Would Sandy’s Treedome Implode under Bikini Bottom? (Because Science w/ Kyle Hill)

[@Nerdist]

But how does Goo Lagoon exist, a lake under the sea? NEW mini-ep over on my Insta: instagram.com/sci_Phile/ I may have lost my mind a bit at the end of this episode... -- KH

[@iancardenas-spanishbutcomp4074]

Nerdist Love you're videos, such a great job

[@wayneigoe6722]

Nerdist Still waiting on an Assassination Classroom episode...

[@geneticallytails]

Need advices on long hairs on males. Halp ç_ç

[@davect01]

Science in Sponge Bob, love it.

[@_MrBread]

Never mind that, my bigger question is how the hell is that dome anchored to the ground and how is that dome sealing the air inside surely with all the air inside it has enough to actually flip it upside down, just like if you put an empty glass upside down in a bucket of water for example.

[@rafaeldomingues1534]

Loved the fact that you guys made a mistake, realized it, and admited it, most people wouldn't even notice that.

[@Hollyclown]

Of course they're mutants. Why do you think sandy cheeks is there? She's studying the results.

[@visoth7791]

Sandy cheeks, do you not get it? When you are at the beach sitting on sand, what happens to your cheeks? They get sandy.

[@CroMagnonCrust]

holly clown Visoth, that is her name yes. But he is proposing a theory as to /why/ Sandy is there in the first place. A very, very interesting theory indeed.

[@halimceria]

Sandy is a scientist, right? iirc, Sandy introduced herself as scientist and her purpose in bikini bottom is to study marine life there.

[@HeilRay]

holly clown Lore intensifies.

[@davisjames8484]

HellRay *LORE INTENSIFIES*

[@Nerdist]

*The "Kyle is wrong!" FAQ* 1. As indicated, the force value should be 1.43*10^8N. 2. I used the density of regular water instead of seawater for no real reason. It wouldn't change the numbers that much, considering how much stronger the dome is than is required for that depth. 3. I used the vertical hydrostatic force, even though there is also a horizontal hydrostatic force, because vertical is much easier to demonstrate, and the two values are similar, as they are only separated by 10m, max. (UPDATING) -- KH

[@DecafKauffee]

We have to assume the inside of the dome is pressurized, right? Does the force created by the internal air pressure have a significant affect on the dome's strength? I.e. Could it withstand significantly greater depths or could it work with even thinner walls?

[@DecafKauffee]

Is the math as simple as subtracting one atmosphere of pressure from the original answer and then plugging that into the rest?

[@jonathanblackwell42]

Shouldn't there be a risk of nitrogen poisoning?

[@lynncinnamon4682]

There is an episode where they go even deeper in the see so actually you can't use the deepest point in that area to get the deepness of the dome ._. Man this episode is "deep" ~flies.... erm swims away~

[@FrogsOfTheSea]

DecafKauffee I initially thought the same thing, but having thought about it a bit more I've realised that the 'true' pressure acting on the dome is actually what Kyle calculated plus one atmosphere, since above all that water is the usual amount of air, which also has weight and indirectly applies a force to the dome. So this would cancel out the air pressure from inside the dome, and any air can effectively be ignored

[@Bible_VersesDaily]

I immediately started laughing as soon as Kyle said "I definitely don't need it" hilarious

[@THETRIVIALTHINGS]

lol Loved the "My leg" reference and.. My god! You solved the mystery of under water fire within the last few seconds! It's confirmed, Kyle is Einstein reincarnated.

[@TheRyanator36910]

Alex Mercer that's an insult, Einstein failed mathematics in high school

[@hosebeefstick]

The Ryanator's Personal Channel No, he was an excellent student, and was super pro at math. That's just an urban legend to make kids that fail at math feel better.

[@Stray0]

Uh, my leg! XD

[@solidusseal]

Kyle just reads up a script that real scientists calculated for him but they are camera shy and Kyle is not . /popcorn Nah just kidding :D

[@sindweller]

Now we just need to solve the mystery of underwater rain

[@ilovethelegend]

A couple of things to keep in mind: Sandy's Tree-dome is also full of atmosphere, which would apply some counter-pressure to the ocean outside. What I was taught, when selecting materials for an architectural project (or anything, really) is that you want the material's failure strength to be something like 3 or 4 times as high as your expected load (I think US standards say 3, but my teacher always said his company used 4). So while yes, Sandy COULD build a polyurethane dome much deeper, she probably wouldn't want to trust it with her life.

[@rawbagle]

Athletic Texas-Cowgirl Furry Takes Big Heavy Load And Gets Soaked - HD basically what would happen if the dome broke.

[@ausintune9014]

Austin Whitley oh no

[@meowmeowmeow594]

Austin Whitley oh yes

[@biohazardlnfS]

Wow

[@JuanGomez-mv1qx]

😂😂

[@onyxi.x5777]

Stanley The Talking Grapefruit why?

