudo science. People who speak the truth from much research are regarded by the mainstream as psuedo scientists. The reason they say that is because that's exactly what they are themselves. They are forced to lie about the past or they'll lose their tenure. By the way, there are no experts regarding polygonal walls. They are a mystery to all of us.

[@yorkshirepudding9860]

Great video. Thank you for bringing us such an interesting expert. I enjoyed Mr Lee's explanation of his ideas very much. I was particularly interested in his idea that the Inca chose to leave their stones unadorned because they liked them the way they were. It sounds like they had a love and appreciation for nature that they built into their work.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

He has a real appreciation for the site!

[@MarkVrem]

The stone wall. The Incas did do lots and lots of stone carvings elsewhere, as did the Mayans, and others. But it just creates more questions, like did it have to be a religious place to get stone carvings or something, who knows lol.

[@phantomwalker8251]

@@WorldofAntiquity what an absolute load of crock you put out, pumu punku,sits on top,,of a mountain. no stones there. all transported. plus,theres a snake & jaguars paw built into the walls. they didnt pick them up off the ground & fit together like a jigsaw, your fkn mad..if you believe that. id like your wage..ive heard so called phd,doctors of what ever,on ted,x talk for 20 mins all total boys club bs.. & they get paid to do it so they stay in the boys club,,agree or no more grants..answer this,,how did the ancients know about presession,, sit around for thousands of years & record it.. i fkn doubt it.. what about the pyramids in china,that dont exist. or it ruins chinese history.. why are there not hundreds of antikathera mechanisms known about & used world wide. because the aliens left,13,000 yrs ago,& took all there tools & tech with them. fact & period..maybe you need to get off your ass & read up on ancient hindu history.. amongst other civilizations.. they all say the same.. aliens.. when cortez.?. landed in s,america, the natives thought the gods had come back, as they all had beards,, your seriously missing the point,with miss information.

[@bobwilson7684]

@@phantomwalker8251 yup´h....as crazy as it gets.....

[@jamisojo]

@@bobwilson7684 what is your native tongue? It doesn't appear to be English.

[@warrendourond7236]

Great video! I will pass it on to anyone who might be receptive to a theory based on non-fictional reality. Please don’t forget the society that produced these structures. They had no currency. So they valued things based on how much effort it took to acquire that thing. One of their most valuable commodities was spondylus shells…. Because they came from far away, deep out in the ocean, by divers who might take weeks to recover a single shell. Like wise their most sacred structures were built with excruciating time and labour. They also competed to be the clan who moved the biggest stone. And I believe they left the marks in the stones so that future generations could visit the stones and see the marks left by their ancestors endeavours. This is why there is such mythology about these sites today. Because millions of Inca competed to be the ones to move a stone so great, hundreds of years later, people would say it could only be done by aliens.

[@chuckdeuces911]

This is a non sensical statement in itself and against itself. You think a culture that could do this would have that much problem retrieving shells from the sea floor or would even place as much value on them as you are? They wouldn't even value artificial things in that way, they would only value food, family and these buildings. Those shells would be meaningless based on your theory...

[@chuckdeuces911]

Why would or how could such an ancient society waste so much time on things that they would soon give up? He says they stopped building these structures because they weren't as wealthy or educated moving forward... that makes zero sense. So you're telling me that they've been losing 'wealth' ever since? Who knows the truth? Why are you all so certain you think you got it? People are so scared to be wrong or even think that there might have been people before us who failed miserably at a better stage than we are presently in. I think you're scared to even think for yourself.. idk what's right but I do know that science has always been wrong and there have been some incredible wrongs that they killed over for hundreds of years just because it wasn't mainstream belief. Remember they killed people for thinking the earth was round now you same types of people want to kill people for thinking it's flat( which it's not)... Salem witch trials, the earth is the center of the universe, the way electricity flows to your electronics is even wrong as we know it but we still use the archaic electricity terms because we hate to change. Female primates run troops of monkeys not alpha males but even till this day they think it's the other way around across all primates but that's not true... the female matrilineal family runs the troop, ALWAYS...but the observation of certain male behaviors were misunderstood...

[@warrendourond7236]

@@chuckdeuces911 read anything about the Inca. The most precious object to tribute to a god or king was a rare deep ocean shell. An Inca emporer could sacrifice thousands of captured soldiers, tens of thousands of alpaca. When they built Cusco the Emporer called for hundreds of thousands of workers. But despite it all, he might only have seen a few dozen spondylus shells. They were the hardest commodity to acquire. If you learn anything about Peruvian cultures, you’ll discover the spondylus shell was sacred, and precious.

