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The Paris Agreement at COP21, the engagement of local authorities and civil society and the adoption of the energy transition law in France marked 2015 as a crucial year. The question now is not whether the world will resolutely embrace energy efficiency and renewables, but how to drive this transition so that it benefits all.
Renewable energy has become an essential part of the solution to a range of issues, from climate change and air pollution to geopolitical risks, price volatility and local and regional economic development. The sustained decrease in production costs means that renewables are already a competitive source of energy in many regions of the world and are expected to be in most parts very soon.
Communities, cities, regions, islands and even countries around the world have embarked on a 100% renewable energy path. An increasing number of local authorities are proving that a target of 100% renewable energy - obviously combined with energy efficiency and low energy use policies - is not only technically feasible, but also economically and socially beneficial.
No two cities or metropolitan areas are the same. The path towards 100% renewable energy will differ depending on the natural resources available in the territory and in the neighboring areas and the priority given to energy efficiency, to certain energy sources (electricity, gas, heat), uses (buildings, mobility ) or players (large energy companies, digital businesses, cooperatives). While there is no right or wrong path, the pioneering authorities, all members of the Global 100 RE2 international campaign, and French actors interviewed for this publication, as well as literature reviews, provided the authors with enough material to identify five key recommendations.
Barcelona, towards energy self-sufficiency by 2050
Barcelona, the second city in Spain in terms of population, economic development and activity, has been optimizing its urban flows for years. Its political vision is to become energy self-sufficient by 2050. The associated roadmap makes the “100% renewable” objective an integral part of the city's official strategy, promoting energy saving and energy production based on solar energy, small-scale wind and district heating.
The Barcelona strategy is based on a double observation: the high concentration of the urban population is one of the great challenges of the 21st century and the need for large urban areas to develop efficient energy solutions.
In 2015, this analysis led Barcelona to formally set out its vision of transition to energy self-sufficiency. The municipality has set two goals: to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 (compared to 2005) and to produce enough energy locally to meet municipal needs.
The municipality is also playing a driving role in the city's transition to 100% renewable energy, promoting low energy use and energy efficiency, with the aim of reducing final energy use by 10% by 2020 (compared to 2008).
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