[@marsbro3302]

If I was a teacher id let my students calculate this.

[@Wade_Fucking_Wilson]

Same

[@matthhiasbrownanonionchopp3471]

mars bro you are one cruel teacher. That's slot of math

[@shanesquuaaaddd7031]

its like 4 equations and i learned them last year in AS Level Physics

[@syndromeofadowns]

Probably why your not a teacher

[@FatalShotGG]

You mean a professor. This is college level physics and math.

[@ItsZorroDood]

You could kinda calculate the thickness of the dome by comparing it to Spongebob's size and you could calculate Spongebob's size because David Hasselhoff's size is probably available somewhere.

[@alphadragonn3685]

This is genius

[@Titanic-wo6bq]

this works because David Hasselhoff is also 100% canon in the sponge lore

[@CryptoJordanVR]

Another thing that he completely forgot to consider is the pressure of the air inside the Dome and how well equalizes with the pressure outside. You know, basically take into account the same concept of submarines and how they change their pressures inside at different depths.

[@jeneral-jeff8402]

That 'my leg' reference. That got me. I get it, it's about spongebob.

[@WookbooKtheeKpopTrucker]

YES YES YES SPONGEBOB SCIENCEPANTS! I was going to ask the fire thing. How about would a clarinet work under water? Also with underwater domes. The Gungan underwater city. They are Spheres, would they have different properties than a hemisphere dome?

[@batfan1939]

WookbooK A clarinet works by vibrating a reed that sends air waves down a tube made of plastic or wood. It should work the same with water waves, since Squidward's lungs would be filled with water from the sea around him. The only caveats would be that water is one thousand times as dense as air, which means Squidward would have to blow much harder to produce an audible note than we do in air, and the sound produced would be much lower than an "air clarinet," for the same reason lighter-than-air helium makes your voice higher (to see someone lowering their voice with a denser gas, look up sodium hexafluoride). The only other thing affecting Squidward's clarinet playing would probably be the scale of Bikini Bottom: Sandy, Spongebob, and the gang are shown to be a few inches tall consistently throughout the franchise. Sqidward's about the same scale, so his clarinet would only be maybe two inches long. No wonder he -sucks- blows at playing it!

[@lizardki115alt7]

Batfan1939 probably why his clarinet skills suck.

[@WookbooKtheeKpopTrucker]

Could a human play a clarinet underwater? We blow air out of our lungs which pass thru the vocal cords and out into the water. Would there be enough vibration to move the reed enough to make a sound? Or would we be able to play a brass instrument like a trumpet underwater? I reed is not required which would be underwater. I had a thought? Do any sea creatures make sound? Besides dolphins and whales which have air in their lungs. Fish and squid aren't blowing out and vibrating air. Do fish even have ears? They don't have to ear sound, it would be easier for them the feel the vibrations in the water.

[@ramesismunoz7972]

A sphere and a hemisphere at the same depth would experience about the same amount of pressure the only issue being horizontal pressure which wouldn't matter much due to it's stable sphere shape

[@Ichsukatanuka]

Wow Sandy Cheeks, hahahaha I just got the joke after 13 years of Spongebob being on air, well played.

[@asadstrangelittleman9655]

Hey Kyle, I've got a question for you,it's tough. Here it is:Would the Omnitrix from the Ben 10 franchise actually be something that could be made?Like would be possible to swap DNA from other life forms with your own within a short time to turn yourself into a completely different creature?

[@4LiveRastaJoy]

Some Random Guy but of course

[@DecafKauffee]

Some Random Guy there's also the issue of conserving mass

[@marcosavalos2502]

nope. not possible

[@asadstrangelittleman9655]

DecafKauffee true

[@asadstrangelittleman9655]

DecafKauffee but the Omnitrix could absorb the mass of the surrounding area to make Ben bigger if he wanted to turn into a big alien like Way Big,but in turn he would destroy the area where he is transforming.And that also leaves a problem if Ben wants to turn into a creature that has less mass than his human body. Hmmm...

[@Morqan.]

But what about her helmet?

[@tomleonard830]

Diving helmets exist that can take people or even pets much deeper.

[@Morqan.]

Oh yeah. True

[@millerrepin4452]

yeah but can diving suits allow you enough mobility to do karate

[@tomleonard830]

miller repin - Since Bikini Bottom is only 53 meters down in the tropics, I don't think you need a bulky suit. I'm going to say sure, but might need to do more research into squirrel dive gear.

[@kommentorpostker3911]

...But what about her tail? her suit doesn't cover it, so shouldn't it be crushed in a horrifying way?

[@TheRealJahan]

Am I the only one that hates math but loves watching these videos anyway? #BecauseKyle I do like science tho so still #BecauseScience

[@Nerdist]

You'll come around. Math is pretty cool. -- KH

[@Nukenado-dr9nz]

That me too

[@dragonballgacha]

Super Saiyan Aqualad, or is he naturally blonde?