[@jamisojo]

@@warrendourond7236 that is the same reason that we value gold and diamonds. And money for that matter. They are difficult to acquire.

[@DocBree13]

This is absolutely fascinating! I don’t know how I missed this video for a year. I found this to be much more convincing than the geopolymer theory, although that video is interesting, as well.

[@Thelaretus]

Wow, this was a blast! I feel enlightened now; much love from Brazil.

[@CyberdyneSystems435]

I’m glad I just found your KZbin channel! This again proves how much we have forgotten about working with stone.

[@morningvideo]

Great editing in this one. So cool to hear from an expert

[@darthtater4655]

I am completely fascinated by the polygonal masonry. I worked with stone and brick for years. No modern man would be able to make these today. If you’ve never worked/ build with multiple complex angles fitting together with enormous stones. You can explain what books say. You can’t tell me crap till you build me one. Lol great video.

[@S....]

Funny, I have a tombstone made out of hardest granite, with much more complicated shapes than those walls, in all dimensions, and far better precision out of single template, but sure, no one can do that in modern times xD

[@tpxchallenger]

Extremely interesting. Vincent Lee's explanation of how the ancient Peruvians moved their stones I've never heard. Carving a concave bottom so the stone itself acts as a sled. Brilliant.

[@prycenewberg3976]

I really appreciate this video and the honest, no-nonsense attitude with which it was presented.

[@Jthe5th]

I wonder how many people haven't watched the entire video but commented straight away. Fantastic video interview with Vincent Lee, thanks for posting it.

[@BeachbumBrianCampbell]

Great video and great conversation. I still don't feel confident that this explains these sites. I personally believe that they had tools we never found because these sites have long been scavenged. It seems to me there was a bad thing that happened on earth about 20k years ago and humanity was nearly destroyed. These sites and many others under our oceans have the answers but have yet to yield that info. Keeping an open mind and not ignoring the unknown aspects as consequential is our best way forward. At best all we have now is, speculation!

[@kp-legacy-5477]

12k years ago, ydb event

[@oftin_wong]

The speculation is owned by you and others like you...

[@jamisojo]

I thought everything they described sounded simple enough.

[@oftin_wong]

@@jamisojo it is simple, stone masonry techniques haven't changed ..the tools are all still the same, do it for a decade and you'll be as skilled as those guys were

[@L.P.1987]

Las fuentes incas ya no funcionarían si así fuese el caso. Aunque los cronistas SÍ mencionan una herramienta: un guijarro negro que era llamado "hihuana".

[@olorin4317]

GREAT interview. I never seem to hear much about files and rasps when people discuss these tight fitting, irregular shaped stones. That has to be the final step. Get the two stones shaped close with scribing and chiseling. Leave a small gap between them, just enough for the file to fit. Run the file between them, working both stones at the same time. Then, bingo bango bongo, you've got your two tightly fitting finished edges.

[@jackpamperin354]

I agree. I have never seen these sites unfortunately. I am an engineer and a woodworker who builds boats among other things. This presentation, snd your thoughts are definitely on the right track. My boatbuilding skills and techniques led me to believe something similar must have been done to these ancient rocks. I also believe there is MUCH more to be said on the topic!

[@tomknauss570]

They had no steel or iron, no forging or metal casting, they were pre Bronze Age. They had gold and silver because it could be collected and pounded together. They had no wheel, no beast of burden. Rocks that weighed tens of tons, ( this could only be done by grinding the stones against each other, ) it’s hard to believe Indians in animal skins and rough weaving mastered this technology, with hemp rope, and no blocks or tackle, “sticks to scribe lines then pounded with rocks, and used a lever?” IT CANNOT BE DUPLICATED, if so prove it. It’s probably more likely long since extinct civilizations accomplished the task 10’s of thousands of years ago. Where the technology or techniques are long eroded or catastrophically dispersed.

[@mikecassidy1623]

@@tomknauss570 Exacly, all of these things are brushed over..

[@jamisojo]

@@tomknauss570 actually, that's not more likely. The process they describe here is possible and thereforebis much more likely than a civilization that we have no physical evidence of whatsoever. If this fantasy earlier civilization is completely erased from the Earth, why is their wall still here? Fitting some rocks together isn't that hard. You are greatly exaggerating it's difficulty.

[@tomknauss570]

@@jamisojo Percision joining 10 ton stones (mortar less) is very difficult, in a polygonal assembly. Specially by people with barely a written language, or tools, anything less than other stones. But if you must cling to your religious chronology. ( let’s just say such a flaming catastrophe encompassed the planet.....and anything not stone was incinerated.)

[@jeholloway2]

Best video I’ve seen on the subject period.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Aw, thanks!

[@StaggersonJagz]

This channel is truly a treasure.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Aw, thanks!

[@gibbs677bg]

So how did the Inca move these huge 50-100+ ton stones? I didn't hear you address that fact and It can't be overlooked. Eagerly awaiting a reply, will check back often.🙃

[@WorldofAntiquity]

It is answered in the video. The vast majority of the stones are not 50-100 tons, by the way.

[@apocalypze83]

​@WorldofAntiquity what is the average weight of the stones?

[@kevinhylands1575]

An excellent analysis of the subject delivered in a very understable way for the non academic. Look forward to more in the future.

[@doctorspockARTS]

This is the video KZbin was missing. I was starting to believe the alternative theories because they are the only videos on the subject out there. Good Job! ....keep the beard btw

[@MrAnthonyC]

You are better off sticking to what you know. The idea that the ancient Egyptians pounded away at granite to make those PRECISE Boxes and the extremely thin PRECISE vases is absolutely HILARIOUS!

[@S....]

Egyptians actually had advanced bronze and iron tools instead of just rock hammers. And thousands of years before Sacsayhuaman.

[@pfschuyler]

Simple ingenuity and the power of persistence. Brilliant explanation from Mr. Lee.

[@yevgenchuk]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJ-on42Np7tsqqMsi=4RBkgesGRx6leJjp

[@deandeann1541]

The article I read decades ago (and I have never seen reason to doubt the practicality of the method) posited that the extremely heavy stones were shaped as closely as was reasonable, then final and exact fitment was accomplished using the stone's own great weight - a little silica sand was spread upon the surfaces the stone was set on and against, then the stone was slid back and forth until it had ground and polished a perfect fit upon the wall. The next row of stones would polish the upper surfaces of the stones below. Thus it is not necessary to repeatedly lift the heaviest stones to achieve close fitment. There have been excellent theories on how the polygonal cyclopian walls were built for decades, there has never been a need to involve unusual tools or methods, normal human intelligence sufficed. The literature regarding the construction of these walls has not been hidden, but there are some who refuse to look for it, preferring their own unlikely and unsupported ideas.

[@plopdoo339]

I always found it ironic that historians would be so passionate and confident about how a trained civil engineer created their works...🤣🤣

[@rolfmatthijssen3729]

Hello Dr. Miano. I was wondering if you could give me your opinion about elongated skulls and especially the research of Brien Foerster about the topic. Maybe you could make a video about it. Thank you for debunking myths in general. Greetings Rolf Matthijssen.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

I will add it to my list!

[@MrRecklessryan]

Most of what comes out of Briens mouth is BS.

[@ccoodd26]

@@MrRecklessryan Ideas based on evidence is not bullshit. Emotionalism doesn't work and makes your words non credible.

[@MrRecklessryan]

@@ccoodd26 Briens claims are not based on evidence, he is here for one thing $$$$$$ Brien claims Cone-shaped skulls found in Latin America are of alien, not human, origin. Coneheaded human skulls found in Latin America are not from aliens, but from an ancient culture that practiced artificial cranial deformation.

[@ccoodd26]

@@MrRecklessryan No, he says they're human. DNA evidence shows they're human. Evidence shows cranial deformation is different than the what the evidence the elongated heads show.

[@froggystyle642]

Excellent video. Your channel is so undersubscribed!

[@rosetownstumpcity]

so true, i wish millions of people could see these videos

[@stefanfranke5651]

@@rosetownstumpcity I fear millions of people prefer the more flashy and extravagant claims and theories, sadly. :(

[@straingedays]

You appeared on the list of videos after watching many History items on KZbin I, very much enjoyed while being informed. You give REAL FACTS vs the THEORIES I, only knew of Polygon stones from one Italian guy visiting sites from sites in Italy. By no means am I educated, but he showed all sites with no theories. Only Respect Thank You for educating us details of History. That are often forgotten or ignored.