[@NitroCigarette]

I just want to say I adore this series, Kyle. Youre intelligence is incredible admirable to me, it's something else for sure. I am not the smartest person, and don't excel in math but seeing you break stuff down makes it so incredibly interesting to me and other theories and breakdowns you've done have gotten me into reading more about molecules, formulas and math overall. I've binge watched every episode up to today's over the last few days and truly hope Nerdist keeps this around for a while, it's my favourite thing I've found in a while in terms of education made fun. Thanks for bein' a scientific Thor.

[@zakki5630]

I like how you talk to someone with a random name at the end of the video. It must really freak some people out.

[@josiahklein70]

Zakki He's definitely not going to say mine in the near future.

[@Aielo98]

MAGNESIUM FIIIIIIREEEEEEEE MUSKWAAAAAAAAATCH

[@joeydanella9732]

But you didn't point out that the tree would be using salt water, which I believe might kill the tree itself

[@caramonmajere447]

Its actually "watered" by Sandy herself. The real question is: Why hasn't her done floated to the surface, and how much buoyant force is being restrained?

[@caramonmajere447]

@Bruno Felipe You could dig and pour some footings underneath, and anchor the dome to them. However, I don't see any sort of devices in any pics. Plus, wouldn't the sea floor erode around the footings? Have you ever sat in a chair while the tide rolls in? The water removes sand from underneath the chair legs. I wonder if the sea current would do the same.

[@ChristopherLaHaise]

Also the shape of the object helps to adjust how much it can withstand? For example, a sphere can take more than a cube - as the dome presses against itself, thus providing more strength - like an arch versus a doorway.

[@Joshua_Shadow_Manriguez]

The original concept of Spongebob actually had them as mutants.

[@flower6233]

Now he got to explain how Sponge Bob cooks Krab's Burgers into the water and how he takes bath or shower too. Because Nerdist love to explains stuff that doesn't make sense.

[@matthhiasbrownanonionchopp3471]

How do they pour glasses if water underwater

[@ethanwagner6418]

Now what sort of a foundation would be required to prevent the tree dome from shooting towards the surface?

[@MrTigerlore]

Sandy gave me tree-dome. But her dome couldn’t take the load.

[@scottbraun2457]

I didn't expect it to be crushed, but...no one, thought of the need for a decent anchor -because, we obviously, assume there's equal air pressure to keep the water from creeping -or flashflooding in UNDER...the dome. GOOD SHOW. KEEP IT UP. THANKS.

[@martinbreeden254]

Joke is on you!! I only have one friend, and his name is David! Also, thanks for the shout out!

[@johnapple6646]

jokes on me too, i have no friends

[@Binyamin.Tsadik]

One thing that you missed, is the pressure on the inside of the dome. A pressurized dome, or a series of stepped pressure domes inside each other could allow it to go even deeper.

[@chrislasekan1685]

So many references!

[@I86282]

I was fairly certain you were going to come to the correct conclusion. So I watched it to find out. You did. Good job.

[@yellla2787]

great now try to explain how there is a beach under the ocean!

[@oShadow31]

yellla 27 there are lake that exist under the ocean go check it out

[@DAK4Blizzard]

TV trivia: Bikini Bottom would be about 3700 miles west of fictional Gilligan's Island, which is located at 10°N, 140°W. (Bikini bottom would be about 11.6°N, 165.5°E.)

[@thebananamonk]

Did anyone else first read "Sandy's Threesome"?

[@Daniel_K95]

Me And Hearthstone can you feel it now mr crabs?

[@daslynnter9841]

thought i was on the wrong website for a second.

[@biohazard724]

Me And Hearthstone *GET IT OUT GET IT OUT!*

[@dashmaster698]

Her name is "Sandy Cheeks" and she lives in "Bikini Bottom". I don't blame you for reading that.

[@itsyaboiChubbs]

A Shimada who can control dragons it took me this video to realize it's a butt joke

[@NinjaBearFilms]

Watching classic episodes. Tempted to calculate the light penetration of water and how much light is needed for an oak tree to grow.

[@Cosmonaut_Connor]

2:42 moist 👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻

[@crafty453]

3:41 MY LEG!!! [an ambulance drives up and takes Kyle away]

[@iSkeleton]

But if all of this is possible, why aren't human colonizing the oceans?

[@cameoshadowness7757]

Remington It has to do with our sizes and our species. Sandy is a squirl and thus doesn't need as much as we humans do. If one of use tries to live like her, it won't work. Our bodies need much more.

[@chrisgaming9567]

Because there's no real reason to.

[@bajansamurai]

All of the above make valid points, but there is not only one answer why not, there is also the answer that humans have tried to develop underwater colonies (or at least the framework of some) and tested living there. Going by the three first comments I am seeing from Cameo, Tub and Chris, here are the real limitations that are faced: *Size* - existing vs living, humans are accustomed to a certain amount of room to move around. So beyond a dome large enough to set up an air pocket just large enough to contain a renewable atmosphere (of trees for oxygen, for example) there's still the desire for play space, activities, food production, amenities, entertainment and companionship, so that translates into wanting a dome big enough to encircle a small community, or a collective of interconnected medium domes. *Pollution* - indirectly not as big a restrictive factor if walling oneself off from the surrounding sea, but still relevant enough that fresh water has to be brought in or desalinated from the surrounding ocean, so the cleaner it is the easier it is to do that and that requires operational machinery and/or filtration mechanisms. *No real reason to* - arguably there is not enough of a reason for most to the extent that humanity went full tilt on developing the structures and technologies to support underwater living to that scale, but lets say you are in part of the world where escaping surface pollution, air quality or even land predators were a pending concern. Everything or as most of what we are used to is still what we want to have down there, so enough has to go down there to make us comfortable to give up what we have up here; so other than the scientifically curious, there's not the mass buy in to shipping structures and amenities down there to make it as appealing to enough people to support a permanent community of sea dwellers. Which brings us past start up to converting what we see as scientifically possible (when analyzing how a cartoon situation could be a reality) to what is humanly desired. First off, we would have to set up the habitat far enough out that tides and waves are not a big factor so we have even force on our dome/domes/structures. That far out, we have to ask ourselves if we can rely on complete underwater vegetation for our oxygen and food, or if we still need pipelines to and trade with the surface. This may mean going in and out of the habitat until we accept that it is entirely self sustaining. So far, we do not even have some countries that are immune to the needs of importing from the outside. If self sustaining, we still have to be close enough to not be too deep to not get enough sun light for photosynthesis, this means transparent roofing (such as a glass-like, or polyurethane dome would provide). Do you and enough others trust that it will be strong enough and resist undersea wear indefinitely? Or would we fear leaks or outright flooding from cracks/damage/attacks/faults over time? Are we sure our structure is resistant or away from seismic activity? Are enough of our crops year-round and plenty enough to support a population that may grow, or do we have to constantly be expanding? If so, we have to not just build one structure and abandon the land, we have to have the scope of structures for underwater future manufacturing. It is not impossible at certain test sizes, but a lot more has to go into developing it and its inevitable expansion needs, and convincing people they won't be drowned at the first failure of a structure, or suffocated if an air supply can't keep up. Do we also want to leave our entertainment behind, or do we trust our communications at those depths and distances from land will be consistent and strong (to still pick up the latest Hollywood production or call our family/friends still on the surface at our leisure)? If/When the demand to escape the surface drives developing underground and underwater habitats to that degree, a lot more would probably go into it. Whatever threat leading to it would probably also have reduced the number of things on the surface that appeal to us staying there (lets say fire storms often fall randomly from the sky so Hollywood shut down) and at that point the cost/benefit analysis of enough people probably would determine having the mass of workers to run our agriculture, communications, manufacturing, security, entertainment, schools, leisure spots, etc. Until then, it still has most people saying, "Why go?" If we can build a dome to keep out the sea and filter the atmosphere, why can't we just build one on land to keep out the polluted atmosphere and put the self sustaining stuff in it? We have actually had underwater habitats as far back as the 60s (look up Jack Cousteau's Conshelf II) but it was sustained by a surface ship for fresh water, air, communications and TV. It supported 5 marine workers (and a parrot) for a month; however, if not entirely self sustained, can we trust that a pipeline to a ship(s) on the water surface, or back to land, is always secure, storm proof and operational for implementation on a longer and larger scale? Those conditions were not necessarily uncomfortable, but they weren't spacious either, so for now, equate extended underwater living to the conditions you see on spacecraft (minus the zero g differences in lifestyle). To give context to the fears of not getting it totally right, also look up Sealab I, II and III; other underwater habitats from the 60s, but also know that there is an underwater hotel in operation to this day. Check this link mentioning them and a couple others mentalfloss.com/article/25925/under-sea-5-underwater-human-habitats.

[@cameoshadowness7757]

Bajan Samurai I love how you went so in depth with this. It is really awesome to read about.

[@bajansamurai]

Thanks, Cameo Shadowness

[@Eleiem]

I love your vids, but this one was specially mind-blowing for me. I thought about this from the first time I saw Sandy's dome, yeah, I was a nerd, always assumed it would collapse. SCIENCE ROCKS!!!