[@stephentoons]

i appreciate your question and answer videos. refreshing to see rational explanation for things.

[@nathanchapman223]

Is there any evidence of chipping grinding sanding on rhe stones

[@noeldillon2908]

Vincent, excellent explanation for shaping large stone. I have read many theories how this was done. But having 30 years as a structural engineer, your theory is one of the few that seems feasible.

[@ironcladranchandforge7292]

YES !!! This is the first viable explanation of how these walls were built that makes any sense I've heard. Absolutely fantastic video!!

[@Fisch2k4]

What Vincent Lee said was NOT viable. Take a chisel and start working hard igneous rock and you'll see. There is no way to get joints like this. Much less several inch wide parts that fit near perfectly together. You couldn't even do it if you used a modern grinder with diamond blades. There are viable explanation to how this was build. The video dismisses them offhandedly.

[@bryandraughn9830]

When you are scribing in certain situations, you can knock away lots of the material behind the part where the joint is made, without having to be very accurate at all. This allows you to fit the narrower edge with precision and nothing behind the part you will see, is holding the joint open. Another thing that is often overlooked is the fact that when you measure something accurately, it WILL fit perfectly. Every time.

[@yevgenchuk]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/bJ-on42Np7tsqqMsi=4RBkgesGRx6leJjp

[@toi_techno]

finally some sense being talked on youtube about this local tradition of stonemasonry a lot of office worker types have a real problem understanding people with a proper skill

[@lsgreger2645]

It is amazing what a little engineering and some manpower can do.

[@nzmason]

Just bashing of stone. No engineering.

[@johnlamb487]

I was hoping to gain some scientific clarity on how these polygonal walls actually were constructed, but I must say, I was a bit disappointed. Despite the video's title, we still don't know how they did it. Mr. Lee offers very little in the way of evidence. He simply reinforces traditional theories and dismisses alternatives because they aren't supported by established paradigms. He states, "The only evidence we have of a stone being moved by the Incas is a drawing in a book..." And is it realistic to think the Inca used hammer stones to "bash" those very large stones into such a precise fit, on such a large scale, and move them into place? In Mr. Lee's own words, "It's very unclear to me exactly how the Incas would have solved that part of the problem." I'm not suggesting "aliens" were responsible for this work, but I don't think Dr. Miano or Vincent Lee effectively debunked any of the theories that a pre-Incan civilization may have been responsible for this masterpiece of design and technical achievement. Regardless of who did it, we still don't know how they did it.

[@WorldofAntiquity]

Please keep in mind that there will always be open questions in history. I realize that in our current culture, people want all the answers, and they want them immediately. But that is not realistic. We have to reason on the evidence that we have, and form hypotheses accordingly. Doing that doesn't make the history bad. Also it is important to remember that the evidence that the Inca built Sacsayhuaman is very strong. The question of how they did it has no bearing on who did it. *is it realistic to think the Inca used hammer stones to "bash" those very large stones into such a precise fit, on such a large scale, and move them into place* Well, considering the fact that ancient civilizations around the world have shaped stones that way with great success for thousands of years, yes.

[@caodesignworks2407]

If it were an older civilization, where are all of their tools? Where are all of the things that belonged to their society? Why is it not mentioned anywhere amongst any of the South American Societies? Why, for nearly every single somewhat unexplainable thing in history that a culture does that we don't understand, the default is "Well, it was clearly an older more advanced civilization that no longer exists and left nothing behind but these big stones." I'm sorry, but that just doesn't add up and is literally the go to for those who try to be less "It's aliens" and more "it's not aliens, but maybe an older more advanced civilization that we have absolutely no evidence of, left zero tools, documents, or anything else" This is argument is used time and time again to dismiss whatever culture you want to dismiss as being the builders of things, especially large structures. Take the incredibly obvious example here in regards to the Egyptians. The same argument is consistently said about pyramids being too perfect, they couldn't have possibly built them. Except they did. And they didn't just build one, but many over years. Just look at the condition of the first few pyramids they built. From being a bit lopsided to being made of shit materials that fell apart/ eroded away until only the center bit remains surrounded by a pile of rubble. You can find similar progression throughout the cities of south American cultures as well. It's not like they sprang up overnight and started building and carving. They grew over thousands of years, moving about, branching off and leaving their marks on landscapes. From massive cities to small villages to the literal quarries they got their materials. Seriously, why is this so hard to believe? Why is it so easy to dismiss the very people who spend their entire careers and lives studying and looking for the answers. The very people who would love nothing more than to uncover an older "civilization" or group of people. It would be a massive deal and would propel literally anybody to fame if they could prove the existence of some kind of advanced civilization. And yet, nothing. Only random dudes on youtube trying to discredit the "status quo," doing everything they can to dismiss reality and providing no evidence to it, but handily dismissing all evidence against their theories. You can see this pattern all over the internet. Take Flat Earthers, for example. It doesn't even make physical sense, yet they do everything they can to dismiss the truth to the point of berating anybody who says otherwise and calling them a cabal and concocting even wilder conspiracy theories. Remember, education is your enemy, listen to the random guy on youtube who can't give you evidence without constantly contradicting themselves. Constantly building a conspiracy against themselves.