[@Mikanojo]

a 10 meter high dome? compare the size of Sandy, SpongeBob and Patrick, when they are standing inside of the dome. If the dome is 10 meters high, then Sandy is approximately one meter tall, making her indeed a mutant squirrel. Patrick becomes a very large but not impossibly large sea-star and SpongeBob then becomes roughly 6 decimeters tall. The average diameter of a pineapple is 12-14cm. At 6dm, SpongeBob, being square, is too wide to fit inside his pineapple home. Another problem: From episodes where they have encountered land creatures, such as facing off against sea gulls and riding on the body of David Hasselhoff, we know SpongeBob and Patrick to both be very small, roughly the size of an average travel-size sponge. Sandy her self is not much taller than SpongeBob, which would make her smaller than the average squirrel, closer to a chipmunk. Compare the relative sizes of the characters when they are all together at the Krusty Krab, a restaurant fashioned out of a lobster trap. According to the internet, the average dimensions of a lobster trap are: 48"L x 18"W x 15"H. Converting that silly stuff into metric, the trap is 121.9 lengthwise so we shall say 122cms long. If Sandy's dome were 10 meters high, it would follow that it was also 10 meters across, and therefore could fit 8 whole Krusty Krab restaurants inside it end to end! The dome cannot be 10 meters high; instead it must be closer to 2 meters, and the tree inside must be a mutant oak less than one meter tall.

[@thunderbird252]

4:01 if you look at the thickness for the hatch of the air lock, it's about as think as SpongeBob. Assuming he's a normal kitchen sponge, that would make it about an inch thick; which means a meter might be a bit thick... But you address that later

[@Danjoker.]

But how come they have water underwater?

[@Nerdist]

Check my mini episode! -- KH

[@Danjoker.]

Thanks bro

[@HeilRay]

Danjoker Its Goo. Goo Lagoon.

[@DeaconTaylor]

i think i saw a bath in an episode once too. just a bit weird for an aquatic creature.

[@Cha-Khia]

Brine pools. pretty much water under water.

[@JamesHuggett_]

I love the musk watch music when the fire came back

[@nabeel657]

U should flick your hair more.preferably in slow motion

[@Nerdist]

Just slow down the video -- KH

[@josiahklein70]

Nerdist You sound very innebriated when I do that. 🤣

[@davisjames8484]

Nabeel Afzal show penus

[@willjanszen8113]

Nerdist but that makes you sound really sarcastic about everything lol just tried it

[@zichithefox4781]

Great! You explained the fire! Now explain the blowing of bubbles and taking baths underwater.

[@betterlatethannever4529]

Only here because I suck at math

[@videocian12345678910]

Well the creators of Spongebob did do a lot of research for the show, going to marine biology classes and all that stuff. So I assume that when they wanted to introduce Sandy they made sure it was feasibly possible for her to actually live in that environment.

[@errorcode1sm399]

Decent thickness 1 meter Wtf?!?!?!

[@bilbot.baggins9019]

“In an octopus’s garden, in the shade.” -The Beatles This was Sandy’s inspiration

[@KingKaiju58]

Hey Kyle, question: Whenever someone asks what my one power I would love to have, others would say flight others super speed. My favorite power is ultimate Shapeshifting. Cause I could in my mind transform into several forms to do or counter any other superpower. Can this work? What would be my limits? What would I have to do to maintain a form or exceed said limits? Could I transform into something massive like Godzilla or another Kaiju? Thanks

[@NTTofMistery]

King Godzilla i dunno about counter, but you could sort of copy many powers. Like turn into a bird for flight or a gorilla for power. But the the question arises what are the limits of the other powers? Is superspeed quicksilver or flash levels of speed? Either way i don't think you can really copy those kinda speeds by transforming (robots in disguise). And you called it ultimate shapeshifting. What makes it ultimate compared to regular shapeshifting?

[@Rozwarty]

I'm not Kyle Hill, but I could say a few things. If you were to shapeshift, does that mean you simply rearrange your atoms in a way so you resemble something else, or grow new ones/ eliminate old ones to actually physically become the animal? Either way wouldn't work, and here's why: For the former simply rearraging your atoms doesn't change how much you weigh. Your mass stays the same, no matter if you become a mouse or an elephant, if you weigh 80 kilograms as a human and you change into Godzilla, you'll be a Godzilla that weighs 80 kilograms. If you were the size of Godzilla and weighed 80 kilograms, you'd likely be less dense than air and uncontrolably float up like a balloon. You wouldn't gain any strength from shapeshifting into anything. As for the latter, you could, hypothetically, [ignoring how Godzilla is too big to support it's own weight] shapeshift into a Godzilla full strength, but with one great issue. Caloric intake. Regenerating cells takes a lot of energy. Some humans have to eat 4000 kcal innatley because of their metabolism. If some people have to eat this much innately, can you imagine how much it would require for you to shapeshift into something? Maybe even not much bigger than you. This leads me to believe that shape shifting into Godzilla would be impossible, as you could never ingest enough to metabolise it into shapeshift energy. If we were to ignore these limitations [as we do with Superman, The Flash, Quicksilver etc.] then I still think super-speed is the best alternative, unless shapeshifting entails the ability to copy a creature's attributes and abilities. Super-speed [combined with super durability to withstand the forces that effect you and super-reflexes so that you know what's going on] is just really OP in a lot of ways. Kinetic energy is a product of mass times the velocity squared divided by two, So if you double the mass of something, that something will strike twice as hard, but if you double the velocity of something then it strikes four times as hard.