[@AdvancedLiving]

What an international audience you have!

[@philhearne8429]

Yeah! I'm in construction 35 years and new there was a simple explanation just takes the right person to see and realise it !

[@annafox7474]

Thank you for this wonderful interview. Obviously this gentleman is passionate about the subject.

[@tokershark1570]

Looks to me that there were some serious Tetris players back in the day.

[@salinagrrrl69]

I am an licensed architect, amature archeologist, pre-Columbian buff (all my life), skeptic, daughter of a builder (I hauled tons of rock & built daddy's walls as a teen girl - had to) & a mnfr tech. I question these MEGALITH BUILDER cultist with logical & practical questions....& if I get any response it's insulting to ugly.

[@salinagrrrl69]

Was entranced INSTANTLY with pre-Columbia after seeing "Kings Of Thr Sun" 1964 at the drive-in @ age 4.

[@louhortonsculpture]

Yeah…. I’m like we still have stone masons we can ask questions to? Sure for centuries the trades kept their secrets, but not anymore. I worked with a stone sculptor and yes, marble can be carved to make the illusion of flesh and a veil over the face, but some of these speculators think the sculptures are humans frozen in stone somehow. Sculptors use a contraption that is basically a 3D scribe like the 2D one in this video. The scribe shown makes a line on a new piece. The one sculptors uses points to one point in space at a time to aid carving marble from a clay sculpture. It would be kinda like having a broken 3D printer or CNC machine! Lol. You could see where the material should be, but had to add or subtract the material yourself. But in North America, where we only have some highly stylized 1920s style sculpture, and some Rodin bronzes, nothing like you can see all over in Europe. When you see a few ugly sculptures it becomes clear we made them by carving. In print, not gonna photograph the ugliest view of bad works. I mean the proportions are off, the pose is unnatural, the face is stylized, etc.

[@notacommie7154]

As a builder, I can tell you that these stones can only be produced to this accuracy in two ways. 3d full size templating or scribing stones together. Scribing requires the stones to be held tight next to each other and then cut and checked and cut and checked. As these stones weigh many tons , that is going to be impossible. Why? Because unless the stone is already sitting in its finished location you can't get an accurate scribe. Which also means you cant mark behind the face. This would mean that the only contact points would be at the faces, and that a strong wall does not make. This is true because the bottoms are not flat and the sides are not perfectly square..Think about it. 3d templating is even more out of the question. A laser scan might make them possible by carving. Nothing else. A liquid , poured substance makes a whole lot more sense. Then everything lines up perfectly first try. No need to spend all that time cutting huge rocks. " You've got rocks just lying around".. Yeah, none of which fit.

[@L.P.1987]

Because all the rocks that fits were already used

[@Hallands.]

Everything up until 35:00 is prevarications to the 2 questions asked, but finally at long last comes a real explanation - even a convincing one at that! So why, oh why is this so hard for you to get to?

[@charleygnarly1182]

I didn't realize you had a video dedicated to this - it's exactly what I needed. I'm still skeptical, but I appreciate your perspective and thoroughness.

[@bok2bok333]

I like the scribe, retaining wall and logs theory. Still feel that geopolymer would be so much more efficient and easier. Vincent was very good to listen to. Really good theory.

[@Chris.Davies]

"Geopolymer" is just a nonsense code word for "magical bullshit", sorry!

[@warrendourond7236]

@@Chris.Davies beat me to the comment… wishing to the sky god would be easiest. But if we want to talk about what is practical….