[@bajansamurai]

Rozwarty Czwarty - You are essentially right about the metabolic demand on adding mass, but since there is no strict rule saying that 'ultimate shapeshifting' would use traditional human limitations on adding mass (like eating), let's theorize on work-arounds such as absorbing atmosphere and other particles that structures around don't need. *EXECUTIVE SUMMARY* Ultimate shapeshifting of that nature (human-to-Kaiju growth) requires: - *external matter absorption* (whole surface instead of traditional ingestion) - *effective internal alchemy* (new matter isn't the original bio-molecular makeup) - *time* (to not suck in matter too fast and cause harsh atmospheric side effects) - *denser skeletal bone/skin/other make-up* (to support greater mass relationships) *EXPLANATION* Foremost, the act of mobilizing molecules to rearrange themselves and possibly even tweak DNA configuration might as well involve the ability to influence other small particles on the molecular or possibly sub-atomic level. Though this would not be something that could happen quickly, imagine that the human-massed person begins sucking in air (and not necessarily just via the mouth and/or nose, but whatever cells are on the surface in contact), dust, dirt, sand and particles of other materials light enough to be dragged in. Depending on how microscopic the process is occurring on, essentially as the particles are drawn into the body, they fuse with body cells, rearranged, compressed and transmuted to go from gasses, liquids and solids, to molecules of his/her new form's bio-matter. Therein, he would grow to kaiju size *BUT* it would need to go [sufficiently] slow to avoid effects of rapid decompression of the surroundings as the body pulls in the atmosphere and other particles. Aside from that, one restriction is whatever fictional rate of sub-molecular rearrangement and particle binding can convert this matter to biomass; and another is what elements are common around to then become organically configured molecular structures known to depend on Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen. Accounting for those things, the body would act like a vacuum cleaner, sucking in material until it got enough mass inside it; converting as it absorbs more and more; sucking in the matter via the body's entire surface area (not just like inhalation, drinking and eating - sort of like rapid osmosis). An entire building's worth of matter would need to be absorbed to be building sized of course, and considering the empty space in buildings vs a standard biological structure, and that far less dense air is being used, we are talking several buildings' worth, to be the size of one. Then, as pointed out, regular bone structure cannot handle existing at those sizes, so some super-dense other bone structure acting more like reinforced steel pillars supporting actual buildings needs to be formed. So, to be 10 times taller alone [while maintaining the same or similar proportions], the body would have to incorporate more mass than 1000*the-original-mass (1000 from 10H*10W*10B) for a stronger skeletal support system. It is calling for exponential density increasing relationships getting up to 100x, and 1000x taller, going on to Godzilla sizes. Essentially, just rethinking the micro and macro of shapeshifting, factoring in extra mass absorption, and abandoning instantaneous or quick if we are talking giant forms while avoid causing hurricane force winds from compression/decompression of the surrounding atmosphere it is [pseudo]explainable. A better, other question gets formed though: *how long would it take to absorb enough mass from just the air if we are considering a slow enough rate of air flow to not be causing more than gale force winds that people and structures around can withstand?* Consider that it would take 8 people's worth of mass (You+7 in absorption) to achieve double your original height, width and breadth before even considering the extra mass of making stronger/denser bone, skin, veins, etc. beyond certain sizes. Not accounting for necessary added density yet, that is also 27 people's worth to just be 3 times taller, 64 people's worth to be 4 times taller, etc. if maintaining width and breath proportions. *[EDIT: Good thing he's calling it Ultimate Shapeshifting, because it is far from something like remolding putty into different, albeit still bio-molecular, larger shapes. As for an episode, since it takes it's cues from media, Assault on Titan would be the type of subject for an analysis of this kind, as humans go to giant-size. Appropriately though, they seem to be accounting a bit for absorbing and releasing atmosphere as we see puffs, steam, etc. effects around newly formed/deformed titans.]*

[@ImperatorNocturne]

omnipotence is a better superpower

[@KingKaiju58]

NTT of Mistery sorry to leave ya hanging didn't get notice of replies. Morph from Xmen could copy the powers of other mutants when he transformed and I thought that was awesome. Apocalypse also has a similar ability and could turn limbs in futuristic canons and weapons. I thinking make a character who does shape shifting on a molecular level so I'm asking Kyle what some limitations he would face or what smaller secondary ability he would need. Luke a second brain to process all the chemical or nutritonal changes. Or having to consume pieces or blood of something he want to change to. Lol gross but doable.

[@chrisk6220]

What about the positive pressure from the internal gasses of the dome? This could allow her to go even deeper using grow lights.

[@zdrousey5965]

Who else watches this to feel smart

[@stupidmansuit975]

What about the tree itself? Would the tree even be able to survive in that dome? It needs certain soil and it needs to be deep enough for the roots AND it needs a certain amount of not-salted water from said soil. It also needs enough sun to power a whole tree and it's not getting any direct sunlight through all that water. Not to mention water filters out the warm colors of the spectrum, which are most useful for photosynthesis. Maybe the tree would "think" it was in a constant state of autumn, since it is deciduous, and never grow leaves again...?

[@Jax42069]

hii I love this vid cause its spongebob XD I swear i'm not a kid

[@davisjames8484]

jonasgames90 no

[@YurkerYT]

Based on your pic, yes, you are.

[@SageVaughn]

You don't have to be a kid to like spongebob, my mom finds it funny

[@FlameSpark2013]

This is undoubtably the best channel for the questions you didn't know you wanted the answers to.

[@adjgaines3719]

Lmso Kyle, you do realize you're trying to use logic in a show where they lit camp fires under water, right? 😂

[@rgazsy8366]

ADJ Gaines true but I liked the episode where the fire went out as soon as they realized that it should not work under water

[@Anthonybrother]

*Imagination*

[@maacreat]

Well I guess it could be a chemical fire like MAGNESIUM

[@Thane36425]

For the pressure remark, I was almost expecting a clip from "Das Boot." That would be from the initial dive where the crazy officer taunts the reporter by saying "the pressure" or like a couple of times.

[@BrnBear]

I had that question when I grew older watching SpongeBob. Also the for at the end is funny..

[@tritonus411]

Here's my question, though. Even if Sandy could have a tree dome that size underwater, how does she prevent the air within the dome from forcing the whole thing back up to the surface? I mean, from the looks of it the dome is just laying on the sediment with no visible cords holding it down and the sand would not be able to firmly hold it place given any sort of support structure underneath. Also, I'm not sure if all that polyurethane and the tree would be enough weight to counteract the buoyancy the air would produce. So, how does the dome stay planted to the sea floor given all the air inside?

[@landongriffith4060]

One guy used Magic Pencil that was seen in the episode see how fast deep SpongeBob's home is and he got 282 meters down that's a lot of meters

[@greenblack539]

3:50 pressure, pushing down on me, pushin down on you

[@couver73]

I find it funny how the creators of Spongebob were capable of creating this. Makes me wonder if they did their math first or not. I mean, if they knew what material to make the dome out of, it's safe to assume they did their math. So, I guess it doesn't matter how thick the dome is. Cause even a centimeter of thickness is still good. She'd have to reach levels below 25 meters under the sea to be affected (probably stating the obvious here, but I like doing math myself sometimes).

[@ChefBoyareB]

Does that take into consideration the atmospheric pressure within the dome pushing outward? At 1 atmosphere the stress on the dome would cancel out.

[@campbellsoup93]

But could one squirrel produce enough co2 to fuel the oak tree? If she can't and needs to get it from somewhere else, where is it coming from? Undersea co2 vent ?

[@PhrontDoor]

I love that she has an airlock for pressurization change.. It seems to be really awesome. AND if she bottom is at 50ish meters, and the radius is 10 meters, then the top is 40 meters, getting way more light :) So happier tree... Next up -- figure the OPTICS -- would the sunlight FOCUS to concentrate OR would it disperse through the bubble?

[@Jestermon1]

It depends on what material it's made out of too, it could be indestructible.

[@awesomepanda1792]

in one episode, sandy says her tree dome thing is made out of some titanium i think? but something super strong, this was when squidward was turned into a giant squid from the big sun underwater

[@willg4802]

“You’re good, you’re good”- Spongebob in the Flying Dutchman episode

[@DrBongington]

Well played for using the metric system. The more people use it the more they will realise how simple it is.

[@faolan1686]

You could probably make it thinner than 1cm. There is 1atmo of pressure inside the dome pushing out so the the net pressure is lower.

[@sshuggi]

You forgot about internal pressure and buoyant forces. If the internal air pressure equaled the external water pressure, there would be no stress from those pressures. Plus, she wouldn't get the bends every time she entered her dome from the seafloor. The buoyancy force of a 10m radius dome would be ~20 MN (4.5 million pounds). This equates to a minimum dome thickness of 5mm of polycarbonate assuming the bottom ring of the dome holds all the force. To keep the dome from just floating to the surface, you would need ~30MN (8 million pounds) of concrete to counteract the buoyant forces. (Since the buoyant forces will also act on the concrete.)

[@manuvillada5697]

sshuggi what if instead of a dome you make a sphere and then you fill half of it with dirt I was thinking that by doing that and adjusting the total density of the dome you don't even need it to be placed at the bottom, could work as a submarine

[@SBYoda]

sshuggi thank you for noticing!!!!!!!