[@bok2bok333]

@@Chris.Davies it's actually another word for concrete. You know that same magical stuff the Romans invented....or did they. It's a valid and probable theory that the Egyptians cast the limestone blocks of the pyramid. Also explains nicely why they stopped.....they no longer had all the recources so they became much smaller and simpler and less durable/lasting.

[@keirfarnum6811]

David makes sense with the idea that a “geo polymer” would make more sense to use to make regular copied blocks. If one can make a geo polymer that goes into a mold, it would make more sense to make a mold and make the same block over and over again; like bricks.

[@keirfarnum6811]

@@bok2bok333 Except..., the stones in the pyramids are not all the same size. If they were casting stones with a geo polymer, they would use a single or limited number of molds and cast the same thing over and over again and the construction would be more regular like a brick built structure instead. There’s way too much variety in the stone size and shape for that to be the case. They tried to make them all roughly rectangular, but that seems to be about as good as they could do. I would love to have seen what they pyramids looked like completely finished (even beyond what they did complete. They were never completely finished even originally; one can still see outer casing stones at the base that weren’t flattened like they should have been that are next to sections that were finished).

[@walterluikey4582]

AS an 85 year old concrete cutter and stone mason, my opinion of these ," Experts" and their description of producing such closely matching surfaces as being produced by "BASHING"is that they are full of S**t . The only thing that ever was accomplished in my lifetime by bashing was to create rubble and that is called demolition. How can someone like Dr. Miano hold himself up as an expert when he admits he has never been to the Ollantambo quarry and probably any quarry . After 68 years of labor I am still amazed by the skill of these ancient masons and I don't have even the slightest idea of how they accomplished the result that they have left us. One thing I do know for certain it wasn't accomplished by BASHING anything.

[@olybears57]

Congratulations for figuring out KZbin and commenting at 85 🎉

[@lenahandsen6836]

Like this must be his first comment ? Is internet today years old? 😅

[@peteroberts3232]

Exactly, I am also a stone mason, trouble is these academics have never even held a chisel I don’t know how building these amazing structures were built, but I know it wasn’t by bashing with rock Also scribing is fine if you’re using inch thick timber, but a completely different task using 7ft deep stones

[@pcatful]

​@@peteroberts3232 Which ones? Have you watched them all and identified that they NEVER held a chisel? The ancients were skilled with stone, probably much more than people today. They lived in the stone age after all.

[@pcatful]

Dr. Miano is a historian who has studied and earned a degree, then did historical research. He never said he was an expert in anything as far as I know. He's presenting and questioning the historical evidence, science, and archeology.

[@lostpony4885]

This explanation for how the joints can be scribed also presents a valid basis for non-related origins of different places BUT there are some key features that still must be explained like the bits that reach all the way around corners (that occur for example both at Macchu Picchu and the Sphinx temple) and the shape of the little load tab thingys etc that strongly suggest a shared stoneworking knowledge that probably was around long enuf to be shared everywhere on the globe, during the hundreds of thousands of years of our species being around before the civilizations we know about.

[@EchoLog]

Love your content and the community you're garnering.

[@andrewmole745]

The aha moment for me for the scribing method was the presence of the tabs on the vertical faces of the stones. Suddenly it made sense that these were used to support them at the offset. Thank you again. Great work. This demonstrates the failure of imagination in those who go straight to a form of “magic” to explain everything - this is essentially what these “unknown ancient civilisations” with “advanced technology” are.

[@scotttrahey]

I really appreciate you covering this topic. I was looking to understand how the ancient cultures did this type of fitting. I like the Concept that Mr Lee has offered of scribing the rock for the fit. However I don't think it's detailed enough to suggest this is the way they did it because of the example with the very large blocks falls apart when you look at the joint where the two lower blocks come together under the block above. Often you will see the top block shaped to fit the lower blocks and not the other way around. For example, in the diagram where bocks B and C meet, when you look at the real examples typically the joint comes to a point that is lower and thus the upper block has a v shape point carved to fit right into this joint. Which seems unlikely that it would be shaped hovering above. Also some block would have to be shaped on three sides which would be very challenging to scribe accurately as well as tip into place since sometimes they look narrower at the top . I think these types of discussions are really productive to help figure out and discover the how. Thanks again for covering this. I do hope someday we figure out how it was done.