[@FlareSnare]

Very good but the first time i caught one BIG thing that you left out. What about the boyency of that kind of structure, and the kind of supports that it would need?

[@tonyolsson3811]

i also have to add to what he said. we should be happy that its a dome and not a cube because i think then it would brake. be cause of it being a dome means that most of the weight is transferd to the ground giving it more strength and stability.

[@dapatty2478]

You focused on the dome surviving being crushed with the immense pressures but what about it staying at the bottom of the sea? Would the buoyant forces not rip it from the bottom of the sea and make it rush to the top? What force would be required to keep it down?

[@TECTheEpicChannel]

Kyle, great episode! One thing though, when you go to calculate the pressure, you said we needed to find the density, gravity, and height. Instead of 53 meters, shouldn't it be 43 because her dome is supposed to be 10 metres tall, and we are only looking for the water on top of the dome?

[@killadiator1014]

"My leg!"😂, you really know what you are doing. Nice work👍

[@iPhoneeditor]

I would guess that it would not considering that the done has to be in the Photic Zone and therefore cannot be extremely drep under water.

[@aaron-hsu86]

To kinda follow up on this question, could we build and live in the underwater city of Rapture? Would it be possible for the city to exist in a habitable environment or (as my friend puts it) the corrosive nature of water make it too difficult to live down there?

[@bassonbudget1]

What i would like to know is what is the buoyancy of the dome and how hard would it be to tie down to keep it on the sea floor!

[@danielsime911]

I'd expect the dome to float up to be honest. There's a lot of air in there that has to remain at a livable pressure meanwhile the water outside will be higher in pressure and it's only rooted in the sand by the looks of it.

[@insta-lockinghanzofordayz9331]

But wouldn’t there be more gravitational pull because she is closer to the centre of mass according to the equation (G x M1 x M2) divided by R squared so it would be harder to live under the sea?

[@CUBETechie]

What if this dome was more like an egg? Would something changes on the statics? But would the light scatter ? What effect could be seen? And how bright could it be?

[@barrybend7189]

Can you check the science of the gravity slingshot from farscape.

[@tommykretsos5583]

You're the best part of this channel. Love your videos man!

[@gosh402]

I just got around to watching logan and it got me thinking. We know that an adamantium bullet can basically defeat anything but how would a vibranium bullet behave? would it bounce like cap's shield?

[@seandoyle454]

How does Sandy get into the tree done without having it completely fill with water?

[@sukitnerd]

Ok it’s stupid to laugh but when he said “My leg!” It brought nostalgia and I lost it

[@jamesdolan7485]

Explain how in Sandy’s tree dome when Spongebob or Patrick put on a water bowl so they can “breathe” the water doesn’t just come pouring out because it’s literally putting a square or cone shaped plug into a round hole.

[@mohammedsaleh7]

You've covered Overwatch before with the Widowmaker video, but I was wondering if you could cover whether the physics on Reinhardt's armour would hold up or be too much on his body

[@RandyLahey21991]

When you said that you needed the pressure, it would have been a perfect time to scream “I NEEEED IT!!!

[@c8wadopo396]

If antman gets something stuck on him like a liquid or something else will it also expand/shrink with his suit or not? Idk

[@c8wadopo396]

There's probably just a really obvious answer to this

[@kyle18934]

Second comment to this coment... I'm sorry I need to go to bed

[@Totobi]

Tell me I wasn't the only one that thought of the lyrics of the song every time Kyle said "pressure pushing down..."

[@Arizona1324]

What about if a cargo ship were to pass overhead? Wouldn't the displaced water create more pressure on the dome?

[@irish_jedi1158]

Thats all fine and good, but what of her space suit? Especially her clear helmet

[@lucifer6966]

The viability of it is certainly brought to question, the math for the dome's structural integrity does at least check out.

[@TakaBrute]

Also, wouldn't the dome have to be a sphere to prevent water from soaking the ground making it too salty?

[@dannyrolefson499]

I’m just wondering how you’d keep something that buoyant anchored down

[@daniloantonelli7343]

Heya Kyle! ;D una pregunta: assuming that it's a reverse acquarium situation and assuming that for her to survive there is a "earth-like" mixture of elements in that doom (for make the things easyer calling it just AIR), will not the air inside be enough for the dome to make it float instead of sink? isn't it like the paradox of Pirate of the Caribbean scene when sparrow walk on the sea floor using a up side down shallop as an air tank?! and to overcome that how much weight has to be applied to keep it at the sea floor?! sorry for the necro posting but just watching it now ;D (was busy in the kessel run)

[@dominiqueakers4651]

Wouldn't the dome have to be under pressure? If that is the case wouldn't SpongeBob and or Patrick quickly depressurize when they step inside her dome killing them instantly?