[@chuckdeuces911]

To me, there is way too much inconsistency from both sides of the argument but it seems like it could be somewhere in between but the fact that people think alt thoughts are 'crazy' talk stops any real progress. No matter what really happened this I know for a fact what modern MS science says those people were not running around with loyne clothes, sacrificing animals to a sun god, and being absolute savages without a writing system and building these buildings at the same time... either they have that all wrong or the alts might have it right... I'm not in either camp really but this guy sounds and looks desperate when he explains it and the way he is nodding as he waits for his father figure to verify what he already believes tells me a lot about a person. The comment section tells me what kind of channel this really is... and that's a bitter, stomp on your neck and call you crazy until you agree with me channel. Name calling and eye rolling with snarky tones and attitudes tell me this isn't about the truth it's about something else. This is a very almost political subject now... the first argument he made of this video was a stark reminder, he basically says the reason they stopped doing polyagonal block buildings is because they became poorer and less educated than their ancestors therefore it became a lost art... when he was going to say it he almost stopped because saying they didn't have the money to keep building those types of buildings or the skill in later generations is counterintuitive to everything mainstream science stands for..

[@agluebottle]

The scribing technique is genius, both in its simplicity and effectiveness. It's still in use the world over, just on a smaller scale. Traditional Japanese and Korean house foundations also use it to precisely join the posts of house foundations to the rough hewn stones they sit on top of to prevent rot. Every post must be joined to a completely differently shaped stone. You can see this process demonstrated right here on KZbin.

[@andrewmole745]

Can you provide a link to videos showing the method in Japan? Or papers that discuss it…

[@b3trenchmaster]

Dr Miano, I have found interesting your explanation(s)for this rock work. But I do not think you are any more valid than the idea that say 100000 years ago Earth held a society that had the technology to move 100 - 1000 ton blocks, with precision, up and into place, much less shaping said stones and moving them 100s of kilometres over hill and over dale. I work with heavy lifts, boulders and placing of architectural stone. One to 10 tons....maybe yes hundreds of men can move such. But the forces upon the rope the size that men can hold are still overwhelmed by the gravitational friction of a 100-ton boulder. Yes, with a lever large enough one may move a mountain, but the lever big enough to lift, flip, flop and rotate a 1000 ton block is simply not found in nature, much less 1500 to 3000 years ago. There is more to this story, much more. How do you explain the melted granite on the Egyptian sites? How do you explain the destruction of so many sites, such large chunks scattered as if by the wind? How do you explain the absolute laser precision of the cases found in the Serapeum? 60 to 80 tons down a shaft then 100s of feet up a narrow hallway and into a side room? There is simply not enough room to accommodate the hundreds of men it would take to move these boxes into place. I challenge you also about the shaping of this rock. Go to the hardware store and purchase a 5 lb iron sledgehammer, and a chisel. Then find a chunk of pink granite and go to town with all your might. Tell me you still think that men with tiny copper tools shaped the perfect surfaces of these boxes. It is easy to be academic and cast a theory upon the whole world of antiquity, date it and call it a day. Explaining the "how" and "why" is a completely different matter. Best Luck!

[@jamienightingale707]

He doesnt answer hard questions Just hearts the comments he likes and that agree with him. Love to see him debate Jahannah James

[@pitansgmail6792]

kzbin.info/www/bejne/ZqfVfnuFhciArLc

[@heisag]

Just find the laziest person you know of, then pay them to get the job done. Easiest method to find the most efficient way to do things.

[@bb5979]

Its geopolymer, and a very refined method. The larger stones were not moved far/cast in place. This guy is quick to disregard it but i am very confident that this is the answer. The “melted” rock may well be a spill.

[@JeeJeeBeats]

Now THIS is some excellent research . Vincent Lee you are THE man !!! As always super nice work Doc Miano !

[@bobwilson7684]

where is te research, I only see one big face covering all the screen...? research...???!

[@JeeJeeBeats]

@@bobwilson7684 Truth hurts sometimes my man ...

[@bobwilson7684]

@@JeeJeeBeats so that is your research, a comment. quasi insulting, nothing more, poor----

[@JeeJeeBeats]

@@bobwilson7684 By curiosity may I ask why you take this subject so personally?

[@bobwilson7684]

@@JeeJeeBeats your curiosity wil like this you are free to think what you want kzbin.info/www/bejne/hWq9g4t5bpqkg